Yes / It is believed that financial markets are integrated and sensitive to news – including political conflicts in some regions of the world. Furthermore, financial markets seem to react differently to information flows from one region to another. The purpose of this research is to discern the effects of the recent Middle East and North Africa (MENA) conflicts – commonly referred to as the Arab Spring – on the volatility of risks and returns of global and regional stock markets as well as Gold and Oil markets. To be more specific, we consider the main uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen and their impact on financial markets – as measured by the volatility of their risks and returns. In sum, we cluster 53 stock markets into 6 regions; namely, developed, developing, MENA, Asia, Europe, and Latin America countries, and use T-GARCH to assess the reaction of these regions to each uprising event independently. In addition, we use GARCH-M to assess the reaction of these regions stock markets as well as Gold and Oil markets to the uprisings of MENA as a whole. Our empirical findings suggest that the uprising events of MENA have more impact on the volatility of risks and returns of developed, developing, and Europe regions than MENA itself. In addition, although the results show that the volatility of both risks and returns of both developed and MENA regions are significantly affected by general conflicts in MENA, the volatility of MENA is affected during all intervals and with higher significance level. Furthermore, while MENA uprisings as a whole impact on the volatility of risk of oil (after 5 days) and gold (immediately after entering news) significantly, the returns of these markets are not affected by conflicts.

L'objet d'intérêt dans cette recherche est dirigé à comprendre le rôle de l’Etat propriétaire dans les économies modernes et le point de partie sera l'étude de l’émergence et l'évolution de la propriété de l'Etat (la propieté etatique) et en particulier celle des ressources naturelles non renouvelables (la propriété des hydrocarbures liquides et gazeux est exclue car sont régies par des dispositions différentes et particulières sur le sujet ), les conflits qui aujourd'hui génère son exploitation, pour être confrontés à l’exercice des autres droits touchant la sensibilité des communautés et identifier différentes critères de solution. / The object of interest in this research is directed at understanding the role of the owner state in modern economies and the point of part will be the study of the emergence and evolution of state ownership (The ownership of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons is excluded because they are governed by different and particular provisions on the subject), the conflicts which today generate its exploitation, in order to be confronted with The exercise of other rights affecting the sensitivity of communities and identify different criteria for resolution.

Esta tese trata da resolução online de controvérsias. Parte-se da hipótese de que sua expansão para múltiplas jurisdições e vários tipos de conflitos, incluindo os complexos e de alto valor, provocará mudanças significativas no direito. São analisados, das perspectivas jurídica e econômica, as condições para a resolução extrajudicial de disputas, por meios alternativos (adequados), inclusive online, com atenção para o design orientado à prevenção e à resolução massificada de conflitos e para o emprego de tecnologias persuasivas com esta finalidade. Examinam-se os desafios conexos a tecnologias de informação e comunicação, os conflitos deles derivados e as instituições e partes envolvidas em sua resolução. Descreve-se o potencial dos mecanismos de resolução online de controvérsias a partir de três estudos de caso eBay, prefeitura de Nova York e Wikipedia. Investigam-se as consequências jurídicas da disseminação de mecanismos de resolução online de controvérsias à luz das experiências públicas e privadas e projetos existentes. Por fim, os impactos destas novas formas de dirimir conflitos são analisados nos planos nacional em relação a devido processo legal, direitos de terceiros e ordem pública e internacional, com destaque para as alternativas que se apresentam a Estados e organizações internacionais. Conclui-se apontando, por um lado, as preocupações relativas ao controle jurisdicional sobre a resolução online de controvérsias; por outro, as promessas desta decorrentes, traduzidas em especial em eficiência e acesso à justiça. / This dissertation discusses online dispute resolution. Its hypothesis is that the expansion of this form of dispute resolution across jurisdictions and towards many types of conflict, including complex and high-value ones, will promote substantive legal changes. The conditions for outof-court dispute resolution are analyzed, from the normative and economic perspectives, covering alternative (adequate) and online dispute resolution, with attention to its design focused on the scalable resolution of controversies and to the use of persuasive technologies to that end. The challenges connected to information and communication technologies, the conflicts deriving from them and the institutions and parties involved in their resolution are examined. The potential for online dispute resolution is described through three case studies eBay, New York City and Wikipedia. The legal consequences of the dissemination of online dispute resolution are studied in light of the existing public and private experiences and projects. Finally, the impacts of these new forms of solving conflicts are analyzed at the national with respect to due process, third party rights and public policy and international levels, highlighting the alternatives available to states and international organizations. The dissertation concludes by noting the concerns related to jurisdictional control over online dispute resolution and the prospects arising out of it, especially prominent in terms of efficiency and access to justice.

This Master’s Thesis examines transnational conflicts and Christian-Muslim relations in Nigeria between the years 2001 and 2006. It focuses on two major transnational conflicts: The September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the Danish cartoon controversy of 2005/2006. It discusses the impact of these transnational conflicts on Christian-Muslim relations in Nigeria in the light of the implementation of the Sharia Law in some northern Nigerian states and the improved access to the broadcast media and mobile telephone communication in Nigeria. By underscoring the relationship between transnational conflicts and the local context, this study provides a new perspective for understanding Christian-Muslim relations in Nigeria

Submitted by Fabiany Feitosa (fabiany.sousa@ufba.br) on 2016-04-27T13:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-05T20:30:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T20:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo central estudar a dinâmica do conflito socioambiental entre os atores Marinha do Brasil e a comunidade remanescente de quilombo do Alto do Tororó, localizada em São Tomé de Paripe, Salvador/Ba, em torno da apropriação e uso do território na extensão da Baía de Aratu, a partir da chegada da Marinha em 1970. A metodologia aplicada foi um modelo de análise, baseado na etnografia dos conflitos socioambientais (Paul Little, 2004), com a finalidade de identificar a dinâmica dos conflitos a partir do território, dos interesses e estratégias de enfrentamento dos seus atores. Identificamos como os processos de desenvolvimento têm contribuído para a exploração dos recursos naturais e dos territórios das comunidades tradicionais, principalmente das comunidades negras, reforçando os estigmas da invisibilidade e da criminalização da identidade desses grupos. Como principais resultados percebe-se a utilização pela Marinha do Brasil das estratégias da soberania e da garantia de segurança nacional, tanto na sobreposição dos seus interesses nos territórios em conflito, como na legitimação das construções de grandes projetos de desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro, interferindo na reprodução do modo de vida e da cultura das comunidades quilombolas. / This thesis major objective is to study the social environment conflict dynamics between the stakeholders Marinha do Brasil ( Brazilian Navy) and the quilombola community of Alto do Tororó, located in São Tomé de Paripe, Salvador-BA, with regards to the appropriation and use of the territory around the Aratu´s bay, from the arrival of the navy in 1970. Data for this study was obtained through a model of analysis based on the ethnography of social environment conflicts (Paul Little, 2004), aiming to identify the dynamics of the conflicts from the territory, the interest and the fighting strategies of its stakeholders. It was identified how the processes of development has contributed to the exploitation of natural resources and territories of traditional communities , mainly black communities, reinforcing the stigmas of invisibility and identity criminalization of these groups. On the basis of the main results of this research, it can be observed the use of strategies of sovereignty and guarantee of natural security by the Marinha do Brasil (Brazilian Navy), in both the superposition of its interests in the territory under conflict and in the legitimation of building of great projects of development for the Brazilian State, interfering in the reproduction of lifestyle and culture of quilombolas communities.

Real estate firms operating in the field of tenant representation may represent both tenants and landlords. As such their interests might be in conflict with those of the tenants they represent. A questionnaire was created and sent to 800 individuals. 78% of respondents indicated that they are aware of such conflicts. Meanwhile, only 40% of the respondents perceived such conflicts to be positive rather than negative. A game theoretical model showing how a tenant hires a tenant representative was created with three different scenarios, all using data from the questionnaire to mimic reality as closely as possible. In the first scenario, a tenant hires a representative at one occasion only. In the second scenario a tenant is considering to hire the representative for two sequential transactions. In the third scenario, a contract is introduced to ensure alignment of incentives between the representative and the tenant. The questionnaire and the modelling shows that if no incentivized contract is written the representative always benefits from engaging in conflicting business and, regardless of the conflict of interest and extra benefit to the representative, the tenant always benefits from hiring the representative. However, introducing a contract to align incentives it is shown that there exists a break even point at which the representative starts to benefit from not engaging in business with conflicting interests. Moreover, there exists little correlation between awareness and perceived effect, involvement, or premises size. / Real estate firms operating in the field of tenant representation may represent both tenants and landlords. As such their interests might be in conflict with those of the tenants they represent. A questionnaire was created and sent to 800 individuals. 78% of respondents indicated that they are aware of such conflicts. Meanwhile, only 40% of the respondents perceived such conflicts to be positive rather than negative. A game theoretical model showing how a tenant hires a tenant representative was created with three different scenarios, all using data from the questionnaire to mimic reality as closely as possible. In the first scenario, a tenant hires a representative at one occasion only. In the second scenario a tenant is considering to hire the representative for two sequential transactions. In the third scenario, a contract is introduced to ensure alignment of incentives between the representative and the tenant. The questionnaire and the modelling shows that if no incentivized contract is written the representative always benefits from engaging in conflicting business and, regardless of the conflict of interest and extra benefit to the representative, the tenant always benefits from hiring the representative. However, introducing a contract to align incentives it is shown that there exists a break even point at which the representative starts to benefit from not engaging in business with conflicting interests. Moreover, there exists little correlation between awareness and perceived effect, involvement, or premises size.

This diploma work "Participation of UN in humanitarian crisis caused by armed conflict, focused on humanitarian intervention" devotes to problems with using humanitarian intervention as one of the most controversial measures, that were reaction to humanitarian crisis, caused by armed conflicts. It focuses on humanitarian intervention of first half of 90's, when this concept was stigmatised by unsuccessful solutions to armed conflicts in Rwanda and Somalia. It tries to reveal fouls, which UN committed in these conflicts and maps out the pretences at balancing with these fouls and taking instruction to the future. Furthermore it devotes to questions which using concept of humanitarian intervention stired up and new concept Responsiblity to protect is also gone with the same questions. This work maps out measures of UN, which are using in case of armed conflicts and shift of opinion from the term humanitarian intervention to concept Responsibility to protect, which implemention is stiring up lively discussion. Nevertheless this concept was unanimously voted by all member countries in Summit OSN 2005. Efforts of international security and peace with be ever actual issue a this issue should be at front of all people's interest.

Syfte: Denna studies syfte är att öka förståelsen för hur olika ledarskapsstilar påverkar konflikthantering bland chefer inom bank. Metod: I denna studie har en kvalitativ metod använts för att samla in data. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har vi använt oss utav semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex respondenter. Till grund för vår studie har vi använt oss utav tre olika ledarskapsstilar och fem olika konflikthanteringsstilar. Materialet har analyserats mot de valda stilarna. Resultat och slutsats: Vår studie har visat att den transformativa ledarskapsstilen samt att den tillmötesgående konflikthanteringsstilen är dem mest använda i vår studie. Studiens resultat har också visat att Examensarbetets bidrag: Vår studie har bidragit med en ökad förståelse för ämnet genom en kvalitativ metod. Studie har även bidragit till ett ytterligare perspektiv i form utav en bransch som vi inte sett tidigare. Genom detta bidrag ser vi att banker inom Sverige kan använda sig utav vår studie samt fortsatt forskning inom ämnet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Våra förslag för framtida forskning är att studera ämnet inom samma bransch fast inom ett och samma företag. Detta för att på så sätt se om det finns skillnader inom ledarskapet och konflikthantering på samma arbetsplats. Förslag på vidare forskning skulle också kunna vara att använda sig utav både enkät och intervju för en bredare syn på ämnet samt en större målgrupp. / Aim: The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how different leadership styles affect conflict management among managers in banking. Method: In this study, a qualitative method has been used to collect data. To collect the empirical material, we have used semi-structured interviews with six respondents. As a basis for our study, we have used three different leadership styles and five different conflict management styles. The material has been analyzed against the chosen styles. Results and conclusions: Our study has shown that the transformative leadership style is the most common and that the accommodating conflict management style is the most common. The results of the study have also shown that a high degree of transformative leadership is linked to the collaborative and accommodating conflict management style. A high degree of transactional leadership is linked to the compromising and accommodating conflict management style. The study also shows that it is common for a leader to use parts from different leadership styles and that it is common for leaders to use different conflict management styles depending on the conflict situation. Contribution of the thesis: Our study has contributed to an increased understanding of the subject through a qualitative method. The study has also contributed to an additional perspective in the form of an industry that we have not seen before. Through this grant, we see that banks in Sweden can make use of our study and continued research in the subject. Suggestions for future research: Our proposals for future research are to study the subject within the same industry but within one and the same company. This is to see if there are differences in leadership and conflict management in the same workplace. Suggestions for further research could also be to use both a questionnaire and an interview for a broader view of the subject and a larger target group.

Term paper of master degree contains 123 pages, 21 pictures, 12 tables, 58 references, 4 appendixes, in Lithuanian language. KEY WORDS: conflicts, management, organization, manager, employee, causes of conflicts, competitiveness, factors of competitiveness, solution of conflicts, reduction of conflicts, management style, organizational culture, managerial culture. Purpose of the work – to explore the essence of conflicts, causes and outcomes of their emergence, and to prepare a framework of conflicts reduction measures that improves competitiveness of the company. Research object – trading companies. Research subject – conflicts in trading companies and their effect on companies’ competitiveness. Research tasks: 1. To analyze concept and essence of conflicts and their emergence causes and outcomes after evaluation of attitudes of different authors with this respect; 2. To analyze theoretical aspects of competitiveness and its factors; 3. To prepare methodology for investigation of conflicts and competitiveness interaction; 4. To explore causes and outcomes of conflicts emergence in investigated companies; 5. To analyze interaction of conflict causes and competitiveness and to provide framework of conflicts reduction measures. Hypothesis – reduction of conflicts has a positive effect on company’s framework of conflicts reduction measures. Research methods – logical comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature sources, questionnaire interview of employees... [to full text]

University of Macau / Faculty of Law