Datum: 2014-06-02 Nivå: Magisteruppsats i företagsekonomi 15 HP Institution: Akademi för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik EST Författare: Alexander Ivsjö Robin Saha Titel: Bankerna i en ny miljö - Den teknologiska utvecklingens påverkan på svenska bankers marknadsföring Handledare: Sikander Khan Nyckelord: Marknadsföring, relationsmarknadsföring, transaktionsmarknadsföring, kundkontakt, kundlojalitet, kundnöjdhet, banker Frågeställning: Har och i så fall hur har bankernas marknadsföring mot privatkunden förändrats med tanke på den tekniska förändringen som har skett på den svenska bankmarknaden? Har och i så fall hur har bankernas syn på kundrelationer och kundlojalitet förändrats med avseende på den tekniska förändringen som har skett på den svenska bankmarknaden? Syfte: Syftet är att skapa en bild över hur bankerna använder sin marknadsföring mot privatkunder, samt att hur det har förändrats med tanke på den tekniska förändringen på den svenska bankmarknaden. Metod: Denna studie är uppbyggd av en deduktiv forskningsansats då författarna har gjort en förstudie för att få en förståelse av den svenska bankmarknaden. Studien har inslag av en kvantitativ metod, men huvudfokus ligger i en kvalitativ metod. Primärdata insamlades genom intervjuer med anställda och chefer på Handelsbanken och Nordea. Slutsats: De svenska storbankerna bedriver en relationsmarknadsföring med i vissa fall inslag av transaktionsmarknadsföring.Efter den tekniska utvecklingen har svenska storbankerna gått från att bedriva någon form av transaktionsmarknadsföring / Date: June 2, 2014 Level: Master thesis in Business Administration 15 ECTS Institution: The School of Business, society and engineering Authors: Alexander Ivsjö Robin Saha Title: The banks in a new environment - the technological developments’ impact on the marketing of banks in Sweden Tutor: Sikander Khan Keywords: Marketing, relationship marketing, transaction marketing, customer contact, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, banks Research Question: Has the marketing on the banking market towards private costumers in Sweden changed, and if so how, depending on the technological development? Has the view on customer relationships and customer loyalty changed on the banking market in Sweden, depending on the technological development and if so, how has it changed? Purpose: The aim of this study is to understand banks marketing efforts towards the private costumer and how it has changed on the banking market in Sweden depending on the technological development. Method: This is a study with a deductive approach based on a feasibility study of the situation on the banking market in Sweden. The study is mainly based on a qualitative approach but has also element from a quantitative approach. The primary data were collected through interviews with personal at Handelsbanken and Nordea. Conclusion: The major Swedish banks’ marketing is relationship marketing that in some case has elements of transaction marketing.Depending on the technological developments the marketing on the banking market in Sweden has gone from transaction marketing to relationship marketing.

1 Abstrakt: This thesis has focused on customer satisfaction. Mainly there are described the attributes that significantly influence the satisfaction. The research is based on service quality of mobile phone operators in Czech Republic. The first part describes the relevant theories in psychology field about satisfaction in different context - life satisfaction, job satisfaction and mainly customer satisfaction. There is mentioned the problem with definition inconsistency among authors and then is provided details about service quality theories and customer satisfaction attributes categorization. Finally there is chapter that concerns about the difference between derived and stated importance of attributes. The research object are the customers that use mobile phone services from three main operators in Czech Republic. The output is derived importance of the attributes which is calculated by multiply regression.

Online banking är den mest framträdande faktorn till följd av digitaliseringen inom den finansiella världen. Det nya bankkonceptet har gett upphov till nya hot och utvecklingsmöjligheter bankerna har tvingats att anpassa sig till. Den största förändringen är att online banking erbjuder banktjänster som kan utföras oberoende av tid och plats vilket lett till att bankkontor avvecklats och den minskade fysiska kontakten mellan bank och kund blir uppenbar. En stor utmaning blir att skapa kundlojalitet, eftersom den personliga interaktionen via fysisk närvaro tidigare setts som en grundpelare för att knyta åt sig kunder. Tidigare forskning menar nu att servicekvalitet via onlinemöten, företagsimage samt teknikmognaden påverkan faktorn förtroende, som beskrivs som avgörande för kundlojalitet inom online banking. Studien har vidareutvecklat kunskapen inom forskningsområdet som har varit baserade på hypotetiska antaganden om vad som skapar kundlojalitet inom online banking. Urvalet för denna studie är unik då respondenterna har suttit på faktisk data baserad på upplevd erfarenhet gällande användningen av avancerade tjänster inom online banking. Studiens syfte är att skapa förståelse för hur kundlojalitet skapas inom online banking. Studiens har tillämpat en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och deduktiv forskningsansats, där en kvantitativ datainsamlingsmetod i form av en internetenkät användes. Resultaten i studien baseras på 71 respondenter. Studiens resultat påvisar att faktorn förtroende inte är fullkomligt avgörande för skapandet av en lojal kund. Den påvisas uppfylla kravet för en medierad, men inte en perfekt sådan då faktorerna teknikmognad samt företagsimage påvisades ha ett signifikant samband med kundlojaliteten. / Online banking is an emerging factor due to the digitalization within the financial world. The banking concept causes threats and development opportunities which banks are facing. An attribute that online banking offers is banking services regardless of time and location. It makes the number of bank branches decrease as the physical customer meetings diminish. A challenge is to create customer loyalty as the diminishing personal interaction was a great resource to create boundaries with customers. Previous research states service quality, corporate image and technical maturity influence the trust, which is described as lethal in creating customer loyalty within the online banking concept. This study has developed knowledge within the field of sience that has been based on hypothetical assumptions regarding the creation of customer loyalty. The study is based on a unique sample since the respondents have an actual perceived experience regarding the use of advanced online banking services. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how customer loyalty is created in an online banking business. The study has implemented a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive research approach in which a quantitative data gathering method through questionnaires online was used. The results in the study are based on 71 respondents. The results of the study show that the trust was not perfectly lethal in creating customer loyalty. It fulfilled its role as a mediating variable, but not perfectly as corporate image and technical maturity also had a significant influence on customer loyalty.

Thesis (M.Tech - Marketing, Faculty of Management Sciences)--Vaal University of Technology, 2010 / This study provides a framework for customer-supplier relationships and service quality measurement in a precast concrete manufacturing firm with the use of the universally accepted SERVQUAL model. Within an increasingly competitive precast concrete market, customer satisfaction is a critical goal for manufacturers of all types. Customer-supplier relationships and service quality were therefore investigated in this study. A quantitative research approach was used in the study to analyse the data. This approach enabled the researcher to obtain an accurate measure of all constructs that relate to service quality improvement for the particular concrete manufacturing firm amongst contractors, civil consultants, government institutions and end users. A sample size of 246 respondents from Gauteng Province was used. Descriptive statistics were used to explain the characteristics of sample data. In addition, factor analysis was used to condense the variables into five factors in order to capture the essence of service quality within a cementitious products organisation. Five dimensions, responsiveness, problem- solving, physical aspects, service personnel and physical appearance were extracted to measure service quality. Results showed that satisfied customers tend to re-patronise suppliers who enhance their service outputs provided to the customers. Thus it is imperative to enhance customer satisfaction and ultimately customer loyalty. These results suggest that improved service qualities can be useful for building customer loyalty and long- lasting relationships. The reliability analysis produced a Cronbach alpha which ranged from 0.700 to 0.815 which were deemed acceptable. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that service quality is associated with customers' future buying behaviour in terms of their decisions to purchase and recommend the supplier to others. Customers felt that service personnel were friendly, courteous and possessed the knowledge to answer customer questions. They exhibited a favourable image of the company and its services. This service dimension was ranked first in terms of importance by the customers therefore, the precast concrete manufacturer ought not be complacent but rather seek innovative ways in maintaining the service personnel dimension of service quality. The overall mean score of expectation of service quality by customers was 4.71. This indicates that the service provided by this company is satisfactory. It therefore suggests that, it is necessary for managerial intervention to prioritise in all these areas to develop a strategy of service quality improvement. Training of personnel is an essential component of service quality enhancement especially with complaints and the complaints-handling procedures. The management team of the organisation needs to play an active role in ensuring that all personnel are adequately trained and highly motivated to understand the user‟s specific problems and in the process to provide competent solutions to problems. Based on literature and results emanating from the empirical survey, these findings may assist the organisation in the enhancement of its service-quality levels. Hence, service-quality levels should be monitored carefully on a continuous basis.

I takt med digitaliseringens utveckling har en ny generation växt fram, Generation Y som kohorten benämns är individer födda från mitten av 1980-talet fram tills början av 2000-talet. Generation Y utgör en väsentlig faktor i förståelsen och utvecklingen av samhället samtidigt som de är framtidens kunder. Under år 2018–2019 har flertal svenska banker omfattats i en penningtvättshärva vilket inte bara hotar det finansiella systemet, utan fördärvar även allmänhetens syn på banker. Tidigare forskning visar hur bankers agerande påverkar kunders lojalitet, förtroende och image. Dock råder det ett empiriskt gap vid studier om Generation Ys attityd vid inträffandet av penningtvättsskandaler.    Denna uppsats hade i avsikt att studera penningtvättsskandalers effekter på den yngre generationens bankkunder med fokus på svenska högskolestudenter. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning tillämpades med en deduktiv ansats och en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi för att undersöka studiens syfte.   Baserat på 82 respondenter visade resultatet att studenternas lojalitet, förtroende samt bank image varierade beroende på egna bankens involvering i penningtvättshärvorna. Resultatet visade att de studenter som inte tillhörde en bank som medverkade i en härva hade en starkare lojalitet, förtroende samt mer positiv bank image i förhållande till de studenter som tillhörde en skandalbank. / With the increased development of the digitalization, a new generation has emerged. Generation Y as the cohort is named, includes people born from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s. The generation has a significant role in the understanding and development of the society, as they are seen to be the future customers. During the years of 2018-2019, multiple Swedish banks had been guilty to money laundering which did not only threatened the system within the financial sector, but did also influence the public’s view of banks. Previously conducted research has shown that actions taken by banks affects the customer’s loyalty, trust and image. However, there exist an empirical gap regarding the study of the Generation Y’s attitude towards the occurrence of money laundering scandals.   This thesis aimed to study how money laundering scandals affects Generation Y, with a focus on Swedish students. A quantitative questionnaire was conducted with a deductive approach and positivistic research philosophy to examine the purpose of this study.   The findings of the study were based on 82 respondents and showed the student’s loyalty, trust and bank image are affected depending on their bank’s involvement. Results showed that students who did not belong to a participating bank, had a stronger loyalty, trust and more positive image of their bank, in relation to the customers in a bank involved in a scandal.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-26T10:05:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábia Auxiliadora Pereira de Mattos Spadoto.pdf: 2218826 bytes, checksum: a415bdaff1e7fdb74668b79bec80ba43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T10:05:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fábia Auxiliadora Pereira de Mattos Spadoto.pdf: 2218826 bytes, checksum: a415bdaff1e7fdb74668b79bec80ba43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The supply chain management or value chain has always had its orientation aimed at generating more value for the final customer. A recurring phenomenon has been the reduction in the number of suppliers, as a consequence of economic changes in the market or even of a natural order, and which directly affects buyer-supplier relations: some companies are excluded from supply and others are preferred. Receiving preferential treatment in relation to other companies is a desire of many organizations, but there is the condition in this relationship, before supplier satisfaction occurs, and that is directly linked to the condition of being a preferred customer. The theoretical model addressed by Hüttinger et al. (2014) was used as the theoretical anchor in this study. This dissertation aimed to analyze the factors that induce suppliers to treat some customers more preferentially than others in B2B market relations and how this association between the determinants of customer attractiveness, supplier satisfaction and preferential customer status and its antecedents . The research in question was quantitative and descriptive. Data collection was done through an electronic survey with suppliers of direct materials from the same pharmaceutical industry in Brazil. The sample consisted of 84 participants, the instrument used was an online questionnaire already validated in Germany, which had its reliability of the new structuring measured with a Crombach Alfa of 0.967. Descriptive statistics, factorial analysis and regression were used as techniques. In the analysis of the determinants of preferential treatment to the customer, there are indications that customer attractiveness and supplier satisfaction were highlights in the perception of the suppliers researched. In the preferred customer status it was noticed that the suppliers have not yet given the customer the preferential customer status. It was possible to verify that growth opportunity, operational excellence, reliability and innovation potential are factors that induce suppliers to grant preferential treatment to the customer, which confirms that there were indications that the model suggested by Hüttinger et al. (2014) in much of it is compatible with the Brazilian sample / A gestão da cadeia de suprimentos ou cadeia de valor sempre teve a sua orientação voltada a gerar mais valor para o cliente final. Um fenômeno recorrente tem sido a redução do número de fornecedores, consequência de alterações econômicas no mercado ou mesmo de ordem natural e que afeta diretamente as relações comprador-fornecedor: algumas empresas são excluídas do fornecimento e outras são preferidas. Receber tratamento preferencial, em relação a outras empresas é um desejo de muitas organizações, mas há a condição nessa relação, de antes ocorrer a satisfação do fornecedor, e que está diretamente ligada à condição de ser um cliente preferencial. O modelo teórico abordado por Hüttinger et al., (2014) foi utilizado como âncora teórica neste estudo. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar os fatores que induzem os fornecedores a tratarem alguns clientes mais preferencialmente do que outros em relações de mercado B2B e como se dá essa associação entre os determinantes atratividade do cliente, satisfação do fornecedor e status do cliente preferencial e seus antecedentes. A pesquisa em questão teve o enfoque quantitativo e descritivo. A coleta de dados foi por meio de uma “survey” eletrônica com fornecedores de materiais diretos de uma mesma indústria farmacêutica no Brasil. A amostra foi constituída de 84 participantes, o instrumento utilizado foi um questionário online já validado na Alemanha, que teve sua confiabilidade da nova estruturação mensurada com um Alfa de Crombach de 0,967. Foram utilizadas como técnicas a estatística descritiva, análise fatorial e regressão. Na análise dos determinantes do tratamento preferencial ao cliente, há indícios que atratividade do cliente e satisfação do fornecedor foram destaques na percepção dos fornecedores pesquisados. No status do cliente preferencial percebeu-se que os fornecedores ainda não concederam o status de cliente preferencial a esse cliente. Foi possível verificar que oportunidade de crescimento, excelência operativa, confiabilidade e potencial de inovação são fatores que induzem os fornecedores a concederem tratamento preferencial ao cliente, fato que corrobora que houve indicativos que o modelo sugerido por Hüttinger et al., (2014), em grande parte é compatível com a amostra brasileira

Utvecklingen på den teknologiska marknaden har kommit att påverka företag i en allt större utsträckning då marknadsföring på Internet blivit allt viktigare. Den ökade använd-ningen av smartphones har bidragit till att fler och fler människor ständigt är uppkopp-lade vilket i sin tur har öppnat upp för nya sätt för företag att skapa relationer och att inte-ragera med sina kunder. En bidragande faktor är sociala medier som har öppnat upp för interaktion där företag och kunder kan kommunicera med varandra. De har även öppnat upp för kommunikation kunder emellan, vilket både skapar positiv och negativ word of mouth. I takt med utvecklingen av den nya telefonin, har mobilapplikationer kommit att få en allt större betydelse som marknadsföringskanal. Genom att företaget finns tillgäng-ligt i kundernas telefoner kan närhet och tillänglighet skapas vilket öppnar upp för relat-ionsskapande.Relationsmarknadsföring på Internet har blivit viktigare i takt med att konkurrensen hårdnat, vilket är särskilt aktuellt inom modebranschen där företagen har antagit ett större kundfokus för att överleva. Mobilapplikationer kan ses som en ny marknadsföringskanal, ett sätt att stärka relationerna till kunderna och bidra till en ökad försäljning. Uppsatsens fokus ligger i fast fashion-segmentet inom modebranschen och belyses genom fallföreta-get Gina Tricot. Utgångspunkten är en relationsmarknadsföringsstrategi där de underlig-gande faktorerna utgörs av lojalitet, kundvärde, interaktion, word of mouth och image. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur mobilapplikationer kan skapa kundlojalitet genom ökad interaktion och word of mouth för att därigenom stärka företags image. En kvalita-tiv studie har genomförts där det empiriska materialet samlats in genom fyra fokusgrup-per. Den teoretiska referensramen baseras på teorier om de fem faktorerna som sedan analyserats med hjälp av det empiriska materialet.Litteraturen visar på att de fem faktorerna, lojalitet, kundvärde, interaktion, word of mouth och image, är avgörande vid implementeringen av en mobilapplikation. Resultatet stöds även av respondenterna i studien som betonar att interaktion, word of mouth och kundvärde påverkar kundlojaliteten och därigenom företagets image. Uppsatsens resultat har genererat ledorden förnyelse, värde och enkelhet, vilka företag bör ta hänsyn till i utvecklandet av en mobilapplikation.Developments in the technology market have come to influence the company in greater extent where Internet marketing has become increasingly important. The increased use of smartphones has contributed to that more and more people are constantly connected, which in turn has opened up new ways for companies to build relationships and to inter-act with their customers. A contributing factor is social media that has opened up for in-teraction with companies and customers where they can communicate with each other. This creates both positive and negative word of mouth. With the development of new telephony, mobile applications have come to acquire increasing importance as a market-ing channel. By that it is available in the customers' phones which create closeness and accessibility, opening up possibilities for relationship-building.Relationship marketing on the Internet has become more important as the competition intensified, which is particularly topical in the fashion industry where companies have adopted a more customer focused strategy in order to survive. Mobile applications can be viewed as a new marketing channel, a way to strengthen relationships with customers and contribute to increased sales. This paper focuses in the fast fashion industry and is illus-trated by a case study of the company Gina Tricot. The starting point is a relationship marketing strategy in which the underlying factors are loyalty, customer value, interac-tion, word of mouth and image. This essay aims to examine how mobile applications can create customer loyalty through increased interaction and word of mouth in order to strengthen the company's image. A qualitative study was performed in which the empiri-cal evidence was collected through four focus groups. The theoretical framework is based on theories of the five factors which are then analyzed using the empirical evidence.The literature shows that the five factors, loyalty, customer value, interaction, word of mouth and image, are crucial in implementing a mobile application. The result is also supported by respondents in the study that emphasizes how interaction, word of mouth and customer value affects customer loyalty and hence the company's image. Renewal, value and simplicity are key words that companies should consider when developing a mobile application. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Successful independent coffee shop owners in Washington struggle to compete with the larger coffee shop chains. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to investigate what strategies owners of independent coffee shops in Washington use to survive beyond the first 5 years. Five independent coffee shop owners in Washington participated in the study and shared their practices and observations. Systems theory directed the study exploring the perspectives of successful independent coffee shop owners in Washington. Using communication skills and personal availability to answer questions and remain in contact throughout the research process built a rapport with participants. Data were gathered from participant interviews and from an examination of available physical artifacts such as the locations, premises, websites, and social media pages. Within-method triangulation was used to ensure the participant interview data were interpreted with credibility and transparency. Three primary themes appeared from the study: community involvement, customer loyalty, and location. Encouraging community involvement generates product awareness, which creates new business. Based on the independent coffee shop owners' descriptions, community involvement, customer loyalty, and location were important strategies to increase profits. The implications for social change include added community involvement, customer loyalty, and location. Involvement in the community generated revenue, customer loyalty, and community opportunities. Independent coffee shop owners may remain sustainable by incorporating these strategies.

Kundlojalitet är ett begrepp som aldrig tycks försvinna ur marknadsföringens ordlistor, kanske eftersom det för många företag är det ultimata marknadsföringsmålet. Den samtida konkurrensen har tack vare globalisering och digitalisering blivit hårdare än någonsin och lojalitet har aldrig varit mer relevant. Men kundlojalitet som forskningsområde är långt ifrån tydligt och enat i sina åsikter, och i det värsta fallet tycks det vara oklart vad lojalitet ens är eller om det kan skapas eller påverkas. Därmed uppfattas ett behov av att närmare undersöka hur kundlojalitet hanteras av företag inom detaljhandel via onlinekanaler, en bransch som har drabbats av en hårdare konkurrens. En kartläggning av forskning kring ämnet förtydligar att kundlojalitet som koncept har studerats, omdefinierats och kritiserats i en stor utsträckning, men att det nu finns en enad syn på kundlojalitet som ett flerdimensionellt koncept bestående av både beteende och attityd. Men detta synsätt har enligt forskning inte översatts väl till praktiken och många av de strategier som tillämpas såsom lojalitetsprogram kritiseras för att inte främja sann lojalitet. Samtidigt har mycket av den forskning som genomförts fokuserat på konsumentsidan och varför det som görs i relation till lojalitet inte fungerar. Denna masteruppsats fortsätter studien av kundlojalitetens praktiska situation genom att med intervjuer undersöka hur detaljhandelsföretag inom onlinehandel tacklar kundlojalitet för att tydligare kartlägga vad som görs och varför. Åtta intervjuer resulterade i ett flertal teman som beskriver hur kundlojaliteten uppfattas och behandlas i praktiken. Resultaten visar att de definitioner, strategier, metoder och mätetal som används inte stämmer överens med den nyare synen på lojalitet som flerdimensionell. Detta har lett till strategier som varken främjar relationer eller lojalitet och som snarare leder till minskade marginaler och uppmuntrar ett ohållbart konsumentbeteende. Resultaten lyfter även fram fem utmaningar inom det praktiska arbetet med kundlojalitet. Dessa kan härledas till ett övergripande problem som bottnar i att kundlojalitet inte behandlas som en ledningsfråga. / Customer loyalty is a term which is seemingly ubiquitous in the proverbial dictionary of marketing, perhaps because it often is considered the ultimate goal of many marketing activities. Thanks to rising globalisation and digitalisation the current competitive landscape has intensified to a point previously unheard of, which renders loyalty more important than ever before. But, as a field of research customer loyalty is quite split in terms of how loyalty should be defined, and it seems uncertain if loyalty even should be seen as something which can be created. With all this uncertainty in mind there would appear to be a need to more closely examine how Customer Loyalty is actively handled by businesses, using the Swedish e-retail market as a point of reference. A mapping of research on the subject clarifies that customer loyalty as a concept has been studied, redefined and criticized to a great extent, but that there now is a unified view of customer loyalty as a multi-dimensional concept consisting of both behaviour and attitude. However, according to research, this approach has not been translated well into practice, a lot of the strategies applied within loyalty programs has been criticized for not encouraging true loyalty. At the same time, much of the research that has been carried out has focused on the consumer perspective and why the loyalty efforts do not work. This master thesis elaborates on the study of the practicals of customer loyalty by conducting interviews with laypeople to determine how Swedish business within online retail deal with the challenge of maintaining loyalty. A total of eight interviews yielded many themes which thoroughly describe how customer loyalty is viewed, defined, measured and dealt with in practice. Our results show that the definitions, strategies, methods and measurements currently used within the field of loyalty management are not up to snuff when compared with the views of academic research, which define customer loyalty as a multidimensional construct. This has lead to strategies which neither favour loyalty nor relationships but rather result in lessening margins while encouraging unsustainable consumer behaviour. The results also highlight five distinct challenges within the practice of loyalty management. These can largely be contributed to the fact that customer loyalty rarely is given the level of attention on a leadership level that it should warrant.

Competition in the mobile services industry is intense, with players in the industry offering generally similar subscription plans. Opportunities are few for differentiating one service provider from another. In the light of prior research suggesting value is multi-dimensional, the present study, which examines how these dimensions impact customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions, provides differentiation opportunities for mobile service providers through focusing on value dimensions that are important to customers. Of six perceived value dimensions examined in the present research, value for money, reputation and social value dimensions had significant effects on customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions. One way for companies in the highly commoditized mobile service industry to minimize customer defection is to enhance their relationships with customers. However, as relationship building comes with a cost, it is of interest for companies to know whether certain customer groups will reciprocate more than others with loyalty if they are satisfied. The results from the present study show customer relationship inclination, the customer attribute examined, did not moderate the relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Finally, recent studies have differentiated measures of repurchase intentions on the basis of volition levels and have suggested that better model fit can be achieved when higher volition measures are used. Intentions-as-expectations represents the lower volition end and intentions-as-wants represents the higher volition end of intention measure. However, the present study did not find any significant differences in model fit with the different intention measures used.