Dins de l'àmbit d'estudi de la psicologia de l'esport i de l'activitat física s'ha constatat la necessitat de l'establiment d'indicadors, instruments i metodologies d'avaluació vàlids i fiables per a determinar i monitoritzar de manera senzilla i objectiva el nivell de salut tant en població general com en esportistes. Concretament, des de l'àmbit d'estudi de l'activitat física en població general, conèixer els indicadors que es relacionen amb una millor condició física saludable i que intervenen en la decisió de les persones per a iniciar-se i mantenir-se en un estil de vida actiu permetrà el disseny i la implementació d'estratègies d'intervenció i promoció de la salut en relació a la pràctica d'activitat física. Per altra banda, en l'àmbit esportiu, l'estudi d'aquests indicadors serà fonamental per a explicar el rendiment de l'esportista al llarg de la temporada, conèixer la magnitud de la càrrega que l'esportista pot assolir i determinar el seu grau de fatiga, i d'aquesta manera modular les càrregues per tal de conduir-lo al màxim rendiment, minimitzant el risc de patir una síndrome de sobreentrenament. En aquest sentit, en aquesta tesi doctoral s'han realitzat cinc estudis, dos d'ells dins d'una primera línia centrada en l'estudi d'indicadors de condició física en població general, i una segona línia, que comprèn els altres tres estudis, centrada en la valoració dels indicadors de l'adaptació a les càrregues esportives en context d'esport de rendiment. Dins de la primera línia en població general, s'ha proposat un protocol de laboratori basat en metodologia d'avaluació que integra la valoració psicofisiològica i conductual de la pràctica d'activitat física i del nivell de condició física saludable. Els resultats mostren que els instruments utilitzats són vàlids, fiables i de fàcil administració i es relacionen amb en nivell de pràctica d'activitat física. Tanmateix, s'ha analitzat la utilitat d'un registre setmanal d'activitat física, constatant que es tracta d'un instrument adequat per a predir la condició física cardiorrespiratòria i per a la valoració quantitativa i qualitativa de les activitats físiques quotidianes. En relació a la valoració de la condició física saludable, els tests utilitzats no han mostrat diferències significatives en funció del nivell de pràctica d'activitat física, la qual cosa indica que és necessari l'establiment de nous mètodes per a la valoració de la condició física saludable. Dins de la segona línia d'estudi en esport de rendiment s'ha estudiat la utilitat de la Variabilitat de la Freqüència Cardíaca (VFC): a) com a indicador de salut, de benestar i de qualitat de vida, avaluat a partir del qüestionari SF-12, b) com a indicador de l'adaptació a les càrregues esportives a partir de la valoració de la fatiga autopercebuda, avaluada a partir del qüestionari SFMS. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que la VFC és un bon indicador de benestar i de salut física, i tanmateix de l'adaptació a las càrregues de competició. Per altra banda, s'ha valida el sistema Omega Wave Sport com a aparell de registre de la VFC, a partir de la comparació amb el sistema Polar S810i constatant que ambdós sistemes resulten vàlids tant en situació de camp com de laboratori. A partir dels resultats d'aquesta tesi doctoral s'han determinat indicadors psicofisiològics i conductuals que permeten valorar la condició física i la seva relació amb la salut, per a l'establiment de programes de promoció d'un estil de vida actiu en la població i el control de les càrregues esportives en esportistes de rendiment. A la vegada, es proposa una metodologia d'avaluació senzilla, ràpida i poc invasiva, que permet una valoració objectiva i vàlida. / It is desirable to develop and establish practical and reliable indicators, instruments and assessment methodologies to determine and monitor objectively the level of health, in both general population and in athletes. Specifically, in exercise sciences research, it is important to identify indicators related to physical fitness and variables involved in the decision of people to stay in an active lifestyle to design intervention strategies to the promotion of health throughout exercise practice. On the other hand, in high performance sport sciences, the study of these indicators will be important to explain the performance of the athlete throughout the season and knowing the magnitude of the load that the athlete can achieve and determine their tiredness level, thereby modulating the load to drive it to maximum performance, minimizing the risk of overtraining. In this sense, this dissertation has consisted on five studies. Two of them have been focused on the study of indicators of fitness in general population; the other three studies have been focused on the assessment of indicators of adaptation to sports loads in sport performance context. Within the first area of study in the general population, it has been proposed a protocol based on laboratory evaluation methodology that integrates behavioral and psychophysiological evaluation of exercise practice and fitness. The results show that the instruments used are valid, reliable to assess the variables involved to being physically active. Moreover, we have analyzed the usefulness of weekly physical activity log. Results show that the log is it useful and suitable for predict aerobic fitness and to assess quantitatively and qualitatively daily physical activities. Regarding the assessment of fitness, the tests used have not shown significant differences depending on the exercise practice level, which indicates that it is necessary to establish new methods for assessing fitness. In the second area of study in sport performance has been studied the utility of heart rate variability (HRV): a) as an indicator of health, well-being and quality of life; b) as an indicator of adaptation to sport loads throughout the assessment of perceived tiredness. The results show that HRV is a good indicator of both well-being and physical health, and adaptation to sport load during competition. Moreover, it has been validated Omega Wave Sport System as a HRV recording device, compared to Polar S810i system. Furthermore, it can be considered that both systems are valid in both laboratory and field setting. Beside, the results of this dissertation have been allowed to determine psychophysiological and behavioral indicators to assess fitness to establish an active lifestyle in the population and to control loads in sports performance athletes. Furthermore, we propose a simple and non-invasive assessment methodology.

EN CASTELLANOEl objetivo del presente trabajo es adaptar y validar las adaptaciones en un conjunto seleccionado de pruebas estandarizadas de campo para la valoración de diferentes manifestaciones de la condición física relacionada con la salud en poblaciones que presentan Discapacidad Intelectual. La muestra definitiva del estudio la forman 46 individuos, 31 hombres y 15 mujeres. 15 presentaban Discapacidad Intelectual Síndrome de Down, 16 Discapacidad Intelectual no Síndrome de Down y 15 no presentaban Discapacidad Intelectual. Todos ellos practicaban algún tipo de actividad física o deportiva.Las pruebas administradas fueron: Velocidad 20m; Dinamometría manual a 0 y 30º; Dinamometría de Piernas a 120 y 90º con y sin apoyo en la pared; Course Navette y 20m Shuttle Run.Las adaptaciones realizadas han demostrado su adecuación para la población con Discapacidad Intelectual Síndrome de Down y no Síndrome de Down, aunque se evidencia que estas poblaciones precisan no sólo de un proceso de familiarización con los test administrados sino de un verdadero aprendizaje de las pruebas.Los resultados obtenidos indican que: - Existen diferencias significativas entre poblaciones, estas se encuentran entre las poblaciones Discapacidad Intelectual Síndrome de Down y Población General y entre las poblaciones Discapacidad Intelectual no Síndrome de Down y Población General. - La prueba de velocidad realizada aunque fiable no es válida en poblaciones con Discapacidad Intelectual. - Se puede medir la fuerza isométrica mediante dinamometría manual administrada indistintamente a 30 y a 0 grados. Esta valoración de la fuerza local se presenta como un índice general de condición física.- El ángulo de flexión de piernas en la dinamometría para la medición interfiere en los resultados obtenidos. Además ésta mejora en su administración, ejecución y resultados cuando se realiza con apoyo en la pared independientemente del ángulo de flexión. - La medición de la fuerza de piernas con el dinamómetro en la población con Discapacidad Intelectual (Síndrome de Down y no Síndrome de Down) debe realizarse en un ángulo de 90º y con apoyo en la pared. - No se puede hacer un uso indistinto de las pruebas para la evaluación de la capacidad aeróbica Course Navette y 20m Shuttle Run.

Esta tesis comienza con el seguimiento de la historia de Argelia desde su independencia, el 5 de julio de 1962, empezando por la construcción de un Estado libre e independiente. Este Estado tendrá como fundamento una identidad nacional árabe y musulmana en todos sus aspectos (etnológico, político, económico, social y religioso) que adoptará la forma de un sistema político basado en el socialismo. Dicha opción política influirá directamente en la forma de vida y la organización social, en particular sobre el núcleo esencial, es decir, la familia. Al llegar a este punto, la tesis analiza el papel asignado a la mujer por los textos constitucionales de 1963 y 1976, así como su desarrollo legislativo mediante el "Code de Famille". Los fundamentos políticos y religiosos tuvieron un impacto directo sobre la vida social y particularmente su núcleo, la familia. Según el artículo 65 de la Constitución Argerlina de 1976 « La famille est la cellule de base de la société . Elle bénéficie de la protection de l'Etat et de la société. » La familia es el núcleo de la sociedad. En Argelia , el tipo de familia ¿se distinguiría evolutivo de patriarcal a moderna? ¿o siempre patriarcal? La familia patriarcal obedece a valores tradicionales y religiosos. La mujer es el miembro de la familia quien desempeña un papel y un estatuto doble . El papel de la mujer en la sociedad argelina es primordial. Es doble: al exterior y al interior del domicilio familiar. Primero, la mujer en el espacio público le permite una igualdad en todos los dominios jurídicos. Los textos Constitucionales de 1963 y de 1976 no mencionan ninguna diferencia entre hombre y mujer y al contrario expresan una igualdad entre los sexos para la construcción de un Estado argelino, la participación de todos es decir el pueblo incluyendo hombre y mujer. Segundo, la mujer argelina en el espacio privado desempeña un papel de esposa, madre y hija. Su estatuto de persona en el seno de la familia es de una menor durante toda su vida. Los derechos de las mujeres se determinan en un texto de ley, El Código de la Familia. Este comporta artículos de ley inspirados en la ley islámica « La Shari'a Islamiya » a fin de inscribir la mujer dentro de una dinámica reduciendo sus elecciones personales sobre el noviazgo, el matrimonio, el divorcio, la custodia y el testamento. El derecho femenino en su vida privada está relacionada directamente a la interpretación del texto musulmán en el Código de la Familia. / BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS IN ALGERIA SOCIALIST (1962/1989): THE JURIDICAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE FAMILLY. TEXT: At the independance of Algeria, on 5th July 1962, the construction of the algerian state was the first step in this country . This thesis talks about the followed of the history of this country starting with the contruction of a free and independent state. This Algerian state will have of foundation an identities : etnologic , political , economical , social and religious established by the algerian law inclusive in the Constitution . The elaboration of the constrution of a state will start with the first president of the Republic Ahmed Ben Bella and followed by his successor Houari Boumédiène . The foundations of this establishment express itself for a national algerian identity in all Constitutions ( Constitution of the Algerian Republic of 1963 and Constitution of Algerian Republic of 1976 ) underlined an arabic and muslim identity of State . The identity arabic and muslim will be determining for an union with arabics States and a no integration of those for common projects permit diplomatic and solidarity relations . More than relation of all Arabics States , it's more about a way to be : a consideration of a fraternal relation . The etnologic and religious similarities between all countries offered a sufficient reason for an union and a long relation . The option of an arabic and muslim identity will be too nessary pillar for the aplication of a political system socialist . The socialism in Algeria will determine a way of life of people with always an evocation of the direct and immediate implication of this in all properties for realizing this constitutionnal project of a country with strong foundations . This algerian politics according to Ahmed Ben Bella will be made up of the nacionalization of a lot of properties like banks , mines , petroleum , agriculture . But other problems will appear in the new State like unemployment , shortage produced an instability . The decline of the gestion of the country will stop the overthrow the 19th june 1965 . The second president of Algerian Republic, Houari Boumédiène will take the mandate of the country for his country for its funtioning under the same political system but with a new personality at the government. Chadli Bendjedid, the third algerian president will succeed to Boumédiène after his death in December 1978. The presidence of this third government will face dificulties in a lot of properties political, economic and social. The accumulation of problems was expressed by a popular and violent reaction the 05th october 1988. Chadli Bendjedid reacted immediatly when he decided to celebrate a referendum for an adoption of a new Constitution the 23rd February 1989 for giving a different orientation to the functioning of the country. The socialism will stand out the Algerian politics between 1962 and 1989 and it will be presented in both Constitutions (Constitution of 1963 and Constitution of 1976) so that the State gets closer to the people with the device of the political party, FLN, «The revolution by the people and for the people» and put last at the explotation of man by the man. This new identity will be situated in an official writing and put on practice. The respect of this norms and the application of orientations will depende on their leaders because the first Algerian Constitution return to 1963 signed by Ahmed Ben Bella and the second Constitution signed by Houari Boumédiène and will be in vigour until 1989 to give place to another orientation political, economic and social. The foundation, political and religious had a direct impact on the society and in particular his nucleus, the family . The article 65 of the Algerian Constitution of 1976 «La famille est la cellule de base de la société. Elle bénéficie de la protection de l'Etat et de la société». The family is the nucleus of the society. In Algeria, the kind of family could distinguish an evolution to patriarchal to modern? or always patriarchal? The patriarchal family respects traditionals and religious values. The woman is the member of the family who has a role and a double status. The role of the woman in the algerian society is vital. It's double: outside and inside the family's home. First, the woman in the public space give it an equality in all properties legal. The Constitutional texts of 1963 and 1976 don't mentionary difference between man and woman and at contrary they express an equality between sexes for the construction of an Algerian State, the participation of all the people included man and woman. Second, the algerian woman in the private space has role of wife, mother, daughter. Her status of person in the family is a minor all her life. The women rights were determined in texte of laws, "The family law". This includes articles of law inspired by the islamic law « Shari'a Islamiya » to introduce the woman in a dynamic reducing her personal elections in the engagement, the marriage, the divorce ,the custody, the testament. The woman rights in his private life have a direct relation with the interpretation of muslim text in "The Family law" .

Aquest estudi ha utilitzat una mostra N = 43 dones d'edat adulta intermèdia de la ciutat de Lleida amb l'objectiu de conèixer la influència de dos programes d'exercici físic: condicionament físic aquàtic i entrenament neuromuscular mecànic sobre la força, la flexibilitat i l'equilibri, components de la condició física. S'ha avaluat la força segons el pic màxim de força isomètrica, la flexibilitat segons el test de “Sentar y Alcanzar Modificado” i l'equilibri sobre la plataforma de força mitjançant test tipus Romberg valorat en quatre dimensions o variables (EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC). Els resultats mostren que les practicants de condicionament físic aquàtic, no presenten canvis significatius per a la força, per al EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC i milloren la flexibilitat. Les practicants d'entrenament neuromuscular mecànic, no presenten canvis significatius per a la força, per al EAOA i EAOC, milloren la flexibilitat, pujen el EVOA i el EVOC el que es tradueix en un decrement en l’equilibri. Les no practicants d'exercici físic, no presenten canvis significatius per a la força, per la flexibilitat i per EAOA, pujen el EAOC, el EVOA i el EVOC, el que es tradueix en un decrement en l’equilibri. / Este estudio ha utilizado una muestra N=43 mujeres de edad adulta intermedia de la ciudad de Lleida con el objetivo de conocer la influencia de dos programas de ejercicio físico: acondicionamiento físico acuático y entrenamiento neuromuscular mecánico sobre la fuerza, la flexibilidad y el equilibrio, componentes de la condición física. Se ha evaluado la fuerza según el pico máximo de fuerza isométrica, la flexibilidad según el test de Sentar y Alcanzar Modificado y el equilibrio sobre la plataforma de fuerza mediante test tipo Romberg valorado en cuatro dimensiones o variables (EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC). Los resultados muestran que las practicantes de acondicionamiento físico acuático, no presentan cambios significativos para la fuerza, para el EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC y mejoran la flexibilidad. Las practicantes de entrenamiento neuromuscular mecánico, no presentan cambios significativos para la fuerza, para el EAOA y EAOC; mejoran la flexibilidad, y aumentan el EVOA y el EVOC, lo que se traduce en un decremento en el equilibrio. Las no practicantes de ejercicio físico, no presentan cambios significativos para la fuerza, para la flexibilidad y para EAOA; aumentan el EAOC, el EVOA y el EVOC, lo que se traduce en un decremento en el equilibrio / This study used a sample N = 43 of middle-aged adult women in the city of the Lleida this objective are to know the influence of two physical exercise programs: water fitness and neuromuscular training mechanical on strength, on flexibility and on balance, components of fitness. We assessed the strength under maximum peak isometric strength, flexibility within the Sit and Reach Modified and balance on the force platform by type Romberg test valuated at four dimensions or variables (EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC). The results show that aquatic fitness practitioners, no significant changes for strength, for EAOA, EAOC, EVOA, EVOC and improve flexibility. The practitioners of mechanical neuromuscular training, no significant changes for strength, for EAOA and EAOC, improve flexibility, increase EVOA and EVOC resulting in a decrement in the balance. The practitioners do not exercise, no significant changes for strength, flexibility and EAOA; increase EAOC, EVOA and EVOC, resulting in a decrement in the balance

La presente investigación sociológica se centra en los valores y actitudes de la práctica enfermera actual, del día a día de mujeres y hombres que tomaron la decisión de iniciar la trayectoria profesional enfermera. El objetivo esencial de la presente investigación es la comprensión de la práctica enfermera actual a través del estudio de los valores y actitudes profesionales. Su estudio permite analizar, desde la Sociología, los valores y actitudes de ese grupo profesional, así como el grado de adhesión y jerarquización, para comprender la realidad social de una profesión inserta en el ámbito sanitario cuyas aportaciones a la sociedad son fundamentales porque revierten en la salud y bienestar de las personas. La base teórica que da soporte a la investigación la constituye la Sociología de las profesiones, los estudios sobre valores sociales y profesionales y la revisión crítica de diversos aspectos relevantes de la práctica profesional. La aproximación que se realiza en la presente investigación es cualitativa debido al carácter del tema de estudio, ya se trata de profundizar en la comprensión global y contextualizada del sentido social del fenómeno. Para conseguirlo, la tesis analiza distintas trayectorias profesionales de enfermeras y enfermeros. Se trata de unas trayectorias que se comienzan cuando la persona, influida por su contexto social y/o particular, toma la decisión de iniciar su formación como profesional de la enfermería. Una segunda etapa sería la que transcurre entre la Escuela y los centros asistenciales, mientras que la tercera etapa profesional se centraría en los primeros años de actividad laboral, cuando las enfermeras/os noveles asumen su responsabilidad. Finalmente,la cuarta etapa correspondería a quienes llegan a su madurez profesional. El periodo estudiado comprende las décadas de la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX hasta el años 2004. En base a los referentes teóricos de la presente investigación, se identifican las actitudes que el colectivo profesional desarrolla con más intensidad. También es importante señalar que, si bien la realidad social de ese colectivo profesional no es única, sí existen algunos rasgos generales que ayudan a identificar el proceso de profesionalización. Al tratarse de un colectivo mayoritariamente femenino, mostramos el proceso paralelo de la evolución social de las mujeres en España. Al inicio del siglo XXI, y según constatan los resultados de la presente investigación, la profesión enfermera mantiene unos rasgos identitarios débiles, si bien se registran importantes avances en el proceso de profesionalización que se ha producido en las décadas estudiadas. A través de estos elementos facilitadores (como por ejemplo un marco legal adecuado) las enfermeras/os pueden ser capaces de generar un proceso de reafirmación ideológica, que consiga elevar el estatus del colectivo profesional dentro de la sociedad. La profesión enfermera en el siglo XXI puede avanzar en la excelencia ofreciendo a la sociedad un servicio óptimo, a través del esfuerzo, del rigor y de la conciencia profesional. / The present sociological investigation is focused on the values and attitudes of current nursing practice on the day-to-day activities of the women and men who have made the decision to undertake professional careers in nursing. Nurses are a professional group, made up mostly of women, who provide a unique and essential service toward the recovery and well-being of people. Nurses build the nursing profession through their practice of it. The primary aim of the present investigation is to arrive at an understanding of current nursing practice by studying values and professional attitudes. The theoretical underpinning providing support to the investigation includes the sociology of professions, studies on social and professional values, and a critical review of diverse aspects relevant to professional practice. The approximation made toward the values and attitudes of nurses that make up their professional identity is of a qualitative nature. The period covered by the study runs from the 1970s through the year 2004. The study is based on the idea that attitudes may be identified in professional behavior, and they in turn are symbolic of certain values. On the basis of the theoretical referents of the present study, the attitudes which nurses develop with the greatest intensity are identified. Current nursing practice, in Spain and in Catalonia, is based on two fundamental values: altruism and human dignity. The capacity of the values to generate convictions leads to the adoption of attitudes. As the results of the present study demonstrate, at the beginning of the 21st century the nursing profession has weak identifying characteristics despite the singular advances made in the process of professionalization during the time period covered by the study. The positive point is that this process is an active one, with no signs of reverse. There are indeed factors present that can help bring about greater professionalization. Examples of these include the law that institutionalizes the responsibilities of nurses, the implementation of progressive career levels in healthcare institutions, and the recognition, widening, and consolidation of the nursing discipline in the universities. By means of these enabling elements nurses may be capable of setting in motion a process of ideological reaffirmation that will elevate their status as a group within society. In the 21st century, the nursing profession, through effort, rigor, and professional consciousness, may well advance in excellence, offering society optimal service.

L'Estany de Banyoles, sistema peculiar tant des del punt de vista de la seva formació geològica com de les seves característiques limnològiques, conté actualment una comunitat de peixos profundament modificada respecte de la comunitat original. La perca americana (Micropterus salmoides), introduïda a finals dels anys seixanta del segle XX, és avui una de les espècies dominants en aquesta comunitat, i ocupa sobretot l'hàbitat litoral de l'Estany. Es tracta d'una espècie molt ben estudiada a Nord Amèrica des de diverses disciplines de la biologia i des de fa diverses dècades, cosa que ha comportat que actualment es disposi d'un gran volum d'informació sobre ella. Amb tot, fora del seu continent d'origen ha rebut poca atenció, malgrat l'amplia expansió que ha experimentat arreu del món. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'han abordat, amb un enfocament descriptiu, aspectes fins ara desconeguts per a l'espècie a l'Estany de Banyoles, a la península ibèrica i fins i tot a Europa. Concretament, se n'ha analitzat la condició, el creixement i la demografia, així com les seves variacions temporals. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'ha dissenyat un mostreig composat de deu campanyes de pesca intensives més alguns petits mostrejos addicionals intercalats, mostreig que s'ha allargat des del juliol del 1997 i fins el novembre del 1999. La captura dels exemplars s'ha realitzat mitjançant una tècnica de pesca elèctrica amb una embarcació posada a punt expressament per a aquest estudi, la qual s'ha mostrat considerablement eficient malgrat les dificultats que ofereix el medi. S'ha realitzat un mostreig de marcatge-recaptura basat en la mutilació d'aletes i, en alguns casos, en el marcatge amb pintura acrílica. Només en la darrera campanya (novembre del 1999) s'ha sacrificat una part important de les captures a fi de retirar-ne els otòlits per a la determinació de l'edat. Pel que fa a l'anàlisi de les dades, s'ha aplicat un ampli ventall de mètodes i models per a cada un dels aspectes estudiats, a fi de contrastar-ne els resultats i validar-ne la seva fiabilitat. En el cas de la condició, s'han aplicat mètodes d'anàlisi de la covariància (ANCOVA) i altres mètodes anàlegs, així com, paral·lelament, regressions i anàlisis derivades a partir de la relació longitud-pes. En l'estudi del creixement, s'han realitzat ajustaments de diversos models mitjançant regressions sobre dades de mida a l'edat i sobre dades d'increments de mida observats per interval de temps. També s'han aplicat anàlisis de freqüències de longitud, i, finalment, s'han aplicat mètodes de retrocàlcul a partir dels increments anuals del radi observats en els otòlits. Finalment, en el cas de l'estudi de la demografia, s'han aplicat models de marcatge-recaptura per a l'estimació de la grandària poblacional i de la supervivència, i, a més, s'han ajustat diversos models continus de supervivència sobre aquestes estimacions prèvies. També s'han estimat les capturabilitats associades a la nova tècnica de captura. Per una altra banda, s'ha implementat i realitzat un mostreig sobre la població de pescadors esportius de l'Estany encarat a determinar, bàsicament, la pressió de pesca a què es veu sotmesa l'espècie.Els resultats mostren sobretot una alta estabilitat interanual en tots els aspectes estudiats, que s'explica per l'estabilitat ambiental que, al seu torn, és característica d'aquest ecosistema lacustre. Això reverteix en una longevitat màxima observada que iguala la màxima descrita a la literatura per a l'espècie. Alhora, també s'han descrit fortes oscil·lacions estacionals tant en la condició, com en el creixement, com també en la supervivència, les quals, però, presenten certes diferències en la seva temporalitat, cosa que indica una certa diferenciació en els factors que les regulen. / Banyoles Lake is a peculiar system because its geological origin (karstic lake) and its limnological characteristics. At present day, this lake contains a fish community completely transformed respect of the original community. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), introduced during the sixties of the XX century, is now one of the dominant species in this community, and it occupies mainly the littoral habitat of the lake. This species has been profusely studied in North America from several disciplines of biology and from several decades ago. So, now there is a big amount of published information about largemouth bass, although introduced populations in other continents have received little attention in spite of his wide expansion around the world.In this work some aspects of the species, till now not well-known for the lake Banyoles population and even for the rest of the Iberian populations and many of the European populations, have been approached with a descriptive focus. Concretely, condition, growth and demography have been analyzed, as well as its temporal variations. With this aim, it has been designed a survey with ten intensive campaigns and some other little additional campaigns. This survey began on July of 1997 and it lasted till November of 1999. Capture was made with a boat electrofishing system specially implemented for this study. This capture technique has proved to be very efficient despite the difficulties of this particular ecosystem. It has been developed a mark-recapture survey based on fin mutilation, and, in some cases, on the use of acrylic dyes for marking. Only in the the last campaign (November of 1999) an important part other capture was sacrificed, in order to extract otholits for age determination. A wide variety of methods and models have been applied for the data analysis, and for each of the aspects studied, in order to contrast the results and validate its reliability. In the case of the condition, the analysis has been conduced with ANCOVA and related methods, as well as regression and related analysis over length-weight data. In the study of growth, several models have been fit at length at age data and at observed length increments. Analysis of length frequencies and backcalculations has also been used. Finally, for the demography description, total abundance and survival have been derived from the mark-recapture models, and after that several continuous survival models have been fit over these previous estimates. Capturabilities related to the new capture technique have been obtained, too. On the other hand, a survey based on anglers interviews has been implemented in order to determinate the fishing mortality for this population. The results show a high interannual stability of all the studied aspects, explained by the ambient stability that is typical of this lake ecosystem. That reverts in a high observed longevity that equal the maximum longevity published for the species. At the same time, strong seasonal fluctuations have been described, in the condition, the growth and the demography. But, these fluctuations have different temporal position along the annual calendar, suggesting that there is a differentiation between their regulatory factors.

The high variability in the recruitment of marine fishes is probably explained by small fluctuations in the mortality rates of early developmental stages. A popular proxy for the potential mortality of fish larvae is the study of nutritional condition (or simply "condition"). According to the growth-mortality hypothesis, a lowered condition has a high associated probability of total mortality.This thesis offers new information on several aspects of nutritional condition and growth indices, by working on two main lines: 1) Laboratory Studies: Three main types of condition indices were investigated in larvae of a well-known laboratory-reared species (sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax). Acknowledging for the species-specificity of condition indices, this experimental Chapter was devoted to the study of various properties of morphometric, histological and biochemical indices, in response to several feeding schemes. Also, effort was placed in the improvement of some of the indices and the study of their relationship with survival in the laboratory.In the last Section of this Chapter (comparative analysis), a model to relate potential survival with the different indices is proposed. 2) Field Studies: the relationships between environmental variables, nutritional status and growth of Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum 1972) larvae in an area of the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean) were studied. Pilchard is the most abundant commercial pelagic fish species in the NW Med. Despite its economic importance and the known decline of the stock since 1993, the studies on possible links between environmental conditions and pilchard early life history are hardly developed in this area.The field studies were based on three oceanographic cruises conducted in November 1998, February 1999 and November 1999. Firstly, biotic and abiotic environmental variables were related to larval distribution, abundance and size-structure. Secondly, the nutritional condition and growth was studied in two of the cruises. Environmental variables considered at each station included potential food, fluorescence, temperature, salinity and the maximum Brünt-Väisälä frequency. Long-term growth was analysed through otolith analyses and muscle fibre growth patterns. Condition was studied through hystological an biochemical (protein ad RNA/DNA ratios) indices. The possible effect of environmental variables on potential survival is discussed.The main conclusions of the thesis were: LABORATORY STUDIES1)Morphometric indices proved useful in distinguishing the shape of larvae subjected to differing feeding conditions. This was done through multivariate analysis on variables from which the effect of size had been completely removed, whilst incorporating the information on allometry. 2)The quantitative determination of muscle fibre separation (MFS) showed to be the best histological method (within those tested) to detect a suboptimal nutritional state. 3)The RNA/DNA ratio is more appropriate in detecting a nutritional deficiency in post-flexion than in pre-flexion larvae. 4)Within the biochemical indices studied in post-flexion larvae subjected to a short-term food deprivation and re-feeding, the RNA/DNA and the LDH/DNA ratios are considered particularly useful.5)In post-flexion larvae subjected to 2 days of fast, the cell proliferation rate measured in the muscle was significantly lower than in Fed larvae. This was not observed in the brain, which is more conservative to the food withdrawal. 6)The comparison of morphometric, histological and biochemical indices shows that, in pre-flexion larvae, the quantitative determination of muscle fibre separation is the index that soonest detects the effect of food deprivation. For the same age-range, the RNA/DNA yields the maximum correct discrimination percentage (100%). In this study, the MFS was the condition index that held the best correspondence with larval mortality. 7)The larval susceptibility to mortality at sea may be more related to those deficiencies that involve organs or tissues that are of crucial importance for feeding behaviour, escape response or maintenance of floatability, like the muscle. It is here proposed an scheme of how indices could be weighted in order to relate them with survival potential. FIELD STUDIES8)In November 1998, certain environmental characteristics were found to be positively associated with nutritional condition of S.pilchardus, measured through histological and RNA/DNA indices. These areas can be characterised by an optimum "environmental window" defined by temperature values under 19ºC, values of the Brunt-Väissälä (B-V) water stability index under 0.8 cycles h-1 and values of potential food abundance over 4.5 nauplii l-1 and 5.5 individuals l-1 of the rest of the microzooplankton. The variables that best related to larval condition were the B-V index and the amount of potential food. Moreover, the larval abundance was higher in those areas. Therefore, it is considered that larval survival would be enhanced in these areas. 9)In February 1999 the eggs and larval abundance was lower than in November 1998. 10)The long-term growth studied through otolith analyses suggests that larval growth was enhanced in November 1998 with respect to February 1999. This result was confirmed by the analysis of the muscle fibre growth patterns. Condition was also better in November 1998, although the February data were less clear. 11)The measures of growth and condition showed a general coincident pattern. The analysis of muscle growth patterns suggests that in pilchard larvae growth is hypertrophic until 6-7 mm SL, becoming hyperplastic at least until 13.5 mm SL. Within the histological measures studied, the MFS was the most informative. The RNA/DNA appeared more useful in larvae over 8-10 mm SL.12)The amount of larvae in the November 1998 and February 1999 cruises was anomalously low for the time of the year. Hydrographic conditions during both cruises were highly unusual, exhibiting high stratification in November and an inverted salinity pattern in February. The presence of a mesoscale anticyclonic eddy of new AW, that remained in the area from October 1998 to February 1999, is thought to account for the unusual hydrographic conditions and the low numbers of eggs and larvae in some areas. 13)Overall, the data on larval abundance, nutritional condition and environmental characteristics suggest that the spawning season autumn 1998-winter 1999 was characterised by a low larval production of this species. It is concluded, from the joint interpretation of all data, that putative larval survival would be the result of a reduced spawning and nutritional condition in some areas and periods, and a reduced growth in the winter cruise.

In the western Mediterranean, deep water decapod crustaceans form a considerable fraction of the megafaunal biomass in the upper and middle slope, being a very important component of the catches of the commercial fishery. The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the community and population dynamics of the deep water decapod crustaceans off the Balearic Islands. Data have been obtained from scientific surveys, from the fishing sector and from selectivity pilot studies. Univariate and multivariate techniques have been used to analyse the data. The knowledge derived from this thesis provide relevant information about how the species traits are mainly affected by water masses, sediment characteristic, trophic resources and fishing, since they influence the bathymetric distribution, abundances, biological parameters and condition of decapod crustaceans at a local scale. This knowledge is a key point for a better assessment of the resources and for a better application of the Ecosystem-Based Approach Management in the Mediterranean deep water ecosystems

Aquest context de cultura del consum en què ens trobem, on la mercadotècnia ha aconseguit associar un determinat model corporal a l'èxit personal i social -relació que s'intensifica en l'adolescència, quan l'aspecte físic és objecte de la màxima atenció i preocupació- ha motivat la realització d'una intervenció específica des de l'educació física a través d'un procés d'investigació-acció.L'objectiu de la recerca ha consistit en desenvolupar l'actitud crítica de l'alumnat cap al culte exacerbat al cos mitjançant el disseny, aplicació i avaluació d'un recurs educatiu multimèdia. Tot això en el marc d'una unitat didàctica de condició física i salut per a 4t d'ESO.En la investigació s'analitzen els fonaments curriculars i pedagògics d'aquesta intenció educativa i es delimita conceptualment el principal objecte d'ensenyança: l'actitud crítica. Posteriorment es dissenya, es descriu i s'avalua un pla d'acció aplicat de manera sistemàtica i amb el rigor científic que requereix una recerca que naix i es desenvolupa en la pràctica. / El contexto de cultura del consumo en que nos encontramos, donde la mercadotecnia ha conseguido asociar un determinado modelo corporal al éxito personal y social -relación que se intensifica en la adolescencia, cuando el aspecto físico es objeto de la máxima atención y preocupación- ha motivado la realización de una intervención específica desde la Educación Física a través de un proceso de investigación-acción.El objetivo de la investigación ha consistido en desarrollar la actitud crítica del alumnado hacia el culto al cuerpo exacerbado mediante el diseño, aplicación y evaluación de un recurso educativo multimedia. Todo ello en el marco de una unidad didáctica de condición física y salud para 4º de ESO.En la investigación se analizan los fundamentos curriculares y pedagógicos de esta intención educativa y se delimita conceptualmente el principal objeto de enseñanza: la actitud crítica. Posteriormente se diseña, se describe y se evalúa un plan de acción aplicado de manera sistemática y con el rigor científico que requiere una investigación que nace y se desarrolla en la práctica. / The consumer society in which we live, together with certain merchandising campaigns, has resulted in the fact that people tend to associate more and more the idea of a "perfect body" with personal and social success. Needless to say, people are more and more concerned about their physical appearance during adolescence. All this has inspired a thorough study on this topic from the perspective of the physical education and by means of an "Action-Research" process.The aim of this research was that some students in the fourth year of ESO (the last compulsory school year in the Spanish educational system) should acquire a critical attitude towards the body-building and body-care obsession. This study has been carried out by designing and using an Educational Multimedia Resource.This educational research is to be justified in the curricular foundations of the Spanish educational system and it aims to define clearly the core of this study: the development of a critical attitude. Several teaching strategies are designed, described and assessed, so that students can develop this critical thinking.All in all, the final goal is that students are able to develop a critical attitude while working from their own experiences.