Research on learning to teach mathematics reveals that mathematics teaching is a complex process (Lerman, 2000) and classroom teaching and learning is a “multifaceted, extraordinarily complex phenomenon” (O’Connor, 1998, p. 43). Moreover, research reveals that the mathematics reform agenda has had an impact on what happens in the mathematics classroom, however, the impact has been superficial (Kazemi & Stipek, 2001) with teachers often retaining their pre-reform habits and attitudes in regards to mathematics teaching and learning (O’Connor, 1998). This study examined the reform discourse practices that three novice teachers, who had been enrolled in a reform based methods course during their preservice teacher education program, adopted, adapted, or ignored as they attempted to engage students in mathematical conversations. Data sources included interviews, field notes, artifacts, and transcripts of videotaped classroom lessons. The primary research questions guiding this study included: 1) What reformoriented discourses practices do novice teachers, who participated in a reform-based mathematics methods course adopt? What practices do they adapt? What practices do they ignore as they engage students in mathematics conversations? and 2) What issues and challenges surface as novice teachers begin to enact reform-oriented discourse practices? Results indicated that despite holding beliefs that reflect the basic tenets of mathematics reform, theses novice teachers represent a continuum of practices ranging from traditional to reform. Evidence suggests that adopting the reform-oriented practice of eliciting different solutions was critical in the development of social norms that reflect mathematics reform. Eliciting different solutions served to focus classroom conversations on meaningful student generated explanations and justifications. Moreover, evidence suggests that enacting the practice of eliciting different solutions was instrumental in enacting other reform-orientated practices associated with the development of reformoriented socialmathematical norms. Lastly, results indicate that the pressures of teaching in an underperforming school, as defined by state standardized high stakes tests, can impact a novice teacher’s ability and willingness to adopt mathematics reform practices.

Bakgrund: Alla människor har rätt till en god sexuell hälsa, och patienter efterfrågar samtal kring sexuell hälsa. Trots detta uteblir samtal om sexuell hälsa med sjuksköterskan. Syftet: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av vad som påverkar samtal med patienter kring sexuell hälsa. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes och baserades på tio resultatartiklar, där tre var av kvantitativ design och sju var av kvalitativ design. Samtliga artiklar granskades och analyserades för att säkerställa en hög vetenskaplig kvalitet. Resultat: Resultatet redovisar det som enligt sjuksköterskor påverkar samtalet kring sexuell hälsa. Dessa sammanställdes i huvudkategorierna: “Organisationen”, “Kunskap och utbildning”, “Normer, fördomar och tabu” samt “Relationen till patienten”. Samtliga kategorier är beskrivande för sjuksköterskans upplevelser av samtal om sexuell hälsa. Övergripande visade sjuksköterskorna förståelse kring att detta var ett problemområde i arbetsrollen som sjuksköterska, och önskade en förändring. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskans upplevelse av ett flertal faktorer som påverkar samtal om sexuell hälsa med patienter. Sjuksköterskorna efterfrågar förändring för att de ska kunna ge patienter bästa möjliga vård. / Background: All humans have a right to their sexual health, and patients request conversations about sexual health. Despite this, there are no conversations about sexual health with the nurse. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experience of what affects conversations with patients about sexual health. Method: A general literature study was conducted based on ten articles where three of them were quantitative and seven were qualitative. The articles were reviewed and analyzed to ensure that they were of high scientific quality. Findings: The findings represent what the nurses think are factors that have an impact on their conversations about sexual health. These findings are presented in the following categories: “The Organization”, “Knowledge and Education”, “Norms, Stereotypes and Taboo”, and “The Relationship with the Patient”. The categories represent the nurses’ experience of having conversations about sexual health. Conclusion: The nurses’ experiences of conversations about sexual health are influenced by several causes. The nurses inquire for change on this subject to be able to give their patients the best care possible.

The purpose of the study is to contribute with preschool teachers' perceptions of the work with in-depth conversations in preschool, by in-depth conversation, we mean a conversation that deepens and challenges children to reason, reflect and analyze. The study's questions are about how preschool teachers considers that they have knowledge about in-depth conversations, how they work to promote children's language development through in-depth conversations, and what challenges they face in working with this. The study is based on a qualitative method, where semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Eight preschool teachers from two different municipalities have participated in the study. The collected empirical evidence has been analyzed based on a content analysis. The theory used to analyze the results is the socio-cultural theory with the concepts of scaffolding, the proximal development zone, mediating tools and appropriation. Finally, the results have been put in relation to theory and previous research. The results show that time and the right conditions, as well as being responsive and present to the children's interests as an educator, create the conditions that makes the teachers able to develop in-depth conversations together with the children. The results also show that all preschool teachers in the study experience some type of challenge in the work with in-depth conversations. Due to limited conditions with large groups of children, this results in a lack of time and an experience of being too few educators. The conclusion is that preschool teachers need support, skill development and the right conditions to be able to conduct in-depth conversations in preschool, which thus benefits the children's language development. / Studiens syfte är att bidra med förskollärares uppfattningar om arbetet medfördjupande samtal i förskolan. Med fördjupande samtal menar vi ett samtalsom fördjupar och utmanar barn att resonera, reflektera och analysera. Studiensfrågeställningar är hur förskollärare upplever att de har kunskap omfördjupande samtal, hur de arbetar för att främja barns språkutveckling genomfördjupande samtal, samt vilka utmaningar de möter i arbetet med detta.Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod, där semistrukturerade intervjueranvänts för att samla in data. Åtta förskollärare från två olika kommuner hardeltagit i studien. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats utifrån eninnehållsanalys. Den teori som använts för att analysera resultatet är densociokulturella teorin med begreppen stöttning, proximal utvecklingszon,medierande redskap samt appropriering. Slutligen har resultatet satts i relationtill teori samt tidigare forskning.Resultatet visar att tid och rätt förutsättningar samt att pedagogen är lyhörd ochnärvarande för barnens intressen skapar förutsättningar för att kunna utvecklafördjupande samtal tillsammans med barn. Resultatet visar också att allaförskollärare i studien upplever någon typ av utmaning i arbetet medfördjupande samtal. På grund av begränsade förutsättningar med storabarngrupper resulterar detta i tidsbrist och en upplevelse av att vara för fåpedagoger.Slutsatsen är att förskollärarna behöver stöttning, kompetensutveckling ochrätt förutsättningar för att kunna bedriva fördjupande samtal i förskolan, somsåledes gynnar barnens språkutveckling.

This research contributes to current understandings of how the process of learning unfurls temporally during coaching conversations. This experience has been obtained through first-hand lived experience, in particular, my active participation as a coachee in a series of one-to-one coaching conversations with two professional coaches. To assist in developing and enriching these understandings further I have crafted a research design with a two-stage process. And a hybrid methodology drawn from Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and Dialogical Methods. This approach is beneficial in enabling the complexity of self-other relationships that unfold within coaching conversations to be fully articulated. I have chosen to adopt autoethnography as a research method in stage one of this research, and interviews in stage two, respectively. Autoethnography enables a complex exploration of first-hand lived experience, providing a forum in which reflexive dialogues between self and other can emerge. Thus, allowing multiple perspectives to be heard. In stage two I have interviewed 6 professional coaches, facilitating an additional dialogue to unfold between self and others, enriching this research. Critically, within this research, the self is described as malleable and non-identical with itself, where on encountering others in external and inner dialogues it experiences challenges and struggles with the unknown and unfamiliar. Significantly, through this experience the self is transformed. Finally, this process can be understood as artistic, since this research describes an aesthetic metaphor informed by Bakhtin and Gell, in which coach and coachee - described as the recipient are actively engaged in emotionally crafting and shaping the other.

Though there is ample evidence in existing literature demonstrating racial inequity in end-of-life care, there is minimal examination of how the culturally mainstream values of hospice contribute to inequity and reduced access for nonwhite populations. This paper reviews participatory action research, interviews and chart reviews of nonwhite populations including African Americans, Latinx, Asians and Native Americans to determine what end-of-life values these groups report and how they differ from the values of hospice and western biomedicine. All of these groups reported unmet cultural needs with respect to hospice access ranging from differing communication style preferences to different religious beliefs to different ideas about what they dying process should look like. Contributing to these barriers was practitioner ignorance about cultural variance in end-of-life preferences, demonstrated by studies of physicians to identify barriers to effectively providing end-of-life care. To help foster better knowledge and understanding between practitioners and nonwhite patients whose cultural needs are not being met, I have created a value-assessment tool to add to the standard structure of end-of-life conversations. Using this tool with patients in end-of-life conversations could improve physician confidence in understanding the needs of patients and provide patients an opportunity to freely communicate their needs and therefore increase access to the hospice services that can meet those needs. / Urban Bioethics

I föreliggande studie undersöks fyra lärares erfarenheter av olika former av stöttning i klassrumssamtal i årskurs 2–3. Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare kan stötta elevers kunskapsutveckling i ämnet svenska. Teorin som ligger till grund för studien är sociokulturell med en modell som visar hur eleverna får stöttning i sin kunskapsutveckling utifrån emotionell och instrumentell stöttning. Materialet till studien består av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma lärare i årskurs 2–3. Det insamlade materialet är analyserat dels utifrån en innehållsanalys som utgår från forskningsfrågorna, dels en tolkning som utgår från den teoretiska modellen. Av studien framgår att samtliga lärare beskriver att de använder sig av såväl lärarledda som elevledda klassrumssamtal och både emotionell och instrumentell stöttning för att stärka elevernas kunskapsutveckling. Den emotionella stöttningen sker genom att lärarna visar att de tror på elevernas förmåga att svara på en fråga eller utföra en uppgift. Den instrumentella stöttningen sker genom att tillämpa bildstöd för att eleverna ska utveckla sin ordförståelse och därigenom kunna vara delaktiga i samtalen som sker mellan lärare och elever men också med användande av materiella verktyg som reglerar interaktionen i undervisningen.

Book talks have become widespread in school as they are considered to be beneficial for pupils’ potential to develop their analytical and communicative skills. The study aims to investigate book talks from a teacher’s perspective in order to compare different teachers’ experiences of book talks in relation to research. To explore this, interviews were conducted with four teachers who have experience of book talks in the intermediate level of compulsory school. To identify the teachers’ perspectives on book talks and what they value in the method, their interviews were analysed, among other things, in relation to Michael Tengberg’s concept of readings and Louise Rosenblatt’s theory of efferent and aesthetic reading. The result shows that the teachers’ descriptions of the conversations encompass a variety of readings and reading activities. They choose to highlight different themes from the literature, ranging from questions of basic values to word comprehension. The teachers support their pupils through scaffolding in the conversations so that they can potentially develop new knowledge and become more autonomous in their way of working. Autonomy in the conversations among older pupils can also be identified as a difference between grades four and six. The teachers think that book talks are rewarding because the pupils have a chance to speak and share each other’s experiences. The challenges include finding good books and getting the pupils to feel a sense of engagement.

This is an empirical study that aims to contribute to knowledge about the opportunities the career counselling conversation offers young migrants in shaping their future. Conversations play a central role in career counselling activities in Swedish schools; furthermore, the question of how the Swedish society promotes the inclusion of its immigrants has become an increasingly urgent issue. The study draws on a dialogical framework on interaction and meaning making and seeks to gain insight into how meaning about the future is formed in career counselling conversations. The following questions were formulated: How is the interaction between migrant students and their counsellors formed in counselling conversations? How can the interaction be understood in relation to the participants and their contexts? What seems to enable or constrain students’ meaning making about the future in these conversations? The study was conducted in an introductory course for newly arrived immigrants at the upper secondary level. Researcher followed a series of two career counselling conversations between five students and five counsellors, respectively. The empirical material comprises three parts: audio-recordings of conversations, observations of these conversations and audio-recorded interviews with counsellors and students. The students, three men and two women, have a non-European background and had been in Sweden between one and three years. All except one can be considered a refugee. The material was transcribed, and the conversations were analysed with the concepts of communicative projects and strategies. The conversations are the primary empirical material. The results show that the counsellors’ and the students’ communicative projects primarily are complementary. Both the counsellor and the conversations appear as crucial for students learning about Swedish opportunity structures and meaning making about the future. The analysis also elucidated interactional patterns and interplay that seem to constrain the students’ possibilities to shape a future with their own conditions within the conversations. The conversations focused on Swedish career opportunities and lacked a transnational perspective. Furthermore, the students’ migrant background was not made relevant in the conversations; hence, the conversations risk contributing to students’ stigmatisation. The counsellors’ methods also seem at risk of individualising issues related to institutional preconditions and structural constraints. However, the analysis also displayed how the counsellor can counteract these constraining effects. The result implicates, in alignment with other studies, that the responsibility for the students’ career processes cannot be put on counselling conversations alone; more comprehensive and integrated activities for career learning in the schools are necessary to provide immigrant students with reasonable possibilities for shaping a future. Moreover, the conclusion is drawn that counsellor’s conversation skills are important for the students meaning making about the future but that counsellors also must have, among other things, the ability to comprehend migrants’ feelings and existential issues regarding the future and, not least, knowledge about the conditions of migrants and the ability to both comprehend and actively recognize injustices and different expressions of power. There are seldom others advocating for the rights of migrants. / Vägledning mellan erkännande, rättvisa och skillnadsskapande

Anestesisjuksköterskan möter i sitt arbete på kritiska händelser vilket för anestesisjuksköterskan kan leda till fysiska och psykiska yttringar vilka i sig kan leda till att de inte kan prestera normalt vilket påverkar patientvården. Forskning inom detta är framförallt internationell och mot bakgrund av detta behövs även forskning inom detta område även i Sverige. Syfte med studien var att undersöka anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser efter en kritisk händelse i samband med anestesi. Studien är av kvalitativ design. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vid analys av data användes kvalitativ innehållsanalys vilket resulterade i tre kategorier; Känslomässig reaktion som anestesisjuksköterska; Behov av stöd; Anestesisjuksköterskans arbete förändrades. En slutsats kan utifrån studien dras att anestesisjuksköterskan i sitt arbete möter på händelser som framkallar känslomässig rektion och att anestesisjuksköterskan har ett behov av stöd. Händelsen påverkar anestesisjuksköterskans arbete och stödet är av vikt både för anestesisjuksköterskans hälsa och för fortsatt omvårdnadsarbete.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Pereira Penedo.pdf: 1088688 bytes, checksum: ba1ac111d8dd6481a81ff84f21e68e8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / This study aims to identify markers and conversational strategies used by the characters in the dialogue of fiction. We use excerpts taken from the corpus selected for analysis of dialogue built, the novel The new, the storyteller mining Luiz Vilella. In the work, we highlight the schemes used by the characters in different communicative situations and observe the rich set of examples of typical variations of oral language. The corpus is not a transcript, but replaces the recordings of conversations in natural situations. Constructions of lines of characters created by Vilela, often approaching the reality spoken language of the reader. Vilela transmits information regarding the interaction process for the construction of his dialogues, transforming its texts into excellent source of study of conversation through written texts / Este estudo tem por finalidade identificar marcadores e estratégias conversacionais utilizadas pelas personagens no diálogo de ficção. Utilizamos trechos retirados do corpus selecionado para análise do diálogo construído, do romance Os novos, do contista mineiro Luiz Vilella. Na obra, podemos destacar os esquemas utilizados pelas personagens em diferentes situações de comunicação e observar o rico exemplário de variações típicas da linguagem oral. O corpus não representa uma transcrição, mas substitui as gravações de conversações em situações naturais. As construções das falas das personagens criadas por Vilela, muitas vezes se aproximam da realidade linguística falada do leitor. Vilela transmite informações inerentes ao processo interacional para a construção de seus diálogos, transformando seus textos em excelente fonte de estudo da conversação por meio de textos escritos