A tese descreve um movimento social que defende a adoção de políticas públicas de fomento ao uso de bicicletas como meio de transporte na cidade de São Paulo. Foram formadas três associações e inúmeros coletivos informais, e após uma fase de pressão pública por meio de protestos diversos (que vão de massas críticas e/ou bicicletadas à afixação de sinalização de trânsito ilegal) e utilizando-se de falas fundadas em legislação, conseguiu estabelecer canais de comunicação com o poder público e obteve a implantação de estrutura cicloviária na cidade, mas mantém-se ativo por entender não ter alcançado seus objetivos ainda, de modo que permanece a pressionar o poder público, embora de outras formas, mas com o constante argumento da defesa da vida digna. / The present thesis describes a social movement that advocates the adoption of public policies in order to promote the use of bicycles as a means of transport in the city of São Paulo. Three associations and numerous informal collectives has been formed, and after a public pressure phase through several forms of protests (ranging from critical masses and / or bike rides, illegal traffic signaling) and making use of speeches founded in the law, it could then establish channels of communication with the government and has obtained the implementation of cycling structure in the city. Yet the Bicycle Activism in São Paulo remains vivid for not understanding it has achieved its goals, so it continues to press the government authorities in different ways with the argument to fight for a dignified life.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida antalet och andelen kvinnor i styrelsen påverkar företags CSR-prestation och -diversifiering. Studien har även ett explorativt syfte genom att uppsatsskribenterna redogör för och utforskar en egenskapad metod som kan bidra med en alternativ operationalisering av CSR-diversifiering. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från ett positivistiskt förhållningssätt och deduktiv angreppssätt. En kvantitativ strategi tillämpas för insamling av data. Studiens population består av svenska large cap företag på stockholmsbörsen. Totalt observeras 69 företag. Styrelsens sammansättning i avseende till kön utgör primärdatan och erhålls från respektive företags årsredovisningar för året 2015. Sekundärdatan består av företagens CSR-prestation och -diversifiering för året 2016 och inhämtas från CSRHubs databas. Vidare genomförs en multipel regressionsanalys för att undersöka samband mellan variablerna kön och CSR i samband med olika kontrollvariabler. Resultat: Regressionsresultatet visar inga signifikanta bevis för att CSR-prestationen/ -diversifieringen och antalet och/eller andelen kvinnor i styrelsen har något samband. Vidare visar resultatet att storleken på styrelsen har betydelse för CSR-prestationen men inte för dess diversifiering och att det råder skillnader mellan branscherna. Resultatet visar att svenska large cap företag har en högre CSR-poäng än genomsnittet på CSRHub. Kvinnor utgör 33% av styrelseledamöterna. Alla styrelser har minst en kvinnlig ledamot och består i snitt av tre kvinnor. 43 av de observerade företagen har tre eller fler kvinnor i sina styrelser. Slutsats: Det är svårt att bevisa ett kausalt samband mellan antalet och/eller andelen kvinnor i styrelsen och företagets CSR-prestation och diversifiering. Styrelsens storlek verkar vara mer avgörande (för CSR-prestationen). Det antas att andra faktorer än de som använts i studien kan ha större påverkan än antalet och andelen kvinnor. Metoden som använts för mätning av CSR-diversifieringen är ej fullständig och behöver utvecklas ytterligare. / Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether the number and proportion of women on the board affect company CSR performance and diversification. The study also has an exploratory purpose in that the authors describe and explore an own created methodology that can contribute to an alternative operationalization of CSR diversification. Method: The study is based on a positivist and deductive approach. A quantitative strategy is applied for data collection. The study´s population consists of Swedish large cap corporates on the Stockholm Stock Exchange market. A total of 69 corporates are observed. The board's composition with respect to gender is the primary data and obtained from the corporates annual reports of the year 2015. Secondary data consists of the companies CSR-performance and -diversification for the year of 2016 and retrieved from CSRHub's database. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis is applied to investigate the relationship between the gender and CSR variables, in relation to different control variables. Result: The regression result shows no significant evidence that the CSR-performance/ -diversification and the number and/or proportion of female representation on the boards have a relationship. Furthermore, the result shows that the size of the board has importance with respect to CSR-performance, but not to the diversification, and that there are differences between industries. The result shows that Swedish large cap corporations have greater points on their CSR-score, than the average company on CSRHub. Women represent 33% of the board members. All boards have at least one women director and consist of an average of three women. 43 of the observed corporates have three or more women on their boards. Conclusion: It is difficult to prove a causal and significant relationship between the number and / or proportion of women in the board and the company's CSR-performance and the degree of diversification. The size of the board seems to be more decisive (for the CSR-performance). It is assumed that factors other than those used in the study may have greater impact than the number and proportion of women. The method used to measure CSR-diversification is not complete and needs further development.

More companies have responded to the call for action, increasing their attention to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Corporate governance structures have proven to have an effect on how well companies are able to facilitate a sustainable trajectory, all influenced by values and norms. Sweden is part of what many views as the ‘next supermodel’ regarding social welfare and sustainability awareness based on a collectivist mindset. In contrast, the US fundamentally believes in the American dream of free enterprise, which has resulted in a more shareholder oriented view.   This study aims to research whether board composition mechanisms such as board gender diversity, board independence, inclusion and CEO duality impact the CSR initiatives, measured through ESG score, of Swedish and US Large Cap companies listed on OMXS and S&P 100. Moreover, it strives to investigate plausible reasons for differences between Sweden with the Nordic corporate governance model and the tier-1 model corporate governance model the US have. Even if ESG is a well-studied area, previous research does not find any consensus since earlier studies find negative, positive and non-significant results. Furthermore, many studies tend not to go beyond firm-level factors and overlook country-level factors such as national culture.   The study consists of 165 Large Cap companies, where 83 are Swedish and 82 are from the US. The chosen research method is quantitative, based on unbalanced panel data from 2020-2022. ESG score is used as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are the proportion of women board of directors, the critical mass of women directors, the proportion of independent directors, inclusion and CEO duality. The control variables consist of board size, asset size, return on assets, leverage, board-specific skills, and the number of employees. To control for country-level factors, GDP is applied. The regression also applies fixed effects for year and sector.   The data analyses are done with two robust and one standard GLS model with random effects, where the regression analyses are divided into two parts. Part I combines Swedish and US Large Cap companies, and Part II separates the two countries. The results for Part I show no significant relationship between ESG score and either board gender diversity, the critical mass, inclusion or CEO duality. The degree of board independence shows a significant positive effect on ESG scores. Part II conveys that there are fundamental differences between Sweden and the US. For example, while board independence shows a significant positive relationship in Sweden, it presents a non-significant negative relationship in the US. In addition, GDP shows significance in both models indicating that country-level factors matter, and it is evident that the explanatory power of the regressions differ. Thus, it is evermore likely that other factors, such as national culture, potentially impact companies’ corporate social responsibility.

Räkenskapsåret 2017 blev hållbarhetsrapporteringen för större bolag lagstadgad i Sverige men som fenomen saknas standardiserade definitioner och gemensamma globalaramverk. Idag existerar det endast riktlinjer och rekommendationer förhållbarhetsrapporteringen som till exempel skapats av Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Det har skapat plats för tolkningsutrymme vid upprättandet av hållbarhetsrapporter som resulterat i varierad och bristande kvalitet, vilket betraktas som ett stort problem på vägen mot en bättre och mer hållbar värld. Studien ämnar därför att förklara om kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och oberoende styrelseledamöter kan vara lösningen för att upprätta och bibehålla hållbarhetsrapporter av hög kvalitet.  Metoden som har använts är en tvärsnittsstudie, med deduktiv ansats som undersöks genom ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Hypoteserna bygger på GRI-standarder i kombination med upper echelon teori, social identitetsteori, tokenism, kritisk massa och agentteorin. Resultaten leder fram till accepterande av hypotes H1, H1a, H1b, H1c. och H2. Studien visar således samband för andel kvinnliga styrelseledamöter och kvalitet på hållbarhetsrapporter. Hypotes H3 förkastas, inget signifikant samband går att finna mellan andel oberoende styrelseledamöter och kvalitet på hållbarhetsrapporter. / In the financial year 2017, sustainability reporting became statutory in Sweden but as a phenomenon there is a lack of standardized definitions and common global frameworks.Today, there are only guidelines and recommendations for sustainability reporting, created bythe Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). This fact has created room for interpretation that has resulted in varied quality in the sustainability reports, which is considered a major problem on the road to a better and more sustainable world. Therefore, the study intends to investigate whether female board members and independent board members can be the solution for preparing and maintaining high-quality sustainability reports. The method that has been used is a cross-sectional study, with a deductive approachthat is examined through a quantitative approach. The hypotheses are based on the GRI-standards in combination with upper echelon theory, social identity theory, tokenism, critical mass and agency theory. The results lead to acceptance of hypothesis H1, H1a, H1b, H1c.and H2. The study finds a relation between the proportion of female board members and the quality of sustainabilityreporting. Hypothesis H3 is rejected, because no relation can be found when there is a higherproportion of independent board members.

No description available.

區塊鏈是一種高可行性的基礎建設技術，不僅能提高效率、降低建設成本，其交易透明化和避免篡改等特性更使之得以被廣泛應用。由於資訊科技蓬勃發展，互聯網革命伴隨著客戶主導邏輯的興起，平台思維對於服務設計而言早已不敷使用。因此，區塊鏈數位生態系統將成為下一代服務設計的解決方案，強調生態系統中利益相關者的價值共創欲目標追求。 以現況而言，仍有許多服務無法在現實中發展或得以維持，網路效應的影響在數位環境中是極為強大且不容忽視的。我們的研究旨在由此出發衡量區塊鏈數位生態系統的成敗。我們提出的方法能使設計師基於理解關鍵多數的實現和網絡效應水平的大小，來瞭解其設計的可適應性與競爭力，這是一個數位生態系統能否突破真空的關鍵。此方法還提供如何提升設計的指南，使服務設計能更有機會地進入網路效應的爆炸階段。 / Blockchain is an infrastructure technology not only restricted to the financial industry, but also feasible and affordable to facilitating the operation of service provision with efficiency, lower construction cost, information transparency and non-falsified characteristics. By virtue of the information technology booms swiftly, the revolution which Internet brings about, accompanies with the rise of customer-dominant logic, platform thinking is no longer sufficient for the service design. Consequently, blockchain-based digital ecosystem becomes a solution of the next generation’s service design aspect which stresses on value co-creation among all the stakeholders of the ecosystem and proceeds to the same proposition. However, there are many service provisions unable to launch or sustain in reality. The network externality of the Internet is the most powerful, indispensable and un-negligible effect in the digital environment. Our study aims to estimate and measure the success or failure of blockchain-based digital ecosystems from this perspective. We propose a method which enables blockchain-based digital ecosystem designers to comprehend with the adaptability and competitiveness of the fulfillment of the critical mass and the examination of network effect level. They are crucial to pass through the vacuum stage of ecosystem lifetime. The method also provides guides about how to improve the designs in order to have a greater opportunity to get into the explosion stage of ecosystem lifetime.

Background: Gender equality has during recent years become a widelyresearched topic with mixed results. Recent studies show clear figures thatwomen are underrepresented on board of directors. The varying resultsindicate that it is a complex issue and that more evidence and knowledgemust be added.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how the proportion ofwomen on company boards for Swedish companies affects the company'sperformance. We also study the critical mass among company boards on theNasdaq Stockholm. Methodology: In our study, we used a quantitative method with a deductiveapproach. We collected data on 216 companies and created our hypothesesfrom mainly upper echelon theory, critical mass theory and tokenism Conclusion: Our study finds that there is no significant effect on firmperformance when accounting for the number of women representatives onthe board of directors. Our results do align with the critical mass theory asfirm performance increases when women represent 30% of the board. Thishowever can not be statistically proven. / Bakgrund: Jämställdhet har under de senaste åren blivit ett mycket forskatämne med blandade resultat. Nyligen genomförda studier visar tydliga siffrorpå att kvinnor är underrepresenterade i styrelsen. De varierande resultatentyder på att det är ett komplext område och att mer bevis och kunskap måstetillföras. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur andelen kvinnor ibolagsstyrelser för svenska bolag påverkar bolags prestation. Vi studeraräven den kritiska massan bland bolagsstyrelserna på Nasdaq Stockholm. Metod: I vår studie använder vi en kvantitativ metod med ett deduktivtförhållningssätt. Vi samlade in data på 216 företag och skapade vårahypoteser från främst upper echelon teorin, teorin om kritisk massa ochtokenism. Slutsats: Vår studie finner att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad påföretagets prestationer när man kollar på antalet kvinnliga representanter istyrelsen. Våra resultat överensstämmer med teorin om kritisk massa dåföretagets prestationer ökar när kvinnor representerar 30 % av styrelsen.Detta kan dock inte statistiskt bevisas.

No description available.

In recent years, companies have increasingly built their businesses around network effects. Furthermore, ingredient branding has become a frequent occurrence in which companies develop their business model by incorporating their product into other products. During contact with the Swedish company Twiceme Technology and after investigating these phenomenon deeper, it appeared to be unique to have both network effects and ingredient branding in the company’s offering. That's where it was discovered a gap in the existing literature and the decision to learn more about how they're related by empirically studying companies that use network effects or ingredient branding in their business models. The overarching aim of the study is to look at characteristics among these phenomenon and analyze how network effects affect ingredient brands, and how they can be connected together. There were several phases in the empirical analysis method. A case sample group of four companies was analyzed in order to obtain a better understanding of the topic in practice. Following that, based on the previous results, the company Twiceme was evaluated as an ingredient brand with network effects. In order to address the research questions, the data extracted from the case sample group and Twiceme were analyzed and compared to theory.  From the study, it was found that achieving a strong market position for network effect companies is highly dependent on reaching the certain network size where the value of the network starts having an exponential increase. High brand equity in terms of brand awareness and reputation is needed to achieve a strong market position accelerated by network effects. Ingredient brands with network effects can generate synergy effects, allowing the network value to potentially grow even faster as a result of the increased brand equity from ingredient branding.  Based on the conclusions of the study and the proposed evaluation framework, this thesis aims to be useful for managerial decision-making and understanding of network effects and ingredient branding, and when they should explore new market opportunities. It also contributes to academia by presenting a novel research perspective in this field and provides material for future research to continue to investigate this subject. / Under de senaste åren har företag i allt högre grad byggt sina företag kring nätverkseffekter. Dessutom har ingrediensvarumärken blivit en vanlig förekomst där företag bygger sin affärsmodell på att integrera sin produkt i andra företags produkter. Under kontakten med det svenska företaget Twiceme Technology och efter att ha undersökt dessa fenomen, påvisades det vara unikt att både vara ett ingrediensvarumärke och ha nätverkseffekter i företagets erbjudande. Där upptäcktes ett gap i den befintliga litteraturen och beslutet att lära sig mer om hur de kan relateras till varandra genom att empiriskt studera företag som använder nätverkseffekter eller ingrediensvarumärkning i sina affärsmodeller. Studiens övergripande mål var att titta på egenskaper hos de bägge och analysera hur nätverkseffekter påverkar ingrediensvarumärken samt hur de kan sammankopplas. Det fanns flera faser i den empiriska analysmetoden. En fallgrupp med fyra företag analyserades för att få en bättre förståelse för ämnet i praktiken. Efter det, baserat på de tidigare resultaten, utvärderades företaget Twiceme som ett ingrediensvarumärke med nätverkseffekter. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna, analyserades data från fallprovgruppen och Twiceme och jämfördes med teorin. Från studien kan det konstateras att uppnå en stark marknadsposition för nätverkseffektföretag är mycket beroende av att uppnå en viss nätverkstorlek där företagets värdeerbjudande börjar öka exponentiellt. För att uppnå en stark marknadsposition som accelereras av nätverkseffekter behövs högt varumärkesmedvetenhet och anseende. Ingrediensvarumärken med nätverkseffekter kan generera synergieffekter, vilket gör att värdeerbjudandet potentiellt kan växa ännu snabbare till följd av det ökade varumärkeskapitalet från ingrediensvarumärken. Baserat på slutsatserna från studien och det föreslagna ramverket, syftar denna uppsats till att vara användbar för ledningsbeslut och förståelsen för nätverkseffekter och ingrediensvarumärkning, samt när de bör utforska nya marknadsmöjligheter. Det ämnar också till att bidra till akademin genom att presentera ett nytt forskningsperspektiv inom detta område och ge material för framtida forskning att fortsätta att undersöka detta ämne vidare.

Cette thèse comporte deux parties distinctes, toutes les deux liées à la théorie du transport optimal. Dans la première partie, nous considérons une variété riemannienne, deux mesures à densité régulière et un coût de transport, typiquement la distance géodésique quadratique et nous nous intéressons à la régularité de l’application de transport optimal. Le critère décisif à cette régularité s’avère être le signe du tenseur de Ma-Trudinger-Wang (MTW). Nous présentons tout d’abord une synthèse des travaux réalisés sur ce tenseur. Nous nous intéressons ensuite au lien entre la géométrie des lieux d’injectivité et le tenseur MTW. Nous montrons que dans de nombreux cas, la positivité du tenseur MTW implique la convexité des lieux d’injectivité. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est liée aux équations aux dérivées partielles. Certaines peuvent être considérées comme des flots gradients dans l’espace de Wasserstein W2. C’est le cas de l’équation de Keller-Segel en dimension 2. Pour cette équation nous nous intéressons au problème de quantification de la masse lors de l’explosion des solutions ; cette explosion apparaît lorsque la masse initiale est supérieure à un seuil critique Mc. Nous cherchons alors à montrer qu’elle consiste en la formation d’un Dirac de masse Mc. Nous considérons ici un modèle particulaire en dimension 1 ayant le même comportement que l’équation de Keller-Segel. Pour ce modèle nous exhibons des bassins d’attractions à l’intérieur desquels l’explosion se produit avec seulement le nombre critique de particules. Finalement nous nous intéressons au profil d’explosion : à l’aide d’un changement d’échelle parabolique nous montrons que la structure de l’explosion correspond aux points critiques d’une certaine fonctionnelle. / This thesis consists in two distinct parts both related to the optimal transport theory.The first part deals with the regularity of the optimal transport map. The key tool is the Ma-Trundinger-Wang tensor and especially its positivity. We first give a review of the known results about the MTW tensor. We then explore the geometrical consequences of the MTW tensor on the injectivity domain. We prove that in many cases the positivity of MTW implies the convexity of the injectivity domain. The second part is devoted to the behaviour of a Keller-Segel solution in the super critical case. In particular we are interested in the mass quantization problem: we wish to quantify the mass aggregated when the blow-up occurs. In order to study the behaviour of the solution we consider a particle approximation of a Keller-Segel type equation in dimension 1. We define this approximation using the gradient flow interpretation of the Keller-Segel equation and the particular structure of the Wasserstein space in dimension 1. We show two kinds of results; we first prove a stability theorem for the blow-up mechanism: we exhibit basins of attraction in which the solution blows up with only the critical number of particles. We then prove a rigidity theorem for the blow-up mechanism: thanks to a parabolic rescaling we prove that the structure of the blow-up is given by the critical points of a certain functional.