Studiens syfte är att frambringa en ökad förståelse kring chefers informationsinsamling under distansarbete genom en jämförelse mellan två chefsgrupper inom olika verksamhetsområden. Chefsgrupperna utgörs av dels chefer inom produktionsledning och chefer i en administrativ ledning. Intentionen med en jämförande studie är att åskådliggöra skillnader i vilka alternativa tillvägagångssätt chefsgrupperna tillämpar i informationsinsamlingen under distansarbete. Tidigare forskning har avhandlat grunderna i chefsarbete samt chefsarbete på distans. Den aktuella studien fokuserar på chefsarbete under distansarbete via en jämförande karaktär där studien identifierat ett aktuellt forskningsgap. En jämförande studie är relevant för att åskådliggöra hur chefsgrupperna agerat vid omställningen mot distansarbete eftersom arbetet vanligtvis inte utförts på distans tidigare. Eftersom cheferna arbetar inom olika verksamhetsområden är det av intresse att belysa vilka skillnader som kan utläsas mellan grupperna. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i den deduktiva ansatsen via kvalitativa intervjuer utförda med åtta stycken chefer inom olika företag fördelade på två chefsgrupper.  Resultatet påvisar att det existerar skillnader i tillvägagångssätten kring informationsinsamling för de olika cheferna. Från cheferna i produktionsledning kan urskiljas att ett delegerat arbetssätt varit ett genomgående förekommande tillvägagångssätt vilket effektiviserat informationsflödena och informationsinsamlingen inom organisationerna. En tydlig distinktion gentemot chefer inom den administrativa chefsgruppen är att cheferna inom den senare kategorin anammat ett större fokus på att utforma procedurer för att göra den digitala mötesformen mer effektiv och välfungerande. Anledningen är att det digitala formatet utgör det huvudsakliga forumet för att delge och samla in information under distansarbete. Skillnaden i tillvägagångssätt utgörs av de underordnades roll och arbetsuppgifter inom organisationerna. Eftersom de anställda som lyder under produktionsledningen fortsättningsvis behövt befinna sig fysiskt på arbetsplatsen för att upprätthålla verksamheten har cheferna modifierat ett arbetssätt anpassat efter förutsättningarna. Inom den administrativa gruppen har både chefer och anställda möjlighet att bedriva arbetet från distans vilket ställt krav på cheferna att finna effektiva tillvägagångssätt kopplat till digitala kommunikationsverktyg för att skapa förutsättningar att kunna samla in information om verksamheten. / The purpose of the study is to generate an increased understanding of managers' information gathering during telework through a comparison between two management groups in different business areas. The management groups consist of managers within operations management and managers in administrative management. The intention of a compared study is to visualize differences in which alternative approaches the management groups apply in the information gathering during teleworking. Previous research has discussed the premises of managerial work and managerial work during telework. The current study focuses on managerial work during telework via a comparison where the study identified a current research gap. A comparative study is essential to illustrate how the management groups have acted in the transition to telework, as the work has usually not been performed remotely before. Since the managers work in different areas of activity it is interesting to highlight the differences that can be read between the groups. The study is based on the deductive approach via qualitative interviews accomplished with eight managers in different companies divided into two management groups. The results show that there are differences in the approaches to information gathering for the various managers. In operations management it can be distinguished that a delegated method has been a common procedure, which has streamlined the information flows and information gathering within the organizations. An explicit distinction towards managers within the administrative management group is that the managers within the latter category have adopted a considerable focus on forming procedures to make the digital form of meeting more efficient and well-functioning. The reason is that digital communication is the main forum för communicating and gathering information during telework. The difference in approach consists of the role and tasks of the subordinates within the organization. As the employees who are under the operations management continued to need to be physically at the workplace to maintain the business, managers have modified a way of working adapted to the conditions. Within the administrative group both managers and employees have the opportunity to conduct the work remotely, which requires managers to find effective procedures linked to digital communication tools to create conditions for being able to gather information about the organization.

Digital communication refers to human-to-human, human-to-machine or machine-to-machine communication. This dissertation focuses on human-to-human communication in professional relationships based on hardware innovations like tablets, smartphones, or wearables as well as internet-based services like email, instant messaging or social media. Intended consequences of using social communication technologies are often increased freedom of action or faster communication. However, digital communication does also lead to unintended consequences like new social controls, less freedom of action or a lack of time. The aim of the dissertation is to explore explanation attempts why these consequences occur as well as to elucidate how organizations could deal with it. The key message of the dissertation is that using digital communication technologies requires well-trained moral discernment to better understand unintended consequences as well as to better cope with them.:1. Introduction 2. Digital communication: a new challenge for moral discernment 3. Digital communication in and beyond organizations: unintended consequences of new freedom 4. Digital communication in organizations: acceleration and lack of time 5. Further articles in the field of digital communication and acceleration

Introduktion: Under Covid-19-pandemin var det besöksförbud på de flesta intensivvårdsavdelningar (IVA) och ett stort flöde av smittade patienter. Närståendes fysiska besök ersattes med videosamtal och andra digitala kommunikationslösningar. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva IVA-sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av digital kommunikation med närstående och patienter under Covid-19 pandemin i samband med besöksförbud. Metod: En induktiv kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta IVA-sjuksköterskor genomfördes och materialet transkriberades ordagrant. Det transkriberade materialet analyserades med en konventionell innehållsanalys. Resultat: När pandemin uppkom såg IVA-sjuksköterskor att det fanns ett behov av kommunikationsvägar med närstående vid införande av besöksförbud, vilket gjorde att videosamtal ersatte närståendes tidigare fysiska avdelningsbesök. Närståendes virtuella kontakt med patienten och IVA-sjuksköterskor ökade delaktigheten och förståelsen för patientens vård och situation på IVA. IVA-sjuksköterskors erfarenheter påvisade att digital kommunikation fungerade tillfredsställande med närstående och patienter under pandemin. Slutsats: Närståendes delaktighet, förtroende och förståelse till patientens IVA-vistelse förbättrades ju mer de tilläts att deltaga i patientens vård genom digital kommunikation då det var besöksförbud. / Introduction: During the Covid-19-pandemic, most intensive care units (ICU) were prohibited from visiting and there was a large flow of infected patients. Relatives’ physical visits were replaced by digital communication solutions, for example video calls. Aim: This study aimed to describe ICU nurses' digital communication experiences with relatives and patients during the Covid-19 pandemic during prohibited from visiting. Method: An inductive qualitative interview study of eight ICU-Nurses' was conducted, and the material was transcribed verbatim. The content analysis performed on the transcribed material had a conventional approach. Results: When the pandemic arose the ICU-Nurses' saw that there was a need for communication channels with relatives' when the prohibitions from visiting was introduced, which meant that video calls replaced relatives' previous physical ward visits. Relatives' virtual contact with the patient and ICU-nurses increased their participation and understanding of the patient's care and situation in the ICU. The experiences from ICU-Nurses' showed that digital communication worked satisfactorily with relatives and patients during the pandemic. Conclusion: Relatives' participation, trust and understanding of the patient's ICU stay improved the more they were allowed to participate in the patient's care through digital communication when there is a restraining order.

This research concerns the digitalisation of archaeology, with a focus on Swedish contract archaeology. The aim is to understand how the archaeological discipline relates to the change that digitalisation brings and human involvement in these processes. The thesis is a study of its impact on processes connected to archaeological knowledge production and communication. The work problematises how digital data might be understood within these contexts but also illustrates where the potential of the digitalisation lies and how archaeology can make use of it. The theoretical approach re-actualises the concept of reflexivity in a digital context, combining it with various communication theories aiming to challenge the archaeological workflow and connect it more closely to present-day society. The digitalisation of archaeology can be seen across the whole discipline withan emphasis on academia. This digital development has greater opportunities in larger research projects which have sufficient funding than in contract archaeology. In those projects leading the digital development, the reflexive approach has been re-discovered and the digital enabled for new processes of knowledge production to take place. In case studies of Swedish contract archaeology several observations are made where it becomes clear that the digitalisation already shows positive effects at a government level, in organisations and projects within the sector. But there are also issues regarding digital infrastructure, knowledge production, archiving, accessibility and transparency. The biggest challenge is not technical but in attitudes towards digitalisation. The research concludes that digital communication based on archaeological source material can be something more than mediation of results. With digital interactive storytelling there are ways to create emotional virtual connections with the user, relating to the present and the surrounding society. By interlinking the processes of interpretation and communication an archaeological knowledge production might become an archaeological knowledge development. / Den här forskningen har studerat digitaliseringen av arkeologin med fokus på svensk uppdragsarkeologi. Målet har varit att öka förståelsen kring hur disciplinen förhåller sig till de förändringar som digitaliseringens innebär och människans roll i dessa processer. Avhandlingen är en studie av digitaliseringens betydelse för de arkeologiska processer som berör kunskapsproduktion och kommunikation. Arbetet problematiserar förståelsen av digitala data inom dessa kontexter men visar också på digitaliseringenspotential och hur arkeologin kan dra nytta av den. Forskningen aktualiserar på nytt det teoretiska angreppssättet reflexivitet i ett digitalt sammanhang och kombinerar detta med kommunikationsteorier i syfte att utmana det arkeologiska arbetsflödet och knyta det närmare dagens samhälle. Resultatet av denna forskning visar på att digital kommunikation baserad på arkeologiskt källmaterial kan vara något mer än förmedling av resultat. Med interaktivt historieberättande finns vägar att skapa emotionella virtuella kopplingar mellan användare och arkeologi som relaterar till nuet och detomgivande samhället. Genom att länka ihop den arkeologiska tolkningsprocessen med kommunikation, skapas möjligheten för kunskapsproduktion att bli kunskapsutveckling.

Ordinary digital receivers use analog mixers and conventional analog-to-digital converters. Thisthesis explores the possibility to build a receiver using an Intel Stratix 10 TX FPGA to sample asignal directly at its RF frequency. By band-limiting the RF signal, the transceivers can be used asPWM based analog-to-digital converters and sample the RF signals as a bit-stream. Filters andmixers could then be implemented in the FPGA to downconvert the RF signal to a complex digitalbaseband signal. This method was proven to work in theory but had drawbacks. The samplingmethod added a lot of distortion and the bandwidth was limited. The receiver could not beimplemented on the FPGA since the only connected transceivers could not be configured to receiveanalog signals. The other type of transceiver could probably be used but would have requiredanother model of the board where these were connected.

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Our study touches a dimension in the development of design concepts that describes how we feel when we use functions and applications in digital artefacts. What happens to us when the mobile phone vibrates and a notification with our partner's name appears on the screen? We do not yet know what actual information the text message contains, yet an expectation is built and different feelings arise. Löwgren and Stolterman (2004) describe this dimension of the characteristics of the user experience as qualities of use. That is, the changing properties that arise in the use of an artifact. This study is about emotional qualities in use (emotionella brukskvaliteter), a term created for this essay. By that we mean the qualities in use that are important for interaction and that emerge in the space between the usage and the feeling that is created. Touching on such a complex concept as emotions, also requires that we limit ourselves to reproducing only occuring emotions and the meaning they have for the users, not how and why. By raising the theory of Löwgren and Stolterman (ibid.) we have researched what users' interaction look like and ask ourselves the question; What role do emotional qualities in use play in digital interaction? There is a tendency that the softer values of the use of technology are often emphasized by opinions. We see a gap in writing about the emotional side of digital interaction where the outcome is based on actual empirical data. This study mainly consists of data collected via semi-structured in-depth interviews with seven interviewees. The respondents also fullfilled a user diary in order to provide a basis for the interviews. The results are analyzed according to Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic method where all collected data is transcribed, coded and themed in several rounds. Our results indicate that emotional qualities in use are important to the user. We could identify these by the respondents sharing their perceived feelings about their user experiences. Our findings strengthen the need for emotional qualities in use to be implemented in the design process. / Vår studie beskriver en dimension i framtagandet av designkoncept som redogör för hur vi känner när vi använder funktioner och applikationer i digitala artefakter. Vad händer med oss när mobilen vibrerar och en notis med vår partners namn pryder skärmen? Vi vet ännu inte vilken faktisk information sms:et innehåller, ändå byggs en förväntan och olika känslor uppstår. Denna dimension om användningsupplevelsens egenskaper beskriver Löwgren och Stolterman (2004) som brukskvaliteter. Det vill säga de föränderliga egenskaper som uppstår i användandet av en artefakt. Denna studie handlar om emotionella brukskvaliteter. Med det menar vi de brukskvaliteter som är av betydelse för interaktion och som uppstår i mellanrummet mellan användandet och den känsla som skapas. Att beröra ett så komplext begrepp som känslor, kräver också att vi begränsar oss till att enbart återge vilka känslor som uppstår och betydelsen de får för användarna, inte hur och varför. Genom att lyfta teori av Löwgren och Stolterman (ibid.) har vi undersökt hur användarnas interaktion ser ut och ställer oss frågan; Vilken roll spelar emotionella brukskvaliteter i digital interaktion? Det finns en tendens att de mjukare värdena av teknikens användning ofta blir betonade av åsikter. Vi ser en lucka i att skriva om den emotionella sidan av digital interaktion där utfallet bygger på faktisk empiri.Den här studien består i huvudsak av data insamlad via semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med sju intervjupersoner. Respondenterna utförde även en användardagbok i syfte att ge underlag för intervjuerna. Resultatet analyseras enligt Braun och Clarkes (2006) tematiska metod där allt insamlat material transkriberas, kodas och tematiseras i flera omgångar. Vårt resultat pekar på att emotionella brukskvaliteter har betydelse för användaren. Dessa har identifierats genom att respondenterna berättar om sina upplevda känslor i användandet. Vi finner underlag i studien som stärker behovet för emotionella brukskvaliteter implementerat i designarbetet.

User involvement has been championed as essential for the success of IT projects, both by practitioners as well as academia. Traditionally, user involvement activities between clients and consultants have been conducted in physical closeness. However, maintaining this closeness became increasingly challenging when people were largely required to work remotely during the years of 2020 and 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on this abrupt change in the physical proximity in the client-consultant relationships we wanted to see how well digital communication media could support user involvement activities in a remote setting and explore potential opportunities and challenges related to the digital substitutes. Our results show that digital communication media make the development of relational aspects in the client-consultant relationship, such as trust, closeness and engagement challenging. On the other hand, when discussing user involvement tasks such as workshops and prototyping sessions, the consultants displayed positive attitudes towards using digital media. Lastly, there are opportunities and challenges that exist within the realm of remote user involvement, all of which depend on contextual factors such as task complexity, information characteristics and lastly the interpersonal needs of a given client-consultant relationship.

Due to advances in digital computing much of the baseband signal processing of a communication system has moved into the digital domain from the analog domain. Within the domain of digital communication systems, Software Defined Radios (SDRs) allow for majority of the signal processing tasks to be implemented in reconfigurable digital hardware. However this comes at a cost of higher power and resource requirements. Therefore, highly efficient custom hardware implementations for SDRs are needed to make SDRs feasible for practical use. Efficient custom hardware motivates the use of fixed point arithmetic in the implementation of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms. This conversion to finite precision arithmetic introduces quantization noise in the system, which significantly affects the performance metrics of the system. As a result, characterizing quantization noise and its effects within a DSP system is an important challenge that needs to be addressed. Current models to do so significantly over-estimate the quantization effects, resulting in an over-allocation of hardware resources to implement a system. Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) is a method that is currently gaining attention in modelling uncertainty in engineering systems. Although it has been used to analyze quantization effects in DSP systems, previous investigations have been limited to simple examples. The purpose of this thesis is to therefore introduce new techniques that allow the application of PCE to be scaled up to larger DSP blocks with many noise sources. Additionally, the thesis introduces design space exploration algorithms that leverage the accuracy of PCE simulations to estimate bitwidths for fixed point implementations of DSP systems. The advantages of using PCE over current modelling techniques will be presented though its application to case studies relevant to practice. These case studies include Sine Generators, Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters, FM demodulators and Phase Locked Loops (PLLs). / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

How do we design for connection? How might we introduce quirkiness, personal expression and a little bit of magic to our unified, unemotional black screens? Working with design systems can have perks, but something gets lost when we systemise how we communicate. I argue to open up rigid design systems and loosen their rules to elicit something new that’s cute, weird, and so unique: it becomes magical. To make an empathic connection with people in their context. I apply research through design and user-centred methods to gain insights while prototyping along the way to test and tweak communication features. The result is "Expressive Signals," a repository of design explorations promoting personalised digital communication. The intention is to challenge the status quo and enhance expression and thrilling unexpectedness while connecting. They are five design examples playing with the following features; showing presence in digital conversations, how speech bubbles can match their content, how emojis can be personalised, creating a digital repository of cherished messages and ensuring that our messages get read in the right context. Expressive Signals allow users to cut through the noise and generate strong signals to enhance expression in digital systems. The focus is on combining, tweaking, and exploring new digital communication elements to enhance expression and connect on a deeper level. They utilise micro-interactions, haptics and tools with purposefully loose constraints to invite to be broken, to elicit what we don’t expect. Expressive signals promote play, joy, and other aspects of life that have been neglected in favour of utility or pragmatism in digital communication spaces. I am asking: can a system ever make space for the thrilling and unexpected? Design bursts with self-expression. I intend to design for precisely that. This passion project dwells on my interest in language, communication, storytelling and every nerdy cognitive science bit around it. It explores how to combine and tweak new features to enhance expression, ultimately aiming to design for self-expression and unexpected magic.