「國民守法」對統治者而言，是政權安定的必備的要件。回顧日治時期的臺灣，日本以同化為統治方針，希望能將臺灣人同化為日本人，因此從語言教育著手，貫徹統治目的。《教育敕語》是明治維新以後，日本道德教育的最高指導原則，德目之一的「常重國憲而遵國法」，強調守法的意義及重要性，也是日本人規劃教育制度及課程時不可或缺的一大要點。 棒球被稱為我國的國球，這項在日治時期傳入的運動，在臺灣發展的過程中，深受日本東京第一高校棒球隊的武士道棒球精神影響，除了技術的精進，更強調心智的鍛鍊與養成。從歷史紀錄觀察，可以發現在訓練及比賽過程中，極度強調選手服從紀律，不管是在球場比賽時、訓練過程中或是日常生活。 同化的成效展現在學生棒球中，便是將要求國民守法的意識，建立在選手服從紀律上，統治者透過體育運動的訓練及教學，培養一個願意服從球隊紀律的選手，藉以塑造理想中的守法國民。

Au moment où les territoires périurbains se transforment rapidement sous l’impulsion des stratégies de développement de l’industrie immobilière, les préoccupations sociales en matière de qualité des paysages et des cadres de vie se font de plus en plus grandes. Devant ces enjeux, les actions aménagistes privilégient le plus souvent des solutions à partir d’un regard « expert » généralement étranger aux demandes sociales en présence. Devant l’insuffisance des connaissances des regards citoyens, il y a une urgence à développer des méthodes originales aptes à révéler ce savoir local. Une enquête menée à l’automne 2009 à Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, sur la Rive-Sud de Montréal, révèle la pertinence d’une approche anthropologique sous-utilisée et novatrice en particulier pour les recherches en aménagement : celle du « récit-parcours ». Permettant un accès privilégié aux récits ancrés aux lieux de vies, cette méthode a permis de susciter des discours singuliers et collectifs sur le territoire, de révéler des propos sur les imaginaires portés sur la ville et d’offrir un espace d’expression des préoccupations, des valorisations et des aspirations des résidants. Les résultats de l’enquête à cet effet sont concluants : ce que nous révèlent les résidants de par leurs expériences vécues des lieux et leurs cheminements spatiaux est incontestablement riche et pertinent pour la compréhension des enjeux collectifs d’un milieu. Les logiques existantes derrière les transformations de ces territoires bénéficieraient grandement de ce savoir localisé, complexe et ingénieux dont dispose les résidants de la géographie, de l’environnement, de l’urbanisation et des caractéristiques sociales de leur ville. Ce faisant, le territoire change alors de statut : d’un objet d’évaluation experte, il devient une mise en scène dynamique où s’inscrivent des fragments significatifs d’histoires faisant référence à l’expérience du vécu quotidien, mais aussi, à la potentialité des lieux. Par le biais d’une telle démarche et en conjonction avec des méthodes participatives, il devient possible d’engager une véritable réflexion plurielle envers l’avenir des territoires périurbains, en résonance avec les aspirations locales. / While suburbs are being transformed at an alarming rate, under the pressures of the Real estate industry’s development strategies, social concerns regarding the quality of life and the resulting landscapes are currently on the rise. With these challenges to bear, stakeholders usually employ solutions from an "expert" perspective that remain impervious to existing social conditions and demands. Given the lack of knowledge from the citizens’ perspectives, there is an urgent need for developing novel methods that are capable of bringing forth this local knowledge. A survey conducted in fall 2009 with residents of Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, on the south shore of Montreal, revealed the strength of an under-used and innovative method: the go-along. This method has demonstrated a particularly interesting technique to grasp the way dwellers qualify, imagine, value and move through their locality. Allowing privileged access to biographies and giving rise to improvised paths, the method has enabled placed-based narratives and has lead to an opening for expressing concerns, valuations and aspirations of citizens towards their community. In doing so, landscapes shift from expert evaluation to a dynamic scene where significant fragments of individual stories are told in relation to the experience of places in the everyday life. The study results conclude that the residents’ narratives and knowledge are undeniably rich and relevant to comprehending collective landscape issues and values. The existing logics and processes behind suburban landscape transformations would highly benefit from the collective wealth of dwellers’ extensive, situated and complex knowledge of the city’s geography, politics, economy and sociology. Furthermore, it can lead way to community participatory projects engaging multiple actors within a collective multifaceted reflection on the future of suburbs and the actions that should be taken towards a better future.

Partout où l'homme est libre, il se croit dans les fers. Tel est le paradoxe démocratique qui ouvre à l'individu moderne un espace important de liberté, tout en lui conférant en parallèle le sentiment d'en être privé. A la séparation traditionnelle des pouvoirs, se superpose désormais celle des acteurs, organisés en société politique et civile. C'est dans la patrie des Lumières que ces notions chemineront le plus singulièrement. Historiquement confondues, elles vont progressivement se détacher l'une de l'autre, pour aujourd'hui s'opposer. Il est vrai que d'importantes secousses traversent la société politique et la mettent en difficulté. Il convient néanmoins, de s'interroger sur leur nature afin de déterminer si elles constituent le fondement d'une crise ou celui d'une mutation. Le recours politique a une société civile ainsi idéalisée remet en cause le lien essentiel qui agrège l'individu à l’Etat, à travers la citoyenneté. Conjugué à la montée de l'individualisme, comment alors restaurer le lien social dans lequel s'inscrit toute société ? La diversité de ces questions illustre l'intérêt de cette recherche qui permet d'une part,d'aborder les préoccupations actuelles à la lumière des sources de notre organisation politique et, d'autre part, d'observer les enjeux contenus dans les changements de comportement des différents protagonistes. Cette étude n'a pas la prétention de dresser un programme de travail dont le risque serait de déboucher sur une synthèse encore très prématurée. Nous nous sommes fixés pour objectif, moins d'apporter des réponses objectives ou de faire valoir des certitudes sur l'intégralité de ces thèmes, que de rassembler les principaux points de repère et de les organiser pour soumettre la problématique d'ensemble au débat. / Everywhere man is free, he fells in chains. Such is the democratic paradox which gives the modern individual both a large space of freedom and the feeling to be deprived of any. On top of the traditional separation of powe rs or Checks and Balances now lies the one of actors, organized within a Political and Civil Society. It is in the homeland of Enlightenment that these notions are so singular.. Historically merged, they progressively broke apart and are now opposed to each other. It is true that the Political Society is going through important jolts, putting it in a difficult situation. However, one needs to specify the nature of these changes in order to determine if they are the symptoms of a crisis or the ones of a transformation. The political recourse to a Civil Society indeed idealized questions the essential link between theState and the individual, in other words citizenship. Combined with the rise of individualism, how can we reinstate the Social Link so essential in every society? The diversity of these questions illustrates the interest of this research. It analyzes both current issues by the light ofthe sources of our political organization and the stakes of the behavioral changes of our system’s protagonists. This research does not aim at building a work plan whose risk would be to result to definite conclusion. Its goal is certainly not to bring objective answers or certitudesto all these issues but to gather the main landmarks and to organize them to subject our problematic to the debate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Naomi Fuji.pdf: 6056660 bytes, checksum: 097d31119fcd2a413e1aa6a816f37294 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / The objective of this research was to comprehend critically in which ways reading, concept formation and citizenship formation were dealt with in the Reading in Different Areas Project from Acting as Citizens Research Program, developed in Carapicuíba in 2005 and 2006. It was based on the Socio-Historical-Cultural Activity Theory (Vygotsky, 1934/2000, 1934/2003, Leontiev, 1977-8; Engeström, 1999, 2001), that was the reason for the Project to be seen as inter-related activity systems. The study took into account the dialogical perspective of language (Bakhtin, 1929/1988) as theoretical base. Moreover, the formation concept (Vygotsky, 1934/2000, 1934/2005), the critical reading (Liberali e Fuga, 2007; Kleiman and Moraes, 1999; Lerner, 2002; Freire, 1970) and the citizenship formation (Freire,1970; Gentili, 2002) were discussed in this study. The methodology adopted was the critical collaborative research (Magalhães, 1991-2007; Liberali, 1994-2007), that aims at developing, understanding and transforming pedagogical practices in a critical and collaborative way . Data had been produced through observation of a workshop, a teacher developing meeting and a lesson, in other words, in three of the five activity systems of the Project. It was used recordings in audio and video in which the Teacher Support Team and the participant teacher were involved in the second semester of 2006 and the first semester of 2007. The results were analyzed and discussed based on the context of production and thematic content through lexical choices (Bronckart, 1999). Results indicated that the production of knowledge about reading was creatively worked through discussion of textual genres of comic book and water bill. The math scientific concept of volume and integer were dealt with based on everyday issues of life everyday concepts. The citizenship formation was worked through rules and division of labor in a way that every subject of the activity had their voices heard in order to produce knowledge creatively / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender criticamente como a leitura, a formação de conceitos e a formação cidadã foram trabalhadas no contexto do Projeto Leitura nas Diferentes Áreas do Programa Ação Cidadã, desenvolvido na Diretoria Regional de Ensino de Carapicuíba em 2005 e 2006. O estudo fundamentou-se na Teoria da Atividade Sócio-Histórico-Cultural (Vygotsky, 1934/2000,1934/2003; Leontiev, 1977-8; Engeström, 1999, 2001), que possibilitou a compreensão da organização do Projeto como sistemas de atividade interrelacionadas. Além disso, teve como base teórica a compreensão dialógica da linguagem (Bakhtin, 1929/1988). Abordou a formação de conceitos (Vygotsky, 1934/2000, 1934/2005), a leitura crítica (Liberali e Fuga, 2007; Kleiman e Moraes, 1999; Lerner, 2002; Freire, 1970) e a formação cidadã pautada nas discussões de Freire (1970) e Gentili (2002). A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa crítica de colaboração (Magalhães, 1991-2007; Liberali, 1994-2007), que tem por objetivo desenvolver, compreender e transformar práticas pedagógicas por meio da construção de conhecimento de forma crítica e colaborativa. Os dados foram gerados a partir da observação de uma oficina, uma reunião de HTPC e uma aula, ou seja, três dos cinco sistemas de atividade do referido Projeto. Foram utilizadas gravação em áudio e vídeo nas quais o Grupo de Apoio e o professor focal estiveram envolvidos, no segundo semestre de 2006 e no primeiro, de 2007. Para análise e discussão dos resultados foram utilizados o plano geral do texto e conteúdo temático por meio das escolhas lexicais (Bronckart, 1999). Os resultados indicaram que a produção de conhecimento sobre leitura foi criativamente construída pelas discussões de gêneros textuais de história em quadrinhos e conta de água. Os conceitos científicos de Matemática de volume e números inteiros foram discutidos baseados em assuntos relacionados ao dia-a-dia da vida - conceitos cotidianos. A formação cidadã foi abordada pelas regras e divisão do trabalho em que todos os sujeitos envolvidos na atividade tiveram espaço para colocar sua voz, assim, contribuindo para a construção criativa de conhecimento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nara regina silva.pdf: 1417805 bytes, checksum: 3e145a559fed40ce9947c95e01bce215 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-14 / The present work focus on the investigation concerning the demands received, the services provided and the and the possibilities and limits found in twin cities in the gaúcha border for the access to Social-assistance Rights from SUAS, by families/individuals in a situation of vulnerability and social risk, considering the demands for the access to some benefits and services, which conflict with the absence of documents of people who remain in a foreign situation. In order to do so, this dissertation presented the results through a qualitative approach, oriented by the dialectical-critical method. It started with data collecting through a documental study in printed sources and online for the characterization of the twin city researched and the existing social-assistance network. The town of Barra do Quaraí/RS was selected for the application of the research, located on the gaúcha border, where a systematic observation, documental research and interviews were carried out with the municipal manager, a representative of the technical team which, in the field research period, responded for the Basic Social Protection Services (PSB) and Special Social Protection (PSE) and a representative of the Social Assistance Municipal Council (CMAS), in order to obtain the opinion of different actors from the Social Assistance Policy (PAS) concerning the demands received and services provided to crossborder citizens, the barriers found for the guarantee of social protection for these people and find alternatives used to implement the service. The research application showed some situation of informal service to cross-border citizens before limits imposed by the citizenship issue coupled with the nationality and, therefore, deriving from compliances of the Social Assistance Policy (PAS) for the access to programs and services, which hinder the implementation of social protection of those citizens. Thus, despite the advances, there are still difficulties for the elaboration and implementation of public policies not only nationwide but also in MERCOSUR member countries to favor the social development, reduce historical socioeconomic inequalities and assure to cross-border and non-documented citizens from the neighboring country the protection to fundamental social rights, including the access to basic and special, when needed. It is expected that this dissertation may reinforce the importance of continuing the studies and researches concerning this Idea of rights to citizenship and process of intervention in the field of Social Assistance Policy on the border, which may formally and empirically identify what the limits are for the extension of social protection to non documented citizens and, on the other hand, the possibilities for such implementation, considering the territory characterized as a twin city, and the existence of the program SOCIAL AND PARTICIPATIVE MERCOSUR / O presente trabalho versa na investigação sobre as demandas recebidas, os serviços prestados e as possibilidades e limites encontrados nas cidades gêmeas da fronteira gaúcha para o acesso dos Direitos Socioassistenciais do SUAS, por famílias/ indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade e de risco social, considerando as exigências para o acesso a alguns benefícios e serviços, os quais conflituam com a ausência de documentação de pessoas que permanecem em situação de estrangeiro. Para isto, esta dissertação apresentou os resultados por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, orientada pelo método dialético-crítico. Iniciou com o levantamento de dados através de estudo documental em fontes impressas e online para a caracterização da cidade gêmea pesquisada e da rede socioassistencial existente. Para a aplicação da pesquisa foi selecionada a cidade de Barra do Quaraí/RS, localizada na fronteira gaúcha, onde foi realizada observação sistemática, pesquisa documental e entrevistas com o gestor municipal, um representante da equipe técnica que no período da pesquisa de campo, respondeu pelo Serviços de Proteção Social Básica (PSB) e Proteção Social Especial (PSE) e um representante do Conselho Municipal de Assistência Social (CMAS),a fim de obter a visão de diferentes atores da Política de Assistência Social (PAS) sobre as demandas recebidas e serviços prestados a cidadãos transfronteiriços, os entraves encontrados para a garantia da proteção social a estas pessoas e descobrir alternativas usadas para efetivar o atendimento.A aplicação da pesquisa mostrou algumas situações de atendimento informal a cidadãos transfronteiriços frente a limites impostos pela questão da cidadania atrelada à nacionalidade e, consequentemente, decorrentes das condicionalidades da Política de Assistência Social (PAS) para o acesso a programas e serviços, as quais impedem a efetivação da proteção social aqueles cidadãos. Portanto, apesar de avanços, ainda há dificuldades para elaboração e efetivação de políticas públicas não apenas em âmbito nacional, mas também entre os países membros do MERCOSUL para favorecer o desenvolvimento social, reduzir históricas desigualdades socioeconômicas e assegurar aos cidadãos transfronteiriços e indocumentados do país vizinho a proteção aos direitos humanos fundamentais, incluindo o acesso a proteção social básica e especial, quando necessário. Espera-se que esta dissertação possa reforçar a importância da continuidade de estudos e pesquisas em torno da ideia de direitos de cidadania e processos de intervenção no campo da Política de Assistência Social na fronteira, que possam identificar formal e empiricamente quais são os limites para a extensão da proteção social a cidadãos indocumentados e, por outro lado, as possibilidades para esta efetivação, tendo em vista o território caracterizado como cidade gêmea, e a existência do Programa MERCOSUL SOCIAL E PARTICIPATIVO

臺灣近年來常常以發展觀光產業，來促進地方經濟發展，最明顯的政策便屬為臺灣政府於2008年開放陸客來臺以後，帶起許多陸客旅行團來臺旅遊的熱潮。同時在媒體渲染陸客強勁的消費力之下，使旅遊周邊產業都能受惠。但根據交通部觀光局統計資料顯示，陸客來臺人數成長率已大幅下降，但這股陸客來臺風潮卻已悄悄改變了臺灣旅遊業的體質。臺灣的觀光產業應朝向高品質服務業發展，才能同時保有觀光的品質與產值，否則在觀光人次太多的情況下，將影響國人旅遊的品質。 因此本研究利用2014年國人旅遊調查資料，利用決策樹方法根據縣市做分類，分別從旅遊者的背景、旅遊規劃、旅遊內容角度出發，檢視國人於臺灣縣市旅遊的特性與滿意程度，深入探討國人旅遊之型態與品質，藉此提供國內旅遊發展上一些建議，帶動在地旅遊，甚可藉由國民外交的「口碑」向外推廣、創造旅遊需求。

<p>Предмет истраживања ове дисертације су притужбе грађана против полицијског<br />службеника ако сматра да су му незаконитом или неправилном радњом полицијског<br />службеника повређена права или слободе, односно притужбени поступак који се<br />спроводи у Министарству унутрашњих послова, у циљу утврђивања тачног чињеничног стања и предузимања мера одговорности према полицијском<br />службенику, за кога се утврди да је повредио права и слободе грађана.</p><p>Основни циљ истраживања предметне проблематике је у функцији утврђивања<br />целисходности вођења притужбеног поступка са позиције грађана, који се<br />притужује да су му повређена права или слободе. Други циљ је приказивање значаја<br />улоге коју има контрола рада полиције путем решавања притужби на заштити и<br />остварењу људских права и слобода, као и да се са проблемски орјентисаног аспекта сагледа начин вођења притужбеног поступка и презентују одређене тешкоће и специфичности које отежавају његово спровођење, уз предлагање мера за њихово<br />превазилажење.</p> / <p>Predmet istraživanja ove disertacije su pritužbe građana protiv policijskog<br />službenika ako smatra da su mu nezakonitom ili nepravilnom radnjom policijskog<br />službenika povređena prava ili slobode, odnosno pritužbeni postupak koji se<br />sprovodi u Ministarstvu unutrašnjih poslova, u cilju utvrđivanja tačnog činjeničnog stanja i preduzimanja mera odgovornosti prema policijskom<br />službeniku, za koga se utvrdi da je povredio prava i slobode građana.</p><p>Osnovni cilj istraživanja predmetne problematike je u funkciji utvrđivanja<br />celishodnosti vođenja pritužbenog postupka sa pozicije građana, koji se<br />pritužuje da su mu povređena prava ili slobode. Drugi cilj je prikazivanje značaja<br />uloge koju ima kontrola rada policije putem rešavanja pritužbi na zaštiti i<br />ostvarenju ljudskih prava i sloboda, kao i da se sa problemski orjentisanog aspekta sagleda način vođenja pritužbenog postupka i prezentuju određene teškoće i specifičnosti koje otežavaju njegovo sprovođenje, uz predlaganje mera za njihovo<br />prevazilaženje.</p> / <p>The subject of the research of this thesis are citizens&rsquo; complaints against police officers if they deem that their rights or freedoms have been violated as a result of illegal or irregular work of a police officer, i.e. complaint procedure that is conducted in the Ministry of Interior in order to determine the facts and take measures against the police officer who has violated rights and freedoms of a citizen.</p><p>The main goal of the research of the subject issue is to determine the purpose of conducting the complaint procedure from the position of a citizen, who complaints that his or her rights or freedoms have been violated. The second goal is to show the role that the control of the police work by resolving complaints has in protecting and achieving human rights and freedoms, as well as reviewing, from a problem-solving aspect, the manner of conducting the complaint procedure, and to showcase certain difficulties and characteristics that hinder its implementation,</p>

Este estudo objetivou identificar e caracterizar algumas parcerias, voltadas ao controle da tuberculose, estabelecidas entre organizações não-governamentais (ONGs) e o Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (TB) no Estado de São Paulo. Buscou, ainda, analisar as ações desenvolvidas, de forma a verificar seu potencial para responder aos determinantes da doença. A abordagem do estudo foi qualitativa e utilizou-se a técnica do snowball para a escolha dos sujeitos. Os dados foram coletados entre Março e Julho de 2010, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Participaram do estudo, 6 sujeitos de órgãos governamentais e 13 sujeitos de organizações da sociedade civil. A análise teve como base a determinação social do processo saúde-doença e os conceitos oriundos de Gramsci, de Estado e sociedade civil. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e os sujeitos foram convidados a participar do estudo mediante ciência do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo técnica de análise de discurso. Os resultados revelaram que as parcerias se iniciaram por estímulo do governo estadual; tiveram como população-alvo, a população geral e alguns grupos específicos (os vulneráveis à doença); em sua maioria, contaram com financiamento do Fundo Global; o monitoramento não foi sistematizado por parte do Estado, mas pelos financiadores dos projetos e; a relação acordada entre ambos foi mais de caráter informal e baseada no compromisso de cada parte. Sobre as ações desenvolvidas, estavam centradas na promoção do controle social, da intersetorialidade, na difusão de informações sobre a doença e, em menor escala, na execução de tarefas que caberiam ao Estado. As ONGs, de maneira geral, não tinham doentes portadores de TB como membros, mas como alvos de suas ações. O papel do Estado, na parceria, foi de estímulo e apoio, enquanto as ONGs se dedicavam à operacionalização das ações. A análise demonstrou que as ações das parcerias foram baseadas no entendimento de que a TB se relaciona com a exclusão social e de que é necessário defender os direitos dos doentes. Ainda, foram capazes de aproximar certos grupos populacionais e o governo. Dessa maneira, as parcerias parecem contribuir para diminuir as vulnerabilidades a que estão expostos alguns doentes com TB, entretanto, não alcançaram revelar a base da exclusão social e as contradições estruturais da sociedade que determinam a TB. / The objective of this study was to identify and characterize some partnerships oriented towards tuberculosis control set between non governmental organizations (NGOs) and the Tuberculosis (TB) Control Program in the State of São Paulo. It also analyzes the actions implemented in order to check their potential responses to the diseases determinants. The study had a qualitative approach and used the snowball technique to select its subjects. Data were collected from March to July 2010 by means of semi-structured interviews. 6 subjects of governmental agencies and 13 subjects of the civil societys organizations participated in the study. The analysis was based on the social determination of the health-disease process and Gramscis concepts of State and civil society. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research and the subjects were invited to join the study by signing a Free and Informed Consent Form. Their statements were analyzed according to the speech analysis techniques. The results disclosed that the partnerships were stimulated by the federal government; their target-population were the population in general and some specific groups (vulnerable to the disease); most of them were financed by the Global Fund; the State did not systematically monitored the program, the projects financers did; and the relationship agreed among the parties was more informal and based on each partys commitment. About the actions implemented, they were focused on promoting social control, cross-sectional actions, divulging information on the disease and, with less emphasis, on doing tasks that are responsibilities of the State. Generally speaking, the NGOs did not have sick people with TB among its members, but they were the target of their actions. The role of the State in the partnerships was to stimulate and support, while the NGOs implemented the actions. The analysis showed that the partnerships actions were based on the understanding that TB is related to social exclusion and that it is necessary to defend the rights of the sick. They were also able to make the government come closer to certain groups of population. So, partnerships seem to contribute to decrease the vulnerabilities to which TB carriers are exposed; however, they failed to disclose the base of social exclusion and structural contradictions of the society which determine TB.

De l'institution du priorat à la chute définitive de la république en 1530, l'organisation de la vie dans la cité florentine a évolué tant dans ses structures effectives que dans ses représentations, laissant une place plus ou moins importante aux différents groupes sociaux, aux familles et individus qui la composent. au cours de cette période, le genre des livres de famille florentins s'est développé, a fleuri et s'est fané : œuvre dans son immense majorité de marchands, d'artisans qui appartiennent au popolo florentin, partie de la population appelée à participer au gouvernement de la cité, ces livres ont pour fonction de transmettre dans le cadre familial et de génération en génération ce que l'on considère important pour le devenir de la famille. quel lien y a-t-il entre ce genre et la vie de la république florentine, entre affaires de familles et affaires de la cité ? quelle est la place du politique dans cette logique de transmission ? quels aspects de la vie de la cité y sont représentés, comment sont-ils traités ? avec quels mots cette culture politique est-elle exprimée, dans quelle mesure est-elle redevable ou distincte de la tradition politique publique antérieure et contemporaine ? mêlant les approches historique, littéraire, linguistique, il s'agira ainsi de rendre compte de la question de la transmission du politique dans le genre des livres de famille en l'inscrivant dans le cadre global de l'évolution de la cité. / Based on a corpus which consists of 150 family books written between 1260 and 1480, this study intends to define the representations that Florence citizens had of their republic, of its running and of their role within it.The first part aims at identifying which room is given to historical and political passages in these books, and the functions of these excerpts in the overall writing strategy. The point is to study how the building of family identity was connected to the life of the city.The second part contains a stylistic and semantic analysis of the narrative parts that are dedicated to the major events of the 14th and 15th centuries. It offers a series of snapshots that define several specific configurations of the city’s political body and of how families refer to it. This textual analysis also provides us an image of the Florentine intellectual framework and a list of the key-concepts that characterized the political thought of the authors – which goes far beyond a mere interest in chronicles. The third part focuses on the use of those keywords in a diachronic perspective, in order to identify the evolutions, the involutions and the breaking points of this thought over the generations, and questions the link between citizens’ active political participation and their private writing on city affairs. The appendix presents transcriptions of the excerpts on the life of the city contained in the unpublished family books of the Florentine families, as well as biographical notes on their often unknown authors.

This thesis empirically examines how lobby groups and activists respond to innovative forms of public participation. The study centres on processes that foster a particular kind of deliberative governance including citizens’ juries, consensus conferences and planning cells. These deliberative designs bring together a panel of randomly selected lay citizens to deliberate on a specific policy issue for a few days, with the aim of providing decision makers with a set of recommendations. While policy makers worldwide are attracted to these novel participatory processes, little consideration has been given to how well they work alongside more adversarial and interest-based politics. This doctoral research project examines this interface by studying what these processes mean to different kinds of policy actors such as corporations, advocacy groups, government agencies, experts and professionals. These entities are collectively referred to in this thesis as ‘interest organisations’ because in some way they are seeking a specific policy outcome from the state – even government-based groups.¶ The empirical research in this thesis is based on comparative case studies of four deliberative design projects in Australia and Germany. The Australian cases include a citizens’ jury on waste management legislation and a consensus conference on gene technology in the food chain. The German case studies include a planning cells project on consumer protection in Bavaria, and a national consensus conference on genetic diagnostics. Together the cases capture a diversity of complex and contested policy issues facing post-industrialised societies. In each case study, I examine how relevant interest organisations responded to the deliberative forum, and then interpret these responses in view of the context and features of the case.¶ The picture emerging from the in-depth case studies is that interest organisations respond to deliberative designs in a variety of ways. Some choose to participate actively, others passively decline, and a few resort to strategic tactics to undermine citizens’ deliberations. The empirical research reveals that though responses are variable, most interest organisations are challenged by several features of the deliberative design model including: 1) that deliberators are citizens with no knowledge or association with the issue; 2) that experts and interest representatives are required to present their arguments before a citizens’ panel; and 3) that policy discussions occur under deliberative conditions which can expose the illegitimate use of power.¶ Despite these challenges, the paradox is that many interest organisations do decide to engage in lay citizen deliberations. The empirical research indicates that groups and experts value deliberative designs if they present an opportunity for public relations, customer feedback, or advocacy. Moreover, the research finds that when policy actors intensively engage with ‘ordinary’ citizens, their technocratic and elite ideas about public participation can shift in a more inclusive and deliberative direction.¶ The thesis finds that, on the whole, weaker interest organisations are more willing to engage with lay citizens than stronger organisations because they welcome the chance to influence public debate and decision makers. It appears that powerful groups will only engage in a deliberative forum under certain policy conditions, for example, when the dominant policy paradigm is unstable and contested, when public discussion on the issue is emerging, when policy networks are interdependent and heterogeneous, and when the broader social and political system supports public accountability, consensus and deliberation. Given that these kinds of policy conditions do not always exist, I conclude that tensions between interest organisations and deliberative governance will be common. In order to create more cooperative and productive interfaces, I recommend that interest organisations be better supported and integrated into citizens’ deliberations, and that steps be taken to safeguard forums from strategic attempts to undermine their legitimacy.¶ The thesis also sends out three key messages to democratic theorists. First, the empirical research shows that different kinds of groups and actors in civil society vary in their willingness and capacity to participate to public deliberation. Second, the deliberative design model demonstrates that partisan actors, such as interest organisations, will engage in public deliberation when they can participate as strategic deliberators. In this role partisans are not expected to relinquish their agendas, but present them as testimonies before a group of deliberators. Third, the empirical research in this thesis should bring home to theorists that deliberative forums are closely linked to the discursive context within which they operate.