Cette thèse se centre sur les discordances dans l’ellipse périphérique (RNR) et propose une analyse basée sur l’identité de lexème entre le matériel manquant et le matériel périphérique. Les analyses précédentes accordent de l’importance au syncrétisme, ou identité phonologique (Pullum & Zwicky (1986)). Dans cette thèse, nous contestons cette hypothèse. Nous avons analysé 5 types de discordance dans l’ellipse périphérique: discordances de polarité, de possessifs, de prépositions, de voix et de formes verbales. Nos études de corpus sur Internet, sur Frtenten 2012 (1.6 milliard de mots) (Baroni et al. (2009)) et sur le English Web 2013 (19 milliard mots) montrent l’existence des discordances dans l’ellipse périphérique en français et en anglais. Les discordances sont assez nombreuses même dans des écrits soignés. Dans tous les cas, les discordances sont résolues par la forme qui correspond au second conjoint. Les résultats des expériences de jugements d’acceptabilité et de mouvements oculaires permettent d’intégrer les discordances dans la grammaire. Les résultats sont compatibles avec les analyses qui postulent l’identité sémantique entre le matériel manquant et l’antécédent pour l’ellipse. Nous proposons une analyse formelle en HPSG.Nous comparons les résultats obtenus avec les cas de coordination lexicale. Nous montrons que l’accord de proximité s’applique (Villavicencio et al. (2005)) et nous proposons une analyse HPSG pour la coordination de verbes et de prépositions. / This thesis focuses on mismatches in peripheral ellipsis (RNR) and proposes an analysis based on lexeme identity between the missing material and the peripheral material. Previous analyses put emphasis on syncretism, or phonological identity (Pullum & Zwicky (1986)). In this thesis, we challenge this hypothesis. We analyzed 5 types of mismatches in peripheral ellipsis: polarity mismatch, possessive mismatch, voice mismatch and verbal form mismatch. Our corpus studies on the Internet, on Frtenten 2012 (1.6 billion words) (Baroni et al. (2009)) and on English Web 2013 (19 billion words) shows the existence of mismatches in peripheral ellipsis in French and English. Mismatches are quite numerous even in careful writings. In all cases, the mismatches are resolved by the form that corresponds to the second conjunct. The results of acceptability judgment tests and eye tracking experiments allow the integration of these mismatches into the grammar. The results are compatible with analyses postulating semantic identity between the missing material and the antecedent for ellipsis. We formalize peripheral ellipsis with mismatch within HPSG.We finally compare our results with lexical coordination. We show that it obeys closest conjunct agreement (Villavicencio et al (2005)) and propose a HPSG analysis for coordination of verbs and prepositions.

La relativa sistematización de la actuación de la metonimia, siendo un procedimiento creativo para la renovación semántica del léxico, es el punto de partida de esta Tesis, que propone un modelo de seguimiento de la repercusión de la metonimia sobre el léxico del español actual. La Tesis se estructura en cuatro partes, a las que se suman las conclusiones. En primer lugar, se introducen los objetivos y metodología del trabajo, así como la perspectiva adoptada con relación al cambio lingüístico: nos planteamos un estudio sincrónico, según los patrones sistemáticos de actuación del procedimiento. En la segunda parte, desarrollamos una lingüística de la metonimia, superando las restricciones que imponía su caracterización en los tratados retóricos como figura de significación aplicada ad hoc sobre el léxico. Para esta lingüística es medular la condición de contigüidad semántico-referencial en el marco de actuación del procedimiento, que está constituido por un entorno sintagmático infra-discursivo en el que se tiene una categorización lingüística del continuum del mundo. La actuación sistemática de la metonimia tiene que ver con la previsibilidad de las relaciones de contigüidad que perturba en este sintagma virtual. La proyección en el nivel sintáctico discursivo de estos desórdenes relacionales ocasiona incompatibilidades semánticas como resultado de una sustitución paradigmática que otorga a la metonimia su dimensión de tropo. Otros tropos y figuras retóricos, como la sinécdoque, la metalepsis y la hipálage, son caracterizados asimismo en esta parte como procedimientos metonímicos, en tanto que implican una transferencia denotativa, si bien se señalan las condiciones específicas que los diferencian de la metonimia, ya sean relativas al tipo relacional perturbado, o a las características de los polos denotativos relacionados. Especial atención hemos otorgado a la elipsis, por su convergencia con la metonimia cuando genera léxico autónomo y, por tanto, adquiere una dimensión trópica. En la tercera parte, y como resultado de la descripción del procedimiento, delimitamos los parámetros de observación de la metonimia en un diccionario, según su manifestación en los distintos niveles lingüísticos, y los aplicamos también a la relación entre acepciones, estudiando la que se ha llamado metonimia polisémica. A continuación, presentamos los índices lexicográficos para su identificación en el Diccionario del español actual (1999) de Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos, que constituye nuestro corpus de estudio. Estos índices nos han proporcionado un patrón de seguimiento de la metonimia en el estado de lengua que recoge este diccionario, lo que ha hecho posible la creación de una base de datos informatizada que constituye la cuarta parte de la Tesis: LexAMET, donde se tiene una recopilación de más de 2.000 palabras del español con una o varias acepciones metonímicas, extraídas de una muestra de 21.000 palabras de nuestro corpus. En esta base de datos clasificamos los cambios semánticos atendiendo al procedimiento metonímico que ha actuado: metonimia, sinécdoque, elipsis metonímica, símbolo metonímico, metalepsis, hipálage, metalogía. Con LexAMET se tiene un recurso lingüístico para la identificación de la intervención de la metonimia en un estado de lengua del español. / This thesis deals with the sistematization process of metonymy as a creative process for the semantic renewal of lexicon. The project proposes a monitoring model to assess the impact of metonymy in contemporary Spanish lexicon.The thesis is structured in four parts plus the final conclusions. In the fist part, our aims and methodology are detailed, together with our view on the linguistic change. We develop a synchronic study, according to the systematic patterns by which the metonymy process acts.In the second part, we develop a metonymy linguistic, going beyond the classic limitations that appeared in theoretical works which considerer metonymy as a meaning figure applied ad hoc to the lexicon.The key for this linguistic is the semantic-referential continuity condition in the acting framework of the process. This process is built by an under-discursive syntagmatic setting where a linguistic categorization of the world's continuum is established. The systematic acting of metonymy is closely linked with the foreseeable continuity relationships that this virtual syntagm disturbs. The projection of these relationship disturbances in the syntactic discursive level produces semantic incompatibilities as the result of a paradigmatic substitution that makes metonymy acquire its trope dimension. Other tropes and rhetorical figures, such as synecdoche, metalepsis and hypallage, are considered as metonymic processes as they imply a denotative transference. We highlight, however, the specific conditions that differentiate them from metonymy, whether the conditions regard the relational type under disturbance or the characteristics of the denotative poles under relation. Ellipsis has been paid special attention, as it overlaps with metonymy when generating autonomous lexicon, thus acquiring a trope dimension. In the third part, and as a result of the process description, we establish the descriptive parameters of metonymy in a dictionary, according to its manifestation in various linguistic levels, and we apply them to the relationship between meanings, studying what has been called polysemic metonymy. Following this study, we show the lexicographic rates for the identification of metonymy in the Diccionario del español actual (1999), by Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos. This dictionary makes up our corpus in the study.These rates have provided us with a monitoring pattern of metonymy in the Spanish language recorded in this dictionary, what has allowed us to create an electronic database to which we have devoted the fourth part of our study: LexAMET. This database compiles more than 2000 Spanish words with one or more metonymic sense, taken from our 21000 words corpus.In this database we classify the semantic changes according to the metonymic process in action: metonymy, synecdoche, metonymic ellipsis, metonymic symbol, metalepsis, hypallage, metalogy. LexAMET can be thus defined as a linguistic resource for the identification of metonymy in the Spanish language.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-13T15:37:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Silva.pdf: 1156021 bytes, checksum: 7ed5e595a7a4c0b20759f5a77940ee1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-04T17:25:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Silva.pdf: 1156021 bytes, checksum: 7ed5e595a7a4c0b20759f5a77940ee1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T17:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Silva.pdf: 1156021 bytes, checksum: 7ed5e595a7a4c0b20759f5a77940ee1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Esta tese trata da não realização do objeto direto correferencial, um fenômeno denominado objeto nulo (ON), no português rural baiano (PBR), a partir do quadro teórico da gramática gerativa. Secundariamente, analisa-se o uso do pronome ELE, levando em conta a alternância desse pronome com o ON. São investigados os contextos em que uma e outra estratégia são requeridas e os fatores que as condicionam. Tem-se considerado o traço de animacidade do DP antecedente o fator mais relevante na escolha dessas estratégias: quando o traço do antecedente é [-animado], o ON é licenciado; quando o traço é [+animado], o objeto direto é realizado (cf.Bianchi e Figueiredo Silva, 1994; Cyrino, 1997; Kato, 1993; entre outros). Contudo, neste trabalho, procura-se desmistificar a relevância desse traço, visto que não tem representação na estrutura da sentença do português brasileiro (PB). Os resultados da análise quantitativa dos dados apontaram que o ON não é licenciado quando o DP antecedente se encontra na posição de sujeito básico, de objeto indireto, de complemento nominal, de adjunto adnominal e adverbial; mas apenas nas posições internas ao verbo e com papéis temáticos semelhantes, tema/paciente: objeto direto, complemento oblíquo e sujeito derivado; bem como de tópico, tema do discurso. Esses resultados revelam que DP antecedente e ON devem manter uma relação de identidade: serem gerados na posição interna ao verbo e compartilharem o mesmo papel temático, o que é compatível com os requerimentos das operações de elipse. Assim, assume-se, neste trabalho, que o ON é uma elipse de DP (cf. Cyrino, 1997), cuja recuperação se dá através de identidade estrutural e temática, descartando a possibilidade de ser interpretada como pro ou variável. A retomada de um DP nas posições em que o ON é bloqueado ocorre através do pronome ELE ou da repetição do DP. Contudo, o ELE está disponível também nos demais contextos em que o ON é licenciado, inclusive para retomar DPs com traço [-animado]. Foram investigados, também, dados do português rural europeu (PER) e comparados com os do PBR e o resultado dessa comparação revelou comportamento semelhante entre essas duas variedades linguísticas, embora a ocorrência de ON em ilhas seja restrita às adverbiais no PER. O estatuto de elipse, assumido nesta tese, dá conta dos dados do PBR e do PER. / Salvador

In this research we aimed to analyze which features are determining to identify and legitimate Sluicing in Portuguese namely, ellipsis of interrogative phrases or WhP Ellipsis. Interrogative phrases or wh-phrases are those always legitimated and headed by a interrogative pronoun or wh-pronoun and their ellipsis are featured by a remaining of a subordinate wh-phrase. Indeed, that phenomenon has hardly ever been studied in Portuguese, lacking a determination of which features are essentials to configure WhP ellipsis in our language. Therefore through compared syntax we looked for examples in English, which has already many studies about the subject as well as other languages as German, Greek, Hebrew, only to mention a few ones. Our result shows up that similar to English, Portuguese as well is a language that allows two essential features to identify and legitimate WhP ellipsis, [+wh], that legitimate the elided structure, and [+focus] that mostly brings up a new attribute to approaches which justify that WhP ellipsis is resulted by moving operations. As a final point, the study of a last feature, E-feature, uniform in every language which allows Slucing, reveals itself as a highly determinant feature of the emptiness left by ellipsis, once [+wh] and [+focus] are features that typify the remaining of wh-phrase after deletion and on the other hand E is a feature that typifies the elided structure. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nosso objetivo nesta pesquisa foi analisar quais traços são determinantes para a identificação e o licenciamento de truncamentos em português a saber, elipses de frases interrogadas ou elipses em WhP. As frases interrogadas ou frases-wh são aquelas sempre legitimadas e encabeçadas por um pronome interrogativo ou pronome-wh e cujas elipse é caracterizada pelo resquício de uma frase-wh encaixada. O fato é que o fenômeno tem sido ainda pouco estudado em português, faltando determinar que traços são fundamentais para a definição dessas elipses em nossa língua. Para tanto, buscamos também através da sintaxe comparada exemplos em línguas como o inglês, que já acumula estudos exaustivos sobre o fenômeno sintático, além de outras línguas como alemão, grego, hebraico, só para citar algumas. O resultado de nossa análise revela que semelhante ao inglês, o português é uma língua que admite dois traços essenciais para o licenciamento e identificação de elipses em WhP, [+wh] que licencia a estrutura elidida, e [+foco] que sobretudo dá uma nova configuração às abordagens que justificam que a elipse em WhP é resultante de operações de movimento. Por fim, a análise de um último traço, o traço-E, uniforme em toda língua que admite truncamentos, se revela como um traço especificamente característico do vazio deixado pela elipse, já que, por um lado, [+wh] e [+foco] são traços que caracterizam o resquício da frase-wh restante após a operação de apagamento, e por outro, E é um traço que caracteriza a estrutura elidida.

Les poèmes de Guillevic constituent des tentatives sans cesse réitérées de dire l’ineffable du monde, de le nommer et d’apprivoiser un monde vécu comme une menace. Ces poèmes présentent donc l’actualisation des verbes être et avoir dans des énoncés définitoires, des tours présentatifs et des structures clivées, à une très haute fréquence. Par ailleurs, ces énoncés s’écartent régulièrement de la norme syntaxique. Cette thèse se propose de fonder un travail d’analyse stylistique à partir de l’étude syntaxique et sémantique des verbes être et avoir en prenant pour unité d’analyse le texte – c’est-à-dire en considérant ces verbes comme ne prenant tout leur sens que dans leurs rapports avec l’ensemble du poème où ils s’insèrent – pour mettre en évidence le désir qu’a le poète de lutter contre l’instabilité et la fragilité d’un univers, sans cesse sous la menace d’un délitement, en lui donnant substance. Nous montrerons également que la poétique guillevicienne est une poétique du fragment : se caractérisant par ses lacunes, ses trouées, cette écriture est apte à dire un univers en miettes, sous le signe de la déchirure et de l’isolement. Mais elle est plus précisément le lieu d’une tension entre fragmentation et cohésion : l’écriture chez le poète est fondamentalement poiein et a une fonction réparatrice : il s’agit de retisser des liens entre les hommes et le monde et d’apprendre à vivre ensemble. Poésie à dimension éthique, elle s’efforce de définir un nouvel ordre, en abolissant les hiérarchies dans et par le langage : les constituants du réel et mots dans la phrase ont tous une même importance. Enfin, définir êtres et choses permet au poète de construire un projet ontologique : d’une part, être, c’est mener une inlassable enquête pour comprendre (au propre comme au figuré) le monde, d’autre part, la réalité étant maîtrisée, être, c’est vivre dans la plénitude de l’instant. / Guillevic’s poems are endlessly-repeated attempts to tell the ineffable in the world, to name it and to tame reality which is felt as a threat. These poems very often include the verbs "être" and "avoir" in definitional phrases, in turns of phrases which indicate something exists, in cleft sentences. Let it be noted that these sentences quite regularly break with commonly accepted grammatical rules. In this thesis, we intend to make a stylistic analysis which will rely on the syntactic and semantic study of the verbs "être" and "avoir". This study will use the text as a unit for analysis which implies that we consider that these verbs are meaningful only in so far as they connect with the whole poem they are part of. Our purpose is to bring to light the poet’s desire of giving substance to a world which is under constant threat of crumbling down, and fighting against its instability and frailty. We’ll also show that Guillevic’s poetics is a poetics of fragments. This writing features gaps, loopholes, elliptic phrases, and is well-suited to tell about a world which is falling apart, a lonely and fractured world. But it is more precisely the seat of a tension between splitting up and cohesion : for the poet, writing is fundamentally "poiein " and has got a repairing function. It consists in weaving again bonds between human beings and the world and in learning to live together. This poetics with an ethical dimension tries to define a new order, abolishing hierarchies in and through language : all the constituents of reality and the words in the sentence share the same importance. At last, defining living beings and things allows the poet to build an ontological project : on the one hand, being is leading an unremitting investigation to understand the world, on the other hand, and so far as reality is under control, being is living in the fulfilment of the instant.

Aucune étude systématique dans le domaine de la linguistique française n’a porté spécifiquement sur le morphème etc. Nous proposons de cerner les enjeux de cet objet linguistique et littéraire problématique, en diachronie puis en synchronie. Notre travail s’ouvre sur les questions de l’origine et la morphosyntaxe de etc. En effet, l’histoire de la langue permet d’observer le processus de figement partiel de la séquence « coordonnant + adjectif substantivé » et dans un même temps, de distinguer deux grands types d’emplois du morphème. Ces deux types d’emplois établissent un critère de classement pertinent pour toute étude synchronique portant sur la question du etc. De fait, si l’emploi de etc. correspond toujours à une pratique de l’interruption, il intervient soit à la fin d’une énumération, soit entre deux segments textuels. Cette partition nécessite deux niveaux d’analyse, le premier syntaxique, le second lié aux enjeux énonciatifs du texte.Nous avons donc appliqué ce principe de classement aux 350 occurrences de etc. appartenant à un corpus de six textes stendhaliens : De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. Le cœur de notre travail se présente à la fois comme un classement de la totalité des occurrences du morphème et comme une analyse des enjeux d’occurrences choisies, à l’échelle phrastique ou textuelle. Une telle étude permet d’aborder un certain nombre de problématiques touchant à la l’utilisation du morphème etc. : effets d’ellipses et d’échos, enjeux des réduplications du morphème, jeux sur l’implicite, logiques référentielles mises en place par l’auteur, portée des ruptures énonciatives et conséquences sur la lecture. Nous entendons enfin montrer que etc. est un ponctème rythmant dont l’impact stylistique est systématiquement exploité par Stendhal. Révélateur d’une écriture qui donne à voir autant qu’elle laisse deviner, le etc. participe de la logique moqueuse, « cryptique » et conversationnelle des textes Stendhaliens. / No systematic study in the field of French linguistics has specifically focused on the morpheme etc. The purpose of this work is to analyse the linguistic and literary issues of this problematic object, first in diachrony and then in synchrony. Our study begins with the question of the origin and of the morphosyntax of etc. Through the history of the language we can observe the partial fossilisation of the sequence ‘coordinating conjunction + nominalised adjective’; we can also identify two main types of use of the morpheme. These two types establish a relevant criterion for the classification of any synchronic study on the issue of etc. If the use of etc. always corresponds to a practice of interruption, it can either take place at the end of an enumeration or in between two segments of text. This partition requires two levels of analysis, a syntactic one and one related to the enunciative issues of the text.We applied this ranking principle to 350 occurrences of etc. belonging to a compilation of six Stendhalian texts: De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. The core of our work consists in both establishing the typology of the occurrences of this morpheme as well as the analysis of issues prompted by selected occurrences, on a phrasal or textual level.This study addresses a number of issues relating to the use the morpheme etc.: effects of ellipses and echoes, issues of reduplication of the morpheme, effects of the implicit, referential logics set up by the author, scope of the enunciative ruptures and their effects on the reader. Finally we intend to show that etc. is a beating ‘puncteme’ (acting as a modulating ‘punctuation mark’) whose rhythmical and stylistic impact is systematically exploited by Stendhal. Etc. is an essential part of the mocking, ‘cryptic’ and conversational logic of the works of Stendhal, revealing a writing which lets the reader see as much as it lets him guess.

Subjektlücken in Koordinationsstrukturen sind nicht leicht zu analysieren, insbesondere Subjektlücken in Asymmetrischen Koordinationen wie die SLF-Koordination (Subjektlücken in finit-frontalen Strukturen). Die Dissertation gibt eine umfassende Übersicht über verschiedene linguistische Analysen solcher Strukturen. Desweiteren präsentiert die Arbeit empirische Daten zur SLF-Koordination, zur Asymmetrischen sowie auch zur Symmetrischen Koordination. Es konnte eine breite empirische Datengrundlage geschaffen werden, indem Akzeptabilitätsurteile über Online-Fragebogen gesammelt wurden, wobei die psycholinguistische Methode Magnitude Estimation Anwendung fand. Die Dissertation ist relevant für die deskriptive Grammatik, für psycholinguistische Fragestellungen und linguistische Analysen zu Subjektlücken in Koordinationsstrukturen.

The present thesis deals with the Latin non-verbal topic-introducing construction "Quid X?" (which is more or less equivalent to Czech "A co X?" or English "What about X?") and with the question of its editing in the classical Latin Texts. The main hypothesis of the present work is that in the classical Latin texts this construction is in hundreds of cases misinterpreted as "Quid?" (the X-part being joined to the following sentence) which would make of this misinterpretation the greatest systematic error in the modern editing of classical Latin texts. The first part of the thesis presents formal, functional and historical arguments to support such a bold claim and describes other non-verbal constructions beginning with the word quid, which might be and in fact are mistaken with the topic-introducing construction "Quid X?". The inability of the modern editors to reliably distinguish between different non-verbal constructions is caused by several objective factors, one of them being also the fact that the construction "Quid X?" - quite extraordinary in several respects - is rarely and (if at all) unsufficiently treated in grammars and reference books. The absence of the description of the given construction is itself, in turn, caused probably by the general underestimating and overlooking of small...

My work is a corpus-based investigation of the use and development of temporal subordinators and clauses in Early Modern British English (EModE).  The focus of the project is on the forms, structure, meanings, and history of these subordinators and clauses. My primary aim is to analyse stability and change in temporal subordinators and clauses across the EModE period; second comes the study of linguistic features, such as aspect, tense, mood and modality, ellipsis and non-finite forms, positions, coordination, and subordination of the temporal clauses. In addition, I examine the progress of these subordinators, and WHEN in particular, across text categories, text types, and the sub-periods. Regarding temporal subordinators, I account for the use of simple, complex, and correlative forms. I also address alternative expressions of temporal subordinators such as the repetition and replacement of temporal subordinators. The influence of negation on the choice of subordinators, and the modification patterns of subordinators are also treated. Primary meanings of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority as well as secondary meanings of temporal subordinators are studied. I uncover the evolution of temporal subordinators and trace their various forms, as far back as possible to the Old English and Middle English periods. I also make some comparisons with Present-day English. The investigation is based on the EModE section of the computerized Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and the manual literary Major Authors Corpus which I designed for the purposes of the study. Consequently, my study is carried out within corpus linguistics methodology. All in all, the primary material yielded 3,269 instances of 17 different prototypical temporal subordinators, called sub-types.

No description available.