Gegenstand der Arbeit sind Maschinen zum Chiffrieren und dem korrespondierenden Entziffern, besonders im 2. Weltkrieg ("ULTRA"). Es werden die Gründe analysiert, warum die deutschen Chiffriermaschinen "geknackt" wurden und mit welchen maschinellen Methoden das erfolgte. Dazu wird gezeigt, dass ohne systematische deutsche Chiffrierfehler diese Methoden nicht anwendbar gewesen wären. Ferner zeigt eine Analyse der historischen Digitaltechnik, dass diese kryptanalytischen Maschinen Wegbereiter der Digitaltechnik mit Elektronenröhren waren und dass die ersten speicherprogrammierbaren Rechner Fortentwicklungen davon waren. Der Einfluss dieser Entwicklungen auf die Genese der Disziplin Informatik wird diskutiert.

Ever since its introduction in 1952, the Mean-Variance (MV) portfolio selection theory has remained a centerpiece within the realm of e_cient asset allocation. However, in scienti_c circles, the theory has stirred controversy. A strand of criticism has emerged that points to the phenomenon that Mean-Variance Optimization su_ers from the severe drawback of estimation errors contained in the expected return vector and the covariance matrix, resulting in portfolios that may signi_cantly deviate from the true optimal portfolio. While a substantial amount of e_ort has been devoted to estimating the expected return vector in this context, much less is written about the covariance matrix input. In recent times, however, research that points to the importance of the covariance matrix in MV optimization has emerged. As a result, there has been a growing interest whether MV optimization can be enhanced by improving the estimate of the covariance matrix. Hence, this thesis was set forth by the purpose to investigate whether nancial practitioners and institutions can allocate portfolios consisting of assets in a more e_cient manner by changing the covariance matrix input in mean-variance optimization. In the quest of chieving this purpose, an out-of-sample analysis of MV optimized portfolios was performed, where the performance of ve prominent covariance matrix estimators were compared, holding all other things equal in the MV optimization. The optimization was performed under realistic investment constraints, taking incurred transaction costs into account, and for an investment asset universe ranging from equity to bonds. The empirical _ndings in this study suggest one dominant estimator: the covariance matrix estimator implied by the Gerber Statistic (GS). Speci_cally, by using this covariance matrix estimator in lieu of the traditional sample covariance matrix, the MV optimization rendered more e_cient portfolios in terms of higher Sharpe ratios, higher risk-adjusted returns and lower maximum drawdowns. The outperformance was protruding during recessionary times. This suggests that an investor that employs traditional MVO in quantitative asset allocation can improve their asset picking abilities by changing to the, in theory, more robust GS  ovariance matrix estimator in times of volatile nancial markets.

En quoi l'expérience des images permet-elle une certaine autonomisation de soi ? Vaste question d'où gît derrière le désir ambitieux de démontrer à l'heure de la diffusion pléthorique des informations visuelles les voies édificatrices d'un spectateur à la rencontre d'images. Nous supposons que les agencements fictionnels capables d'entrouvrir la voie d'une reconnaissance du monde dans une complexité omise dans nos habitudes inconscientes et dans les manifestations quotidiennes de la pensée reposent sur le caractère indéterminé des images de cinéma. Notre étude se découpe en deux mouvements, à savoir l’immersion fictionnelle – l’accès – et la réorganisation des perceptions de représentation en promesse du savoir – le destin du voir. Après avoir exploré, au moyen d’une posture cavelienne, en quoi le cinéma est-il un procédé moderne qui ouvre des espaces perceptifs qui relayent le regard ordinaire de l’Homme à une appréhension cinématographique du réel, nous proposons d’étudier comment les ressorts expressifs confondants des images du cinéaste Andrei Zviaguintsev produisent-elles un jeu des images qui inquiètent le voir empêchant le témoin à s’adonner à une perception littérale de la réalité. Dans un second temps, par souci d’approfondir les analyses soumises précédemment, nous avançons l’idée que les écueils disposés à toute perception littérale d’une simple illustration de la réalité ambiante, sont le produit d’un regard défiant le nôtre dans un face-à-face où la façade des choses se dévoilent dans un voile obscur qui déshabillent les objets de toutes significations socialement appliquées pour mieux stimuler l’activité mitotique des images rappelant le témoin à reconstituer de ses propres sens une seule image du monde. / In what way does the experience of the images allow a certain autonomization of on e self ? Vast question from where lies behind the am b itious desire to demonstrate at the time of the plethoric diffusion of the visual information the edifying ways of a spect ator to the meeting of images. We suppose that the fictional arrangements able to open the way of recognition of the world in a complexity omitted in our unconscious habits and in the daily manifestations of the thought rest on the indeterminate character i stic of the cinema images ; Our study is divided into two movements, namely the fictional immersion the access and the reorganization of the perceptions of representation in promise of knowledge the destiny of seeing. After having explored, by means of a Cavellian posture, in what the cinema is a modern process which opens perceptive spaces which relay the ordinary eye of the individual to a cinematographic apprehension of the real, we propose to study how the confoundi ng expressive motives of the images of the director Andrei Zviaguintsev produce a play of the images which worries the “seeing” preventing the witness from indulging in a literal perception of reality. In a second phase, by concern to deepen the analyses submitted previously, and this, always with reference to Zviaguintsev’s images, we put forward the idea that the pitfalls disposed to any literal perception of a simple illustration of the surrounding re ality, are the product of a gaze that questions ours in a face to face encounter where the façade of the projected things reveals itself in an obscure veil that strips the objects of all socially applied meanings in order to better stimulate the mitotic ac tivity of the images that call for the sensitive reconstitution of a unique image of the world.

Une forme de résistance spécifique et méconnue : la continuation du combat contre l’envahisseur allemand menée au sein des services techniques des Transmissions de l’armée française, notamment du Groupement des contrôles radioélectriques (GCR), dès le lendemain de l’armistice de juin 1940, et poursuivie jusqu’à la victoire finale. Une résistance initiée par des officiers des Transmissions au coeur même des institutions de l’Etat français, consistant à communiquer secrètement du renseignement militaire aux Forces alliées. Cette résistance latente débouche, après novembre 1942, sur une résistance active par la formation d’un réseau clandestin, le Service des transmissions nationales (STN), sous l’égide de NAP-PTT, puis sur son intégration, en octobre 1943, sous le nom de « Groupe Romon », au réseau Alliance, ainsi que sur l’entrée de nombreux opérateurs radio du GCR dans divers autres réseaux de résistance.Le cas d’une résistance intérieure, qui a contribué efficacement à la victoire finale des Forces alliées, malgré une répression systématique et féroce de l’occupant. / A specific and hardly known way of resistance: the continuation of the fight against the german invader led within the technical services of Transmissions of French army, especially the Groupement des contrôles radioélectriques (GCR), the Radio control Group, immediatly after the armistice of June 1940 and carried on until the final victory. A resistance at the initiative of Transmission officers, which, at the heart of the institutions of the Etat français, French State, have secretly communicated military intelligence to the allied Forces. This latent resistance leads, after november 1942, up to an active resistance by the implementation of a clandestine network, the Service des transmissions nationales (STN), the National Transmissions Service, under the aegis of NAP-PTT, then to its integration, in october 1943, under the name « Groupe Romon », to the resistance network Alliance, as well as the commitment of numerous GCR transmitters in various other resistance networks.The case of a resistance from the inside which has effectively contributed to the final victory of the Allied, despite a systematic and ferocious repression from the occupant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Manuel Malta de Alves Louceiro.pdf: 1818082 bytes, checksum: 8786aaf4801d1196495dedbefe6aea8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-11 / The main objective of this Master s Dissertation is to know in an unprecedented work to what extent the mystic of Nature, orador, poet, essayist and Transcendentalist philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82) may have influenced Pragmaticist and Semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) through his poem, The Sphynx (1841; translated for the first time into Portuguese in Annex 1), which stimulated the latter to offer an answer to the Emersonian enigma in the essay, A Guess at the Riddle (1887-88; translated for the first time into Portuguese in Annex 2), something that, later, according to Nathan Houser & Christian Kloesel, led to the construction of his admirable Architectonic (The Essential Peirce - Volume 1, 245), about which Peirce himself wrote: this book, if ever written, as it soon will be if I am in a situation to do it, will be one of the births of time (Ibid, ibidem). Therefore, in Part I we will analyze Emerson s poem and will highlight his Main Ideas, those present in his own books, essays and poems - before and after the making of the poem (1841) -, so we can know his intellectual development, in his rich dialog with the Western, Middle-Eastern and Eastern philosophies (that influenced him tremendously) -, once the key-idea behind this Master s Dissertation is grounded on Peirce s other comment on The Sphynx - symbols grow in the essay What Is A Sign? (1894) until we get to Emerson s Epistemology of Moods, his Existential Ethics of Sel-Improvement and his Metaphysics of Process, according to Stanley Cavell, who is responsible for the renaissance of Emerson s philosophical studies in the US in the last three decades. In Part II we will make a structural analysis (Martial Guéroult) of the answer Peirce gave to the Emersonian enigma in his essay, A Guess at the Riddle (1887-88) / O principal objetivo desta Dissertação de Mestrado é saber em trabalho inédito - em que medida o místico da Natureza, orador, poeta, ensaísta, e filósofo transcendentalista norteamericano Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82) pode ter influenciado o pragmaticista e semioticista norte-americano Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) através de seu poema The Sphynx (1841; A Esfinge ; com tradução inédita no Anexo 1), que teria motivado este a oferecer uma resposta ao enigma emersoniano no ensaio A Guess at the Riddle (1887-88; Uma Conjectura ao Enigma ; tradução inédita no Anexo 2), algo que levou Peirce, mais tarde, nas palavras de Nathan Houser & Christian Kloesel, à construção de sua admirável arquitetônica (The Essential Peirce - Volume 1, 245) e sobre o qual o próprio Peirce escreveu: este livro, se alguma vez for escrito, como será se eu estiver na condição de fazê-lo, será um dos acontecimentos da época (The Essential Peirce - Volume 1, p. 245). Assim, na Parte I faremos uma análise do poema emersoniano em que exporemos suas Principais Idéias, aquelas presentes em seus próprios livros, ensaios e poemas - antes e depois da feitura do poema (1841) -, para que possamos conhecer seu desenvolvimento intelectual, no rico diálogo com as tradições filosóficas Ocidental. Médio-Oriental e Oriental (que muito o influenciaram) -, uma vez que a idéia-chave por detrás desta Dissertação está fundada no outro comentário de Peirce ao enigma d A Esfinge - os símbolos crescem no ensaio What Is A Sign? (1894; O Que É Um Signo? ) até chegar à sua Epistemologia de Estados de Espírito, sua Ética Existencial de Auto- Melhoramento e sua Metafísica do Processo, de acordo com Stanley Cavell, que é responsável pelo renascimento dos estudos filosóficos emersonianos nos EUA nas últimas três décadas. Na Parte II faremos uma análise estrutural (Martial Guéroult) da resposta que Peirce forneceu ao enigma emersoniano com seu ensaio, Uma Conjectura ao Enigma (1887-88)

諾貝爾文學獎得主奈波爾(V. S. Naipaul)可以說是當代文學中最具爭議性及最難以捉摸的一位作家，因為他對自己祖國千里達的前殖民國英國懷有一種好惡相參的矛盾態度。奈波爾的自傳性小說《抵達之謎》，故事橫跨三十年，描述一位曾被殖民的離散敘事者其人生旅程。旅程始自敘事者還是一個得到牛津大學獎學金的十八歲學生，終至敘事者成為在英國有立足之處的作家，其間歷經迷惘、錯置、覺醒、安頓等過程。在後殖民批評及文學的「信條」下，奈波爾的作品理應對大英帝國表示出一種明確的對抗態度，但其作品卻幾乎未能達到此一預期，而這也使得他必須承受遭指控為背叛者的衝擊。批評家普遍將奈波爾稱為英國的喉舌，而本論文旨在提供一個有別於此的觀點。本論文想要處理的關鍵問題如下：奈波爾是否真的是大英帝國的擁護者？如果不是的話，他如何與英國性(Englishness)協商以換取發言位置？ 論文首章對奈波爾及《抵達之謎》的批評做簡短的回顧。第二章以法農(Frantz Fanon)的觀點來檢視敘事者與白人女性角色的關係，以說明敘事者從崇拜英國文化到擺脫對英國謬誤幻想的發展。筆者也嘗試描繪出敘事者成為一個作家的軌跡。藉此，筆者認為敘事者經歷一段從目光狹隘的英國經典作家模仿者，到寫自己人生故事的作家的歷程。在第三章，本文認為在倫敦及英國鄉間的停留期間，敘事者看出帝國中心的破敗以及英國文化核心中英國性的矯揉造作。第四章首先就「離散」這個概念做一回顧，並說明奈波爾及《抵達之謎》如何能置於這樣的概念之下來解讀。筆者指出，敘事者同時身為離散者及流亡者的身份，使得他能夠取得一個「對位」的觀點，而此觀點幫助敘事者發展其後殖民牧歌，揭發英國性背後的殘酷。第五章揭示筆者對現存奈波爾批評中潛在缺陷的根本關懷。本論文希望藉由提供非主流但具建設性的觀點來補足現存的奈波爾批評。 / A Nobel laureate in literature, V. S. Naipaul is arguably the most controversial and elusive writer in contemporary literature because his signature is his ambivalence on England, a country which once colonized his mother country Trinidad. Spanning thirty years, The Enigma of Arrival, Naipaul’s autobiographical novel, delineates an ex-colonial and diasporic narrator’s life journey—from an eighteen-year-old schoolboy granted a scholarship to Oxford University to a writer gaining a foothold in England—of disorientation, dislocation, awakening and anchorage. Under the “doctrine” of postcolonial criticism and literature, Naipaul’s works are expected to express an explicit and confrontational attitude towards the British Empire, but his works hardly come to terms with such expectation, which makes him bear the brunt of the accusation of being an apostate. This thesis aims at providing a different viewpoint from criticism in general which labels Naipaul as the mouthpiece of England. The pivotal issues this thesis intends to tackle are as follows: Is Naipaul really an exponent of the British Empire to the core? If not, how does he negotiate with Englishness for a position of enunciation? The opening chapter offers a brief review of criticism about Naipaul and The Enigma of Arrival. In Chapter II, I examine the narrator’s relationship with white female characters in the light of Fanon’s perspective, trying to illustrate the progression in which the narrator at first worships the English culture but at last sheds his false fantasy. I also try to chart the trajectory of the narrator’s becoming a writer. By doing so, I intend to argue that the narrator undergoes a course from a blinkered colonial emulating English canonical writers to a writer writing his own life story. In Chapter III, I argue that during his stay in London and the English countryside, the narrator discerns the dilapidation of the imperial center and the artificiality of Englishness in the heart of English culture. Chapter IV begins with a review of the concept “diaspora” and how Naipaul and The Enigma of Arrival could be situated in this concept. I point out that the narrator’s identity as a diasporan and an exile enables him to obtain a “contrapuntal” perspective that contributes to the narrator’s postcolonial pastoral which exposes the cruelty behind Englishness. The concluding chapter reveals my ultimate concern about the latent flaw in the established Naipaul criticism, unfolding my intention to make this thesis complement the Naipaul criticism by contributing an alternative yet constructive perspective.

This study brings the insights of Slavoj Žižek’s Lacan-inspired approach to bear upon a series of influential 20th century plays and their engagement with what Lacan calls the Real. The plays to be explored share a focus on experiences, events or encounters which transcend, exceed, disrupt, and in some cases shatter characters’ normal, familiar realities. Examined through the lens of Žižek, these confrontations with the sublime and the fantastic reveal a crucial relation to the plays’ contemporary contexts, prompting us to “look awry” upon the dynamics of our own symbolically-regulated reality and the ever-changing and precarious nature of our relation to it. Similarly crucial is the relation of the Lacanian Real to our theatrical forms and modes of perception in the theatre. In staging “encounters with the Real,” these plays prompt us simultaneously to explore the ways in which the Real operates —and “appears” — in our own theatrical experience, ensnaring our gaze and the force of our desire. The study offers a Žižekian approach to works including Peter Shaffer’s Equus, John Mighton’s Possible Worlds, S. An-sky’s The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds, Caryl Churchill’s The Skriker, Tony Kushner’s The Illusion, and Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt’s Enigma Variations.

This study brings the insights of Slavoj Žižek’s Lacan-inspired approach to bear upon a series of influential 20th century plays and their engagement with what Lacan calls the Real. The plays to be explored share a focus on experiences, events or encounters which transcend, exceed, disrupt, and in some cases shatter characters’ normal, familiar realities. Examined through the lens of Žižek, these confrontations with the sublime and the fantastic reveal a crucial relation to the plays’ contemporary contexts, prompting us to “look awry” upon the dynamics of our own symbolically-regulated reality and the ever-changing and precarious nature of our relation to it. Similarly crucial is the relation of the Lacanian Real to our theatrical forms and modes of perception in the theatre. In staging “encounters with the Real,” these plays prompt us simultaneously to explore the ways in which the Real operates —and “appears” — in our own theatrical experience, ensnaring our gaze and the force of our desire. The study offers a Žižekian approach to works including Peter Shaffer’s Equus, John Mighton’s Possible Worlds, S. An-sky’s The Dybbuk, or Between Two Worlds, Caryl Churchill’s The Skriker, Tony Kushner’s The Illusion, and Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt’s Enigma Variations.

184 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-07T18:43:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Virginia Gomes.pdf: 1737525 bytes, checksum: 16c16605836ed7383f9cd37916781c83 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-11T17:34:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Virginia Gomes.pdf: 1737525 bytes, checksum: 16c16605836ed7383f9cd37916781c83 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-11T17:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Virginia Gomes.pdf: 1737525 bytes, checksum: 16c16605836ed7383f9cd37916781c83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / A presente dissertação é uma investigação acerca do enigma, é uma reconstituição das suas origens na tradição grega que mostra uma conexão original entre enigma e as origens da Filosofia, tendo em vista uma compreensão da sua contribuição para o ?ensino? da Filosofia enquanto meio pedagógico que pode ser usado para todas as idades. O retorno à antiga Grécia se funda na teoria do enigma de Giorgio Colli, teoria esta que faz uma retrospectiva às origens apolínea e dionisíaca deste fenômeno na Sophia da Filosofia. As imagens collianas do enigma são pistas fundamentais para compreender este fenômeno nas origens da Filosofia: o filósofo pinta o enigma como vestígio das pulsões estéticas (apolínea-dionisíaca) do pensamento humano. Por outro lado, a partir de um olhar aberto, faço um mergulho no universo do enigma para ressaltar as suas qualidades educativas na ótica do aprender a filosofar, sem, contudo, determinar categorias de enigmas conforme um programa escolar ou uma divisão segundo faixas etárias. Essa compreensão do enigma enquanto meio pedagógico na ótica do aprender se baseia na perspectiva de Dante Galeffi que configura o filosofar como um aprender a ser. Partindo de uma visão anti-utilitária, defendo a importância do uso do enigma para fins educativos, lançando mão de enigmas folclóricos, dialéticos e literários, entre outros, suspendendo qualquer hierarquia entre seus diversos tipos. Exemplificando, sem recorrer a uma análise teórica, mostro no final da dissertação alguns enigmas que fazem parte da minha formação cultural e filosófica e outros que usei na minha prática pedagógica, isto é, ministrando as aulas de Filosofia no segundo e terceiro grau. / Salvador

Au-delà d’être un poème didactique, les Phénomènes d’Aratos sont un poème pédagogique qui unit étroitement le fond et la forme. On y trouve une conscience méthodique de la construction d’un savoir ; l’analyse du vocabulaire, pourtant issu de la poésie homérique, révèle une réflexion sur la transmission scientifique déjà définie comme un processus dynamique, à une époque où les écoles et leurs méthodes sont encore jeunes : percevoir, délimiter, nommer, et enfin assurer la conservation d’un objet de science. Cette idée de transmission prouve la préoccupation pédagogique d’Aratos, qu’il met en scène dans le poème à travers des figures de maîtres et d’élèves. Il s’y lit, notamment dans le mythe de l’Âge d’Or, une foi en la collaboration entre tous les vivants, fondée sur un respect qui tranche avec la dureté des poèmes didactiques archaïques. La pédagogie devient dans les Phénomènes un enjeu poétique : Aratos définit le poète comme un des membres de cette collaboration universelle, derrière laquelle il doit s’effacer, dans une éthique et une esthétique de l’anonymat qui remettent en question le kléos archaïque. La tradition poétique peut désormais être bousculée au nom de la transmission scientifique, et cette nouvelle conception n’est pas sans rappeler les récentes critiques opérées par Platon. Tout se passe comme si Aratos avait voulu relever le défi que Platon a lancé aux poètes de son temps : chanter le Dieu et sa création selon le Vrai ou le Vraisemblable, et devenir par son chant l’éducateur de la cité idéale. C’est probablement la réussite de cette gageure qui a assuré la gloire des Phénomènes dans les siècles où la philosophie de Platon a été suivie et admirée. / The Phaenomena by Aratus are not only a didactic, but also pedagogical poem, in which form and content are tightly bound. One may find in it a methodical conscience of how knowledge is built; the analysis of vocabulary, although taken from Homeric poetry, shows that scientific transmission is already understood as a dynamic process, in a time when schools and their proceedings were still young : to perceive an object of science, to delimitate it, to name it, and at last to guarantee his preservation. This idea of transmission proves that Aratus is concerned with pedagogy, which is illustrated in the poem through different figures of masters and pupils. We can observe, especially in the myth of the Golden Age, all his faith in the collaboration between all kinds of living being bound together by a respect that is really different from the harsh tone of archaic didactic poetry. In the Phaenomena, pedagogy becomes a poetic matter: Aratus defines the poet as a member of this universal collaboration, behind which he has to fade because of an ethic and an aesthetic of namelessness; so is the archaic kleos questioned. Poetic tradition can be shaken up in the name of scientific transmission, and this new conception may remind us of Plato’s recent criticism. Apparently, Aratus did want to take up Plato’s challenge to the poets of his time: to sing the God and his creation according to Truth or Verisimilitude, and to become the teacher of an ideal state, thanks to his song. In all likelihood, Aratus’fame came from the success of this wager, during all the centuries when Plato’s philosophy was followed and admired.