Bakgrund: Den växande kulturella mångfalden i Sverige har lett till nya utmaningar för samhället och inte minst för sjukvården. Kultur är universellt för alla människor och speglas bland annat av faktorer som religion, värderingar, språk, miljö och kön. Den kulturella bakgrunden influerar våra uppfattningar av hälsa och sjukdom och hur vi ger uttryck för smärta och obehag. Det finns likheter och olikheter som leder till att vårdande kan förstås på olika sätt och kräver därför kulturellt kompetenta vårdgivare. Syfte: Syftet är att belysa hur vårdtagare med olika kulturella bakgrunder och vårdpersonal upplever transkulturella möten inom den svenska sjukvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där tolv kvalitativa studiers resultat har syntetiserats och sammanställts. Sex artiklar utgår från ett vårdtagarperspektiv och sex från ett vårdpersonalperspektiv. Gemensamt för studierna är att de belyser upplevelser av transkulturella möten i svensk sjukvård. Resultat: Tre teman framkom med två subteman vardera. Det första temat är ”Utmaningar relaterat till kommunikation”, med två subteman, ”Språket som hinder” och ”Användning av tolk”. Det andra temat är ”Utmaningar relaterat till kulturella olikheter”, med två subteman, ”Olikheter i synen på vård och vårdande” och ”Uppfattningar om könsskillnader”. Det tredje temat är ”Fördomar och kränkande bemötande”, med två subteman, ”Fördomar och misstro” och ”Upplevelser och tankar om kränkande bemötande”. Diskussion: Resultatet i denna studie ger en bild av att transkulturella möten i vården inte är helt okomplicerade. Det saknas verktyg att närma sig varandra i transkulturella möten och det handlar om att hitta nya vägar att kommunicera, både verbalt men också icke-verbalt. Vårdpersonal upplever känslor av frustration och osäkerhet när de vårdar människor med andra kulturella bakgrunder än den egna. Dessa känslor kan ses som exempel på ett etnocentriskt förhållningssätt. För att vårdpersonal ska kunna utveckla kulturell kompetens krävs utbildning och reflektion om transkulturell omvårdnad. / Background: The increasing cultural diversity in Sweden has led to new challenges for the society and the health care services. Culture is universal for all humans and is reflected by factors such as religion, values, language, environment and gender. The cultural background influence our perceptions about health and sickness and how we express pain and discomfort. There are similarities and differences which leads to different understandings about caring hence the importance of cultural competence among health care staff. Aim: To illuminate clients and health care staff´s experiences of transcultural meetings in the context of Swedish health care. Methods: A litterature overview. The results of twelve qualitative studys have been synthesized and summarized. Six articles are from a clients perspective and the other six from a health care staff perspective. All of the studys have in common that they illuminate experiences of transcultural meetings in Swedish health care. Results: Three themes emerged with two subthemes each. The first theme is ”Challenges related to communication” with two subthemes, ”Language as a barrier” and ”The use of interpreter”. The second theme is ”Challenges related to cultural differences” with two subthemes, ”Different views of care and caring” and ”Perceptions about gender-differences”. The third theme is ”Prejudices and offensive treatment” with two subthemes, ”Prejudices and disbeliefs” and ”Perceptions and thoughts about offensive treatments”. Discussion: The result in this study provides a picture that transcultural meetings are not entirely uncomplicated. There are lack of tools to approach one another in transcultural meetings and it is a matter of finding new ways to communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. Health care staff experience feelings of frustration and insecurity when they care for people with different cultural backgrounds than their own. These feelings can be understood as examples of an ethnocentric approach. In order to develope cultural competence the health care staff needs education and reflection of transcultural care.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare the influence of the country of origin effect on Czech products between Czech and Austrian university students. The first part includes description of existing theories in this field and also presents theoretical possibilities of brand and product origin communication. The empirical part introduces both markets, selected brands Škoda Auto and Pilsner Urquell and presents the interpretation of the data obtained from the questionnaire and its quantitative analysis. In the proposal part, the conclusions of the hypotheses constructed based on the empirical research in the first chapter are interpreted, the differences between both groups of respondents are discussed and author’s proposals are presented.

I dagens samhälle berör integrationspolitiken en av de viktigaste samhällsfrågorna för invånarna i Sverige men när det kommer till begreppet integration så finns det en tvetydighet kring begreppet och förhållningssättet. Vidare finns det också en diskursiv påverkan kring begreppet gjord av politiker. Syftet med uppsatsen utgår från att se hur diskursen kring integration hålls av vår nuvarande regering samt Sverigedemokraterna, om den håller sig till den teoretiska definitionen och vilken påverkan diskursen har över samhället. Den kommer att försöka besvara frågeställningarna ”Vilken diskurs kring integration förs av dagens regering och Sverigedemokraterna?” och ”Hur förhåller sig deras diskurser till teoretiska begreppsdefinitioner och teoretiska perspektiv?” samt ”Vad för påverkan kan den politiska diskursen kring integration ha när det kommer till samhället?”. Utifrån en diskursanalys inspirerad utifrån Foucaults förståelse av den har jag analyserat diskursen kring integration som visas på partiernas hemsidor samt i Tidöavtalet som de gemensamt skrivit. I användandet av teorier och teoretiska begrepp som berör integration kunde jag finna att den diskurs som analyseras egentligen inte förespråkar integration utan förespråkar assimilation samtidigt som den leder till en segregation i samhället mellan majoritetssamhället och minoritetssamhället. Min forskning visar alltså att dagens politiker använder ordet integration i deras politik men förespråkar en politik som inte är för integration. / Today, integration politics touches one of the most important social issues for the inhabitants of Sweden, but when it comes to the concept of integration, there is an ambiguity surrounding it and the way to approach it. Furthermore, there is also a discursive influence around integration made by politicians. The aim of the essay is based on seeing how the discourse around integration is held by our current government and the Swedish Democrats, whether it adheres to the theoretical definition and what impact the discourse has on society. It will try to answer the questions "Which discourse around integration is being held by today's government and the Swedish Democrats?" and "How do their discourses relate to theoretical conceptual definitions and theoretical perspectives?" and "What impact can this political discourse around integration have when it comes to society?". Based on a discourse analysis inspired by Foucault's understanding of it, I have analyzed the discourse around integration that appears on the parties' websites and in the Tidö-agreement that they jointly wrote. In the use of theories and theoretical concepts that concern integration, I could find that the discourse being analyzed does not really advocate integration but advocates assimilation. It also leads to a segregation in society between the majority society and the minority. My research thus shows that today's politicians use the word integration in their politics but advocate a policy that is not for integration.

The aim of this study is to analyze whiteness in textbooks for civics. The study is executed through a text analysis of two textbooks in civics for upper primary school in Sweden. In this approach a postcolonial theoretical framework is used which is thoroughly presented, after which resulted in two analytical models. One model was used to identify binary dichotomies, while the other consisted of five questions that aimed to highlight patterns regarding whiteness in the textbooks. One of the most important contributions of the postcolonial theory was the visualization of the links between historical colonialism and contemporary societal problems such as various forms of racism and discrimination. On these grounds, the theory was chosen. The result showed a partly problematic presentation in the textbooks.

The aim of this study is to examine social work students’ experiences of knowledge regarding ethnicity and culture in the social work education at Stockholm University and if this knowledge is of importance for their future role as social workers. This is a qualitative study based on seven semi-structured interviews. The students were asked about how knowledge regarding ethnicity and culture has been depicted in the social work education and how to integrate this subject in the social work education to make it significant for the students. Lastly, the social work students also discussed whether they believe that the social work education has given them skills for their future work with clients categorized as non-ethnic swedes. The theoretical framework used in this study is the critical theory, anti-oppressive theory and the term ethnocentrism. The results of this study highlight that knowledge regarding ethnicity and culture has been depicted from western perspective, knowledge regarding ethnicity and culture should be integrated through discussions and by having teachers who have interpretative prerogative. Further, the social work students emphasized the need for awareness of oppressive structures that affect clients categorized as non-ethnic swedes and self-reflection as a set of important skills for their future work with these clients.

[pt] Este trabalho almeja apontar a necessidade de se voltar o olhar para a construção do discurso hegemônico, com foco em questões de gênero e de etnocentrismo, partindo do que, de tão cotidiano, passa despercebido. Um curso de marcenaria para mulheres – no qual um professor homem interage com dez alunas mulheres – constitui o objeto desta investigação. Sob uma ótica qualitativo-interpretativista não essencialista, as interações em questão serão geradas a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica de pesquisa e analisadas à luz da Sociolinguística Interacional e da Análise de Narrativas. De forma a dar abertura para o potencial problematizador de questões latentes, a teoria queer representa um construto indispensável para um olhar crítico sobre o tema. Com base em tais perspectivas críticas, será observado, especificamente, como se faz, na construção das relações entre professor e alunas, a sustentação de hierarquias de gênero e de viés etnocêntrico, sobretudo em relatos de narrativas dos participantes das interações. Assim, é analisada a performance dos envolvidos, examinando como se alinham nas sequências de enquadres da interação nas aulas de marcenaria em pauta; observando estratégias discursivas utilizadas pelo professor na construção de sua performance e na manutenção de seu piso conversacional; e como as alunas sustentam suas falas, percebendo a importância do contexto situado. Por fim, é analisada a interação metarreflexiva entre a pesquisadora e uma das participantes do curso um ano após em contexto de entrevista aberta. / [en] This work aims at presenting the need to observe the edification of the hegemonic discourse through the focus on issues related to gender and ethnocentrism coming from what goes unnoticed for its mundane ordinariness. A carpentry course for women – in which a male teacher interacts with ten female pupils – constitutes the object of this investigation. Under a nonessentialist qualitative interpretativist standpoint, the interactions at stake will be generated from an ethnographic perspective of research and analyzed in the light of the Interactional Sociolinguistic and Narrative Analysis. As to provide openness to problematization of latent issues, the queer theory represents an essential construct to a critical view on the concerned subject. The understanding of performance and performativity, the comprehension of what builds the ethnocentric perspective and unequivocal truths which are imposed by the dominant discourse, as well as the concept of ethnographic authority constitute the touchstone for the present research. From such critical perspectives and taking into account the relationship teacher/pupils, we will observe the maintenance of hierarchies of gender and the ethnocentric standpoint, above all as it happens in narrative accounts of the interacting participants. Therefore, the performance of the parties involved will be analyzed through the investigation of the way they align in the framing sequences of the carpentry lesson in question; by observing the discursive strategies adopted by the teacher while building his performance and keeping the floor; and also by the way the pupils support his speech, taking into consideration the importance of the situated discourse. Finally, we will analyze the metareflexive interaction between the researcher and one of the course participants a year later in the context of open interview.

The author has applied an abductive research design and performed a case study which includes a survey and e-mail interviews of workers within the construction industry. The purpose of the survey and the interviews is to investigate what factors may be the most influential for individuals in establishing their apprehension of natural stones. The research has been made on commission of the case firm which is a natural stones importer located in Sweden and the survey is based on the 17-point CETSCALE originally created by Shimp and Sharma in 1987. The survey was sent to workers with different occupations (architects, contractors and purchasers) within the construction industry who encounter natural stones in their work. Therefore, the theoretical purpose of this study is to contribute to increase the knowledge of country-of-origin effects of imported low-involvement products. The research gap this study aims to fill is to outline what factors are influencing consumers' purchasing behavior on purchasing low-involvement products. The practical purpose of this study is to provide the case firm with more knowledge of the phenomenon of negative COO-effects. Theories on ethnocentrism have been included since ethnocentric tendencies among customers have been considered by previous researchers as one of the contributing factors of fostering negative country-of-origin perceptions. The case firm can implement this knowledge in creating a more effective marketing strategy and thereby develop their operation domestically as they wish to do. Empirical findings of this study demonstrate that cognitive influence is the factor with the largest influence on country-of-origin effects while factors such as familiarity and environmental concerns are less influencing. The author recommends future researchers to further investigate this phenomenon, especially to investigate its connection to cognitive- and other psychosocial factors in order to gain a more solid understanding for why problems related to this phenomenon arise and how they may be encountered. Since Corporate Social Responsibility was demonstrated to be the most influencing factor in consumers’ purchasing decisions of this study, it is suggested to future researchers to investigate the phenomenon of country-of-origin in relation to ethical- and moral standards of individuals.