Denna studie riktar ljus mot militära kvinnors karriärupplevelser. Således ämnar studien tillatt synliggöra faktorer som möjliggör och hindrar militära kvinnor i karriärutvecklingen inomFörsvarsmakten. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten är en kvalitativ ansats bestående avsamtalsintervjuer, kompletterat med en sekundäranalys. Den teoretiska referensramenutnyttjas som förklaringsverktyg för forskningens olika problemområden. Teorierna är,Yvonne Hirdmans teori om genuskontraktet, Rosabeth Moss Kanters organisationsmodell ochJoan Ackers organisationsteori. Studien mynnar ut i åtta faktorer som önskar att öka förståelseför vad som påverkar militära kvinnors karriärer inom Försvarsmakten. De identifieradekarriärmöjligheterna är således val av utbildning, chans till utveckling och utmaning. De femkarriärhindren är organisationskultur, kontrakt, brist på flexibilitet, chans till utveckling ochutmaning. / This study sheds light on military women's career experiences. The study aims to highlightfactors that enables and creates barriers for military women in the Swedish Armed Forces.The methodological approach is based on a qualitative method with interviews, along with asecondary analysis. The theoretical frame is used to seek an explanation for the research area.The theories are, Yvonne Hirdman’s theory of the gender contract, Rosabeth Moss Kanter’sorganizational model and Joan Acker’s organizational theory. The study formulates eightfactors that affects military women’s careers within the Swedish Armed Forces with the wishto increase an understanding. The identified career opportunities are therefore option ofeducation, chance for development and the last is challenge. Furthermore, five career barrierswas also identified, organizational culture, contract, lack of flexibility, chance fordevelopment and challenge.

Det säkerhetspolitiska läget i norra europa har stadigt försämrats sedan den ryska occupationen av Krim år 2014. Som ett resultat av detta ökar cyberattacker mot Sverige och resterande EU både i omfattning och frekvens. En av de största hoten är de cyberattacker som genomförs av aktörer som APT 28 och APT29 som har främmande staters stöd. Syftet med cyberattacker varierar stort dock är en av dessa åtkomsten till data/information. För att kunna uppnå det här målet måste aktören ha förmåga till att exfltrera data ur ett system eller nätverk. Det fnns fertalet metoder för att åstadkomma detta där en av metoderna är att exfltrera data över ett alternativt protokoll så som DNS-tunnling. Försvarsmakten nyttjar en rad olika system i syfte att uppnå sina mål och har särskilt utbildade enheter för att försvara dessa. Då varje användare indirekt bidrar till systemet och nätverkets säkerhet/skydd behöver samtliga användare ha en förståelse för hur deras användande påverkar systemet/nätverket. Skapandet av en DNS-tunnel ger användaren möjlighet att skicka ett protokolls (I det här fallet IPv4) data genom ett annat genom en process som heter inkapsling av data. Detta gör det svårare för system att automatiskt detektera illasinnad exfltration och således svårare att blokera trafken. Försvarsmakten bör regelbundet öva underrättelsefunktionerna i nyttjandet av STRIX och TAXII för att hantera hot i cyberdomänen och sprida dessa till övriga organisation. Detta skulle således möjliggöra för Cyberförsvaret att orientera resterande Försvarsmakt mer regelbundet och på så sätt även kunna anpassa de automatiska detektionsmetoder över tid för att bättre kunna fånga upp illasinnad exfltrering av data. Försvarsmakten bör utveckla underrättelsefunktionen så att den kan agera som en tolk mellan Cyberförsvaret och resterande Försvarsmakt. / The security in northern Europe has steadily become worse since the Russian occupation of Crimea in 2014. As a result of this the frequency and magnitude of hostile cyberoperations targeting Sweden and the EU has increased. One of the biggest threats are the cyberoperations that are carried out by state sponsored actors such as APT28 and APT29. The Cyberattacks can have a wide range of objectives, one of them being the acquisition of data/information. In order to accomplish that objective an adversary would require a method to exfltrate the data from the system or network. There are however multiple different methods that can be used, one being exfltration through an alternate protocol such as DNS-tunneling. The Swedish armed forces use a variety of different systems in order to accomplish its missions/tasks. In order to be able to defend the systems from any malicious activity the Swedish armed forces have specially trained units tasked specifically with the defnece of the armed forces systems. This however is not enough as every user in a system is part of that systems defence. This means that every service member must have an understanding of what implications activities in the cyber domain have upon activities in the other domains. The creation of a DNS-tunnel enables a user to send data of one protocol (in this case IPv4 data) over the DNS protocol through the process of encapsulation. This makes it harder for automated processes to detect the malicious exfltration and subsequently block the traffic. The Swedish armed forces should regularly train its intelligence community in order to handle cyber threat intelligence according to STIX and TAXII. This should allow the cyber defnece to more readily share their intelligence with the rest of the armed forces and use the established intelligence community as a translator that can deduce the implications of the threats on the day to day activity of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Home guard.

This thesis examines the Swedish permit process regarding offshore wind power.Even though Sweden has quite beneficial conditions for the use of offshore wind power, few turbines and facilities are in use or being built. The aim of this thesis is to give a systematic view of the permit process and in that way examine and point to any dysfunctionalities within the application process, and if the processmight impede business practitioners, who wishes to establish offshore wind power parks of doing so.To achieve the set goal of fossil free electricity, the usage and expansion of wind power might be necessary as well as combating climate change. Within the thesis the prerequisites for offshore wind power are described and analyzed, in order to point to why the number of offshore wind turbines might be so low, in connection to Swedish legislation. The application process for wind power permits is investigated in regard to the basic provisions of the Environmental Code, as well as sector-specific legislation. In doing so the thesis discusses the fragmentary structure which characterizes the application process. The complexity of the application process leads to an indefensible time-consuming process for the granting of a permit, a process that will likely need to change for Sweden to be able to achieve the goals of fossil free electricity as well as comply with EU regulatory requirements. The focus of the thesis consists of the municipal endorsement as well as the endorsement of the Swedish Armed Forces, in order to give the thesis depth these instruments are further examined and discussed in a de lege ferenda-manner with arguments from both Swedish and Danish legislation. The thesis concludes with a discussion on whether the permit and application process promote further growth of the Swedish offshore wind power industry, and in what way the process might be required to change going forward to comply with set climate goals as well as international regulatory changes.

This case study acknowledges that militarization on digital media is inadequately studied. A research contribution is therefore created through a narrative textual analysis method informed by strategic narrative theory and research on multimodal meaning-making. The method is then applied qualitatively to a previously neglected empirical material, the Swedish Armed Forces' digital documentary series called “The Veteran’s Portrait”. Using narrative textual analysis, the study interprets that militarizing strategic narratives appear in the documentary series. Thus, the study contributes with needed insight into how militarization as a process occurs on digital media, while at the same time suggesting pathways for future research to further develop this body of research.

As of the 7th of March 2024, Sweden has become a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO. Interoperability between the two organizations will be essential to ensure a high level of cooperation in future multinational land operations. The study will be conducted on NATO doctrine: Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations, and the Swedish Armed Forces army doctrine: Reglemente Armé - Taktik 2023. The aim of this study is to show the level of organizational and technical interoperability between the two doctrines through the theory of Levels of Coalition Interoperability (LCI). By comparing the two doctrines to each other we find that the Swedish army and NATO are similar in many descriptions of methods and principles, mostly since the Swedish army has chosen to adept many parts of their doctrine towards NATO. However, NATO do show a lot of flexibility and adaptability towards partner nations, giving the two doctrines a high level of interoperability. The doctrines differ in description of methods for data exchange at a physical level and gives room for commanders to interpret certain aspects of the doctrines, which shows that there can be developments made to increase the interoperability, mainly in the area of adaptation of standardized methods.

Military theorists believes that morale is a crucial contributor to influence the military effectiveness. Therefore, one can assume that there should be a clear doctrinal guidance to military leaders on specific characteristics or behaviours which develops morale in units. Swedish doctrines can be perceived to have insufficient doctrinal guidance to aid military leaders influence morale. Hence, why military leaders may depend on their acquired experience to influence the development. Through an organisational perspective, this can cause perceptions to differ between branches on the meaning and development of morale. The aim of the study is to contribute to the previous research on the development of morale in a military context. Through insights of Swedish military leaders, the study also aims to get a better understanding of how military leadership can be seen as a main contributor to development of morale within units. Swedish military leader’s perceptions on the meaning of morale can be seen as a willingness to fight, which is believed to evolve when right prerequisite and shared experiences exist. The prerequisites were described as leadership which can tutor, guide, and create trust within the unit’s members. Leadership with interaction between the units shared experiences contribute to the development of willingness, which is described as a major contributor to military effectiveness.

In military units, mutual trust between peers and leaders is fundamental to an effective organization and the implementation of mission command. This study explores the subject of trust at different hierarchical levels, specifically within the army staff and platoon context, to identify areas of improvement. The study utilized a survey based on leadership theories to gather notions from cadets and members of the army staff regarding their relationship to their commanders, aiming to contribute to organizational development. Insights gathered from this analysis allow tailoring of leadership strategies in order to improve identified issues and distribute the knowledge across the different command echelons. Results indicate that the general level of trust toward the commanders is similar between both groups with some differences. Members of the army staff generally show higher amount of role-based trust, likely due to a higher experience within the organization, whereas cadets showed a greater skepticism, assumedly due to a generally earlier stage in their careers. Structurally, the bigger amount of specialized roles of army staff members pose challenges in leadership support for development, in contrast to the more lenient approach toward mistakes observed in leadership towards cadets.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high injury rate in the lower extremities among military recruits. A correlation has been shown between female gender or a low level of physical activity prior to basic military training and a higher risk of injury. AIM: To investigate the self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities among Swedish recruits and the difference in injury rate between men and women. Another aim was to investigate correlation between self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities and self-reported physical activity, and to study this correlation for both men and women. METHOD: A quantitative study with a prospective, descriptive, comparative and correlative design. Data from two different questionnaires were answered by 177 recruits. RESULTS: 26% of the recruits reported injury in lower extremities after completing the basic training. There was a significant difference (p=0.006) in self-reported injury between female and male recruits. The level of prior physical activity and the injury rate amongst the recruits had a low correlation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a high injury rate among Swedish recruits, especially among the female recruits. No correlation between self-reported physical activity and the injury rate in lower extremities was found. / BAKGRUND: Tidigare studier visar på hög skadeprevalens i nedre extremiteter hos militära rekryter under grundläggande militär utbildning. Samband har setts mellan kvinnligt kön eller låg fysisk aktivitetsnivå före utbildningsstart och ökad skaderisk. SYFTE: Undersöka den självrapporterade skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremitet hos svenska rekryter efter avslutad grundläggande militär utbildning (GMU), samt studera skillnader mellan könen i detta avseende. Syftet var också att undersöka sambandet mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitetsnivå inför GMU och skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremiteter efter genomförd utbildning samt studera sambandet för män respektive kvinnor. METOD: En kvantitativ studie med prospektiv, deskriptiv, komparativ och korrelerande design. Data från två olika enkäter besvarades av 177 rekryter. RESULTAT: 26% av rekryterna rapporterade skada/besvär i nedre extremitet vid avslutad utbildning. Signifikant skillnad (p=0,006) kunde ses i självrapporterad skade-/besvärsprevalens mellan kvinnliga (42%) och manliga (21%) rekryter. Nivå av fysisk aktivitet och skade-/besvärsprevalensen hos rekryterna hade inget signifikant samband och låg korrelation. KONKLUSION: Resultaten tyder på hög skadeprevalens inom GMU, framförallt hos kvinnliga rekryter. Något samband mellan självskattad nivå av fysisk aktivitetsnivå och skade-/besvärsprevalens i nedre extremitet fanns inte hos rekryterna. Sambandet fanns varken för män eller kvinnor på gruppnivå.

Försvarsmakten har under de senaste åren genomfört flera förändringar, av både organisation och inriktningar. Dessa har varit styrda av ekonomiska och politiska skäl men också för att kunna möta det förändrade omvärldsläget. Mitt i dessa förändringar befinner sig Försvarsmaktens personal. Denna studie fokuserar på de officerare inom Försvarsmakten vilka trots omorganisationer och förändringar av verksamheten jobbar kvar inom myndigheten. Den av oss identifierade tidigare forskningen rörande Försvarsmaktens personal fokuserar främst på de som lämnat sin anställning inom myndigheten.Försvarsmakten påtalar ofta att personalen är dess främsta resurs, vilket blir syftet med denna studie. Att öka förståelsen för faktorer bakom personalens trivsel och motivation, för att därmed kunna behålla de som redan finns inom myndigheten.Studien är genomförd som en kvalitativ induktiv undersökning med ett urval av respondenter från tre av Försvarsmaktens organisationsenheter. Trots dessa olika organisationsenheters skilda verksamhetsområden, identifieras likheter av faktorer som bidrar till att de uppskattar och motiveras av sin anställning inom Försvarsmakten.Kommunikation, relation, uppfyllelse samt variation är de fyra övergripande teman som studien har identifierat.Studien gör inte anspråk på att placera dessa i någon hierarkisk ordning, där någon betyder mer än någon annan. Däremot kan det konstateras att de varierar över tiden för enskilda individer, vilket därmed betyder att de är av olika vikt för individen beroende på var individen befinner sig i sin livssituation. De skapar en balanserad uppfyllelse.

In 2017 the Swedish government decided that the defense should be based on both volunteerism and duty. The military service had then been dormant since 2010 and built entirely on volunteerism. From this political decision, the duty is now gender neutral, which means that the same opportunities and obligations apply to both men and women. The Swedish Armed Forces have an active desire for more women to carry out the military service - an organisation that historically has been strongly associated with masculine norms.  ”From campaign to attention” is a qualitative interview study on the military conscripts’ experience of government communication, which aims to contribute to increased gender equality in the defense. The study aims to illustrate how communication that challenges stereotypes to change norms is received by men and women who carry out their basic education in the Armed Forces.  In order to find out the military conscripts’ view of the chosen authorities’ communication, we conducted ten qualitative interviews with military conscripts who are in the middle of their basic education. All respondents belonged to the armory regiment P4 in Skövde, Sweden. The material selected for the study consists of a campaign from the Recruitment Authority (2017) and two campaigns from the Swedish Armed Forces (2018). The theories from which the study is based on are Stuart Hall’s encoding / decoding theory, theories on framing and theories on advertising, stereotypes and mirror theories. These theories help the study to shed light on the different parts of the process when a message is packaged and coded and how they are finally interpreted by their recipients.  The study shows that the military conscripts believe that the authorities have chosen appropriate efforts to increase gender equality in the Swedish Armed Forces in the long term. They believe that the authorities communicate a broader picture of who can be a soldier, they consider contributing to reaching new target groups, including both women and men who do not identify with the historical norm of a soldier.  The respondents, however, highlight a gap between how the authorities communicate the distribution between men and women versus reality. Although the picture does not correspond to reality, they understand the purpose for which the authorities have chosen to show women to the extent they do. The study shows that government communication with such realistic images of military service as possible is the one that the target group interpret in the most efficient way and which is best appreciated. Our study also shows that the respondents do not automatically believe that the authorities' communication loosens the stereotypical image of a soldier simply because they show women instead of men. Instead, there are other factors (such as attributes or charisma) that contribute to the presentation being perceived as stereotyped.