Our everyday experiences teach us that any imbalance like temperature gradients, non-uniform particle-densities etc. will approach some equilibrium state if not subjected to any external force. Phenomenological descriptions of these empirical findings reach back to the 19th century where Fourier and Fick presented descriptions of relaxation for macroscopic systems by stochastic approaches. However, one of the main goals of thermodynamics remained the derivation of these phenomenological description from basic microscopic principles. This task has gained much attraction since the foundation of quantum mechanics about 100 years ago. However, up to now no such conclusive derivation is presented. In this dissertation we will investigate whether closed quantum systems may show equilibration, and if so, to what extend such dynamics are in accordance with standard thermodynamic behavior as described by stochastic approaches. To this end we consider i.a. Markovian dynamics, Fokker-Planck and diffusion equations. Furthermore, we consider fluctuation theorems as given e.g. by the Jarzynski relation beyond strict Gibbsian initial states. After all we find indeed good agreement for selected quantum systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosasoubhia_tese.pdf: 792706 bytes, checksum: bba71696e22270729d09c3130cc047eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-25 / Introduction: Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a potent immunosuppressive drug that may cause nephrotoxicity decreasing the renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause nephrotoxicity, interfering with renal hemodynamics and fluid and eletrolyte homeostasis. Recently, new selective COX-2 inhibitors have been developed producing less side effects (gastric, cardiac and renal) related to COX-1 inhibition. The increasing use of FK 506 and the intensive use of NSAIDs with analgesic or ani-inflammatory purposes, increases the possibility of a drug combination, potentiating the nephrotoxic risk of the two drugs. Objective : Compare the renal function of rats receiving combination therapy with FK and a non-selective COX inhibitor, sodium diclofenac (SD) with those receiving FK and a selective COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (RO). Material and Methods : Male Munich-Wistar rats receiving a low sodium diet (0.06%) for 7 days and gavage treatment for 7 days with FK (2 mg/kg/day), SD (10 mg/kg/day), RO (3 mg/kg/day), FK+SD, FK+RO and vehicle (control) were used. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance, ml/min/100g); renal blood flow (RBF, Doppler ultrasound, ml/min); mean blood pressure (MBP, intracarotid probe, mmHg); renal vascular resistence ( RVR, mmHg/ml/min); hematocrit (Htc); urinary volume ( UV, &#956;l/min); solute clearance; renal histology; animal weight (g) and FK serum concentration (SCFK, ng/ml) were assessed. Results are presented as a mean±standart deviation and compared by ANOVA followed by Student-Neuman-Keuls test. Results : The GRF of the SD group was 0.98±0.03, RO 1.06±0.04 and FK 0.99±0.06 similar to control values (1.10±0.05). GRF values decreased in the FK+RO (0.86±0.06;p<0.05 vs RO and Control) and FK+SD (0.63±0.06;p<0.001 vs control, FK and SD groups and p<0.01 vs FK+RO) groups. RBF, MBP, RVR and Htc values were similar in all groups. Diuresis was lower in the groups with drug combination, but there was a statistically significant difference only between FK+SD and RO groups (8.38±0.46 vs 12.99±1.22;p<0.05). There were no significant histological chan ges in the treatment groups. The FK+SD group showed statistically significant weigth changes (-18±5) when compared to the Control and RO groups (6±2 and 5±2, respectively; p<0.001) and to the SD an FK+RO groups (0.2±4 and 1±2, respectively; p<0.01). SCFK was significantly decreased (p<0.05) for FK+SD and FK+RO (1.7±0.3 and 1.8±0.4) groups when compared to the FK group (3.2±0.4. Conclusions: The combination of FK and a non-selective COX inhibitor significantly decreased GFR regardless of a RBF decrease or RVR increase, and is probably a result of Kf decrease. The trend to antidiuresis was similar for the combination of FK with both classes of NSAIDs. FK combined to a non-selective COX inhibitor caused a mild systemic toxicity when compared with the COX-2 selective inhibitor. Serum FK concentrations were significantly lower in NSAIDs treated animals. / Introdução: O tacrolimus (FK 506) é uma potente droga imunossupressora, pode causar nefrotoxicidade aguda com diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo renal (FSR) e ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG). Os antiinflamatórios não-hormonais (AINHs) convencionais podem causar nefrotoxicidade, interferindo na hemodinâmica renal e na homeostase de fluidos e eletrólitos. Recentemente surgiram novas drogas do grupo coxib que são inibidores seletivos da COX-2, e portanto teriam menos efeitos colaterais relacionados à inibição da COX-1 (gástricos, cardíacos e renais). O crescente uso do FK 506 e o intenso uso de AINHs com finalidade analgésica e ou antiinflamatória aumenta a possibilidade de utilização em conjunto, potencializando o risco de nefrotoxicidade das duas drogas. Objetivo: Comparar a função renal de ratos sob os efeitos do uso simultâneo do FK e de um inibidor não-seletivo da COX, o diclofenaco sódico (DS) e do FK e de um inibidor seletivo da COX-2, o rofecoxib (RO). Materiais e Método: Utilizaram-se ratos Munich-Wistar machos em dieta hipossódica (0,06%) por 7 dias e tratamento por gavagem por 7 dias com FK (2 mg/kg/dia), DS (l0mg/kg/dia), RO (3mg/kg/dia), FK+DS, FK+RO e veículo (Contr). Aferidos ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG, depuração de inulina, ml/min/l00g); o fluxo sanguíneo renal (FSR, ultrasom Doppler, ml/min); a pressão arterial média (PAM, probe intracarotídeo, mmHg); a resistência vascular renal (RVR, mmHg/ml/min); hematócríto (Ht); o volume urinário (VU, pl/min); a depuração de solutos; a histologia renal; o peso dos animais (g) e a concentração sanguínea de FK CSFK, ng/ml). Os resultados são apresentados com médiaserro padrão da média e comparados por ANOVA seguido do teste Student-Neuman-Keuls. Resultados: O RFG do grupo DS foi 0,980,03, do RO foi 1,060,04 e do FK 0,990,06 similares ao controle (1,100,05). Houve queda do RFG nos grupos FK+RO (0,860,06;p<0,Os vs RO e Contr) e FK+DS (0,630,06;p<0,001 vs Contr,DS, RO e FK; p<0,01 vs FK+RO) Nota de Resumo O FSR, a PAM, a RVR e o Ht foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. A diurese foi menor nos grupos com associação de drogas, mas houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas entre os grupos FK+DS e RO (8,380,46 vs l299l,22;p<0,05). Não ocorreram modificações histológicas significativas nos grupos estudados. O grupo FK+DS apresentou variação de peso (-185) estatisticamente significante em relação aos grupos Contr 62 e RO 52 (p<0,001) e DS 0,24 e FK+RO -12 (p<0,01). A CSFK diminuiu significativamente (p<0,05) para os grupos FK+DS e FK+RO (1,70,3 e 1,80,4) em relação ao grupo FK (3,20,4). Conclusões: A associação do FK com um inibidor não-seletivo da COX causou diminuição mais acentuada do RFG independentemente da diminuição do FSR ou aumento da RVR, sendo provavelmente decorrente da diminuição do Kf. A tendência à antidiurese foi similar para a associação do FK com as duas classes de AINHs. O FK associado com um inibidor não-seletivo da COX causou discreta toxicidade sistêmica quando comparado com inibidor seletivo da COX-2. Nos animais tratados com AINHs, as concentrações sanguíneas do FK foram significativamente menores.

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Mémoire en recherche-création. Master in research-creation / Vers l’âge de 7 ans, les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (FK) sont amenés à suivre une thérapie par pression expiratoire positive (PEP). Celle-ci consiste à réaliser une série d’exercices respiratoires répétitifs et méthodiques. Cependant, ces exercices peuvent être ennuyeux et démotivants pour des jeunes enfants et entrainent un taux d’adhésion quotidien de moins de 50%. Ce faible résultat affecte grandement la qualité et l’espérance de vie à long terme des patients, en plus d’avoir un impact social et familial considérable. Ces derniers utilisent les aspects ludiques et interactifs des jeux vidéo pour motiver et susciter l’engagement des sujets envers l’activité et son contenu. Ils ont déjà faits leurs preuves dans le domaine de la santé et de l’éducation en favorisant l’apprentissage ou la réhabilitation par exemple. Ce projet de recherche-création cherche à valider la possibilité d’utiliser des jeux spécialement conçus pour la thérapie PEP ainsi que l’intérêt des jeunes atteints de FK à les utiliser dans le cadre de leurs exercices thérapeutiques. L’objectif est de favoriser l’adhésion des jeunes envers cette thérapie et faciliter l’apprentissage et l’application des techniques associées. Cette approche ludique vise ultimement à améliorer la qualité de vie des jeunes atteints de FK dans la durée. Grâce à une collaboration entre des étudiants de l’Université de Montréal et des spécialistes en santé de la clinique de FK du CHU Ste-Justine, trois prototypes de jeux et un prototype d’interface électronique, utilisé pour contrôler les jeux et pour être compatibles avec l’appareil PEP le plus utilisé en Amérique du Nord (le PariPEP®), ont été conçus dans le cadre de ce projet. Les prototypes ont été testés sur place, à la clinique FK de l’hôpital pour enfants, dans le cadre d’une étude pilote effectuée auprès de 10 jeunes patients, toutes et tous âgés entre 8 et 10 ans. / At around the age of 7 years old, younger patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) are usually prescribed a new therapy using positive expiratory pressure (PEP). For PEP therapy, patients are required to perform a series of repetitive and methodical breathing exercises to improve lung capacity among other health benefits. However, these exercises can be boring and demotivating for young children. As a result, daily adherence rate to PEP therapy is less than 50%. In turn, this affects the quality of life and long-term health of patients as well as directly impacting their families. In the education and health sectors, serious games are already used with children to help them with learning, therapy and even physical rehabilitation. Serious games leverage the fun and interactive aspects of video games to motivate and improve the commitment of the player to learn the targeted material or adhere to a specific health behaviour. This research-creation project seeks to validate the efficacy of using games specially designed to help patients adhere to PEP therapy exercises more regularly. The objective is to encourage them to get involved in their daily exercises and to facilitate the learning and application of the breathing techniques. This playful approach ultimately aims to improve the quality of life of CF children over time. Leveraging a multi and interdisciplinary collaboration between students from University of Montreal and specialists from the CF clinic at CHU Ste-Justine, three games prototypes and an electronic device prototype, used to control the games, were developed for the most popular PEP device in North America (PariPEP®). The games and electronic device prototypes were tested at the CF clinic, within the hospital for children, as part of a pilot study with 10 young patients, aged from 8 to 10 years old.

[ES] Esta tesis se centra en la animación 3D y de forma más concreta, en la animación de personajes para un plano de actuación en un largometraje CGI. La animación ocupa un lugar importante dentro del mundo del entretenimiento desde principios del siglo XX hasta ahora; sobre todo en estas últimas décadas, donde su presencia en cortometrajes, anuncios publicitarios, videojuegos, series de televisión y películas, ha llenado nuestras salas de cines y nuestros hogares con una gran variedad de historias, personajes fantásticos y símbolos gráficos que forman parte de nuestra cultura popular más arraigada. Como animador 3D, trabajas y creces como profesional de un proyecto a otro, pero no te planteas cuánto sabes. Únicamente estás preocupado en hacer tu trabajo lo mejor posible y destacar. Cuando empecé a compaginar mi parte profesional con la docencia me di cuenta de que no era capaz de explicar al alumnado cómo aprender animación de una forma adecuada; porque una cosa es animar muy bien, pero otra muy distinta es saber explicar cómo lo haces. Está investigación me planteó el reto de recopilar todos esos conocimientos que he ido adquiriendo a través de libros, documentales, profesorado o compañeros de trabajo, y organizarlos de tal forma que fueran de fácil compresión y accesibilidad para cualquier persona que quisiera aprender animación o mejorar como animador 3D. / [CA] Aquesta tesi es centra en l'animació 3D i de forma més concreta, en l'animació de personatges per fer un pla d'actuació en un llargmetratge CGI. L'animació ocupa un lloc important dins del món de l'entreteniment des de principis del segle XX fins ara; sobretot en aquestes últimes dècades, on la seua presència en curtmetratges, anuncis publicitaris, videojocs, sèries de televisió i pel·lícules, ha omplit les nostres sales de cinemes i les nostres llars amb una gran varietat d'històries, personatges fantàstics i símbols gràfics que formen part de la nostra cultura popular més arrelada. Com a animador 3D, treballes i creixes com a professional d'un projecte a un altre, però no et planteges quant en saps. Únicament estàs preocupat per fer el teu treball tan bé com siga possible i destacar. Quan vaig començar a compaginar la meua part professional amb la docència em vaig adonar que no era capaç d'explicar al alumnat com aprendre animació d'una forma adequada; ja que una cosa és animar molt bé, però d'altra molt diferent és saber explicar com ho fas. Aquesta investigació em va plantejar el repte de recopilar tots aqueixos coneixements que he anat adquirint a través de llibres, documentals, professorat o col·legues de treball, i organitzar-los de tal forma que foren de fàcil compressió i accessibilitat per a qualsevol persona que volguera aprendre animació o millorar com a animador 3D. / [EN] This thesis focuses on 3D animation and more specifically, on the animation of characters for an acting shot in a CGI feature film. Animation has taken an important place in the world of entertainment from the beginning of the 20th century until now; especially in recent decades, where its presence in short films, commercials, video games, TV series and movies has filled our cinemas and our homes with a wide variety of stories, fantastic characters and graphic symbols that are part of our deep-rooted popular culture. As a 3D animator, you work and grow from one project to the next as a professional, but you don't think about how much you know. You are only concerned about doing your work the best you can and standing out in your field. When I started to balance my professional career with teaching I realised that I was not able to explain to my students how to learn animation in a proper way; because it is not the same thing to animate very well than explaining how to do so. This research posed the challenge of compiling all the knowledge I had acquired through books, documentaries, teachers and colleagues, and organising it in such a way that it would be easy to understand and accessible to anyone who wanted to learn animation or improve as a 3D animator. / Sanz Mariscal, A. (2023). El proceso de animación de personajes en los largometrajes 3D contemporáneos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195345