No Brasil, a aplicação dos royalties do petróleo não é feita necessariamente de forma a gerar benfeitorias para a população da localidade que recebe o recurso. Estudos têm mostrado que as populações residentes em localidades beneficiadas pelos royalties não estão usufruindo deste recurso, sendo notórias as desigualdades sociais e os impactos no meio ambiente. O objetivo desta tese foi o de verificar se as Leis que regulam o setor do petróleo no Brasil visam a destinação dos recursos com o intuito de satisfazer as necessidades básicas das pessoas, melhorar a qualidade de vida, preservar o meio ambiente e resguardar os recursos para as gerações futuras. Para isso, foi feita uma verificação detalhada da legislação do petróleo e da aplicação de royalties no Brasil e nos cinco países grandes produtores de petróleo considerados desenvolvidos pelo IDH. Pretendeu-se investigar se as Leis que regulam o setor de petróleo nos países grandes produtores considerados desenvolvidos são voltadas para a satisfação das necessidades básicas das pessoas, preservação ambiental, gerações futuras e qualidade de vida. Foi feito um comparativo entre o conteúdo das Leis brasileiras que regulam o setor atualmente e o das Leis dos países grandes produtores para entender se existem, no modelo brasileiro, lacunas em relação aos conceitos definidos. Os resultados mostraram que conceitos como gerações futuras e qualidade de vida são pouco abordados, tanto na legislação brasileira quanto nas Leis internacionais. Foi possível observar também diferenças significativas entre os requisitos de aplicação dos royalties de algumas Leis internacionais e os das Leis brasileiras. São sugeridas modificações no modelo brasileiro. Entre elas, requerer monitoramento dos investimentos, através de um comitê com participação popular, responsabilizar as empresas pelo financiamento das pesquisas referentes a danos ambientais cometidos e a criação de um fundo para emergências ambientais. / In Brazil the petroleum royalties application not necessarily is made trying to generate better life quality for people. Some studies show that population who lives in locations that receive royalties are not facing life quality improvements. The objective of this thesis was to verify if the Brazilian laws that regulate the petroleum sector establish rules for royalties application requiring that they are used to satisfy people life necessities, improve life quality, preserve the environment and guarantee resources for future generations. To be able to to that, it was developed a detailed verification of the Braziliam petroleum legislations and the royalties process application in Brazil. It was also developed a detailed verification of the legislation of 5 countries known as important petroleum producers and considered developed nations by the IDH. It was a review to verify if the laws that regulate the petroleum sector in these coutries are designed to satisfy basic needs, to preserve the environment, the future generations and the quality of life. Brazilian laws were compared with international laws to understand if there are, in the Brazilian model, gaps related to these concepts. Results showed that concepts as future generations and quality of life are not frequently mentioned, nor in Brazilian or in international laws. It was possible to observe significant differences between royalties application requirements when comparing Brazilian and international laws. Changes are being suggested. Some examples are: create a system to monitor royalties investments through a committee with community participation; petroleum producers to be responsible for paying environmental damages that they caused and the criation of a fund for environmental emergencies.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-22T19:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Talita_Rosa2015.pdf: 1962200 bytes, checksum: 3001d1381f28a397dfaa485c28761e8d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T19:43:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Talita_Rosa2015.pdf: 1962200 bytes, checksum: 3001d1381f28a397dfaa485c28761e8d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / This work seeks to contribute to discussions around sustainability, in relation to formal education. One way to follow is the insertion of Environmental Education (EA) in educational institutions of all levels. This research has as main objective to verify the insertion of sustainability content in the undergraduate courses at the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE) in order to answer to the following problematic: "The teacher training courses, from UNIOESTE of the campus of Cascavel, are in a process of a curriculum environmentalization?" The objectives of this research are: (i) to understand the meanings of sustainability and its variations considering the different points of view through a bibliographic research (ii) to analyze national legislation for environmental education and curricula of undergraduate courses at Unioeste through document research (iii) to interview students, teachers and coordinators through audio recordings and questionnaires in field research (iv) to identify if the courses used in this research as object of study are in a curriculum environmentalization process using as parameter the Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (National Curriculum Guidelines - DCNs) and the Rede de Ambientalização Curricular do Ensino Superior (Curriculum Environmentalization on Higher Education Network - ACES). The theoretical framework seeks to understand the following themes: sustainability, sustainable development, eco-development, environment, education, environmental education, curriculum, curriculum environmentalization. The understanding of the theoretical framework guided the methodological approaches and criteria used for data collection and analysis, through the inflection of Bardin (2010) technique with Content Analysis. The results indicate a fragile teacher training regarding to environmental education and that it, by having an inter and transdisciplinary character, can permeate on any area of knowledge, being sufficient a commitment from the educational institutions to become into a sustainable educators spaces. Given the results in this research, reflections are made about the relationships of formal education to the nature in which we belong / Este trabalho procura contribuir com as discussões em torno da sustentabilidade, no que diz respeito à educação formal. Um dos caminhos a seguir é a inserção da Educação Ambiental (EA) nas instituições de ensino de todos os níveis. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral verificar a inserção de conteúdos de sustentabilidade nos cursos de licenciaturas da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOSTE), procurando responder à seguinte problemática: “Os cursos de formação de professores da UNIOESTE do campus de Cascavel estão em um processo de ambientalização curricular?” São objetivos desta pesquisa: (i) compreender os significados de sustentabilidade e suas vertentes considerando os diversos pontos de vista por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica (ii) analisar as legislações nacionais para a Educação Ambiental e currículos dos cursos de licenciatura da Unioeste por meio de pesquisa documental (iii) entrevistar alunos, professores e coordenadores por meio de áudio-gravações e questionários em uma pesquisa de campo (iv) identificar se os cursos utilizados como objeto de estudo desta pesquisa estão em um processo de ambientalização curricular utilizando como parâmetro as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCNs) e a Rede de Ambientalização Curricular do Ensino Superior (ACES). O referencial teórico busca a compreensão dos seguintes temas: sustentabilidade, desenvolvimento sustentável, ecodesenvolvimento, meio ambiente, educação, educação ambiental, currículo, ambientalização curricular. A compreensão do referencial teórico orientou os caminhos metodológicos e os critérios utilizados para coleta e análise de dados, através da inflexão da técnica de Bardin (2010) de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados apontam para uma frágil formação de professores no que se refere à Educação Ambiental e que ela, por ter um caráter inter e transdisciplinar, pode permear por qualquer área de conhecimento, basta que as instituições de ensino estejam comprometidas a tornarem-se espaços educadores sustentáveis. Diante dos resultados desta pesquisa, são feitas reflexões sobre as relações da educação formal com a natureza a qual fazemos parte.

For the last thirty years or so, there has been a search underway for a theory that canaccommodate our intuitions in regard to moral duties to future generations. The object ofthis search has proved surprisingly elusive. The classical moral theories in the literature allhave perplexing implications in this area. Classical Utilitarianism, for instance, implies thatit could be better to expand a population even if everyone in the resulting populationwould be much worse off than in the original. The main problem has been to find an adequate population theory, that is, a theoryabout the moral value of states of affairs where the number of people, the quality of theirlives, and their identities may vary. Since, arguably, any reasonable moral theory has totake these aspects of possible states of affairs into account when determining the normativestatus of actions, the study of population theory is of general import for moral theory. A number of theories have been proposed in the literature that purport to avoidcounter-intuitive implications such as the one mentioned above. The suggestions arediverse: introducing novel ways of aggregating welfare into a measure of value, revising thenotion of a, life worth living, questioning the way we can compare and measure welfare,counting people's welfare differently depending on the temporal location or the modalfeatures of their lives, and challenging the logic of axiological and normative concepts. Weinvestigate the concepts and assumptions involved in these theories as well as theirimplications for population theory. In our discussion, we propose a number of intuitively appealing and logically weakadequacy conditions for an acceptable population theory. Finally, we consider whether it ispossible to find a theory that satisfies all of these conditions. We prove that no such theory exists.

La réception plurielle du développement durable interpelle et interroge. Malléable, il fédère les différents acteurs de la société qui l’utilisent à différentes fins, traduisant ainsi la difficulté de la définition de sa nature juridique. Est-il un droit contraignant impliquant des obligations ? Au moyen de quel mécanisme peut-il être respecté ? A partir de ces interrogations, se dessine tout l’intérêt juridique devant être porté au développement durable. Du point de vue académique, il nous permet de concilier la philosophie naturaliste du droit avec sa traduction dans l’ordre juridique. Décloisonnant les branches du droit, il crée des interactions entre les différents foyers normatifs dans un ordre qui apparaît sous la forme d’un réseau. De par cette circulation, le développement durable se présente comme une force créatrice de droits à travers lesquels il tend à devenir un droit objectif. Du point de vue humain, il reconnaît la possibilité de croire à un avenir pour notre postérité. Au-delà, il se présente comme un droit du vivant promis à évoluer de génération en génération, constituant déjà en lui-même l’expression du patrimoine dont nous héritons de nos ancêtres et destiné au futur. / The plural reception of the sustainable development questions us. Malleable it federates the various actors who use in various purposes so translating the difficulty of the definition of its legal nature. Is it a binding law implying obligations ? How can it be respected? From these questions, he appears all the interest of the legal study of the sustainable development. From the academic point of view, he links the naturalistic philosophy of the right with his translation in the legal legal network. Which decompartmentalizes areas of law, he creates interactions wich each other. The sustainable development creating the right and tends to become a blinding law.From the human point of view, he recognizes the possibility of believing in a future for our offspring. Beyond, he appears as a right of alive promised to evolve from generation to generation, already establishing in himself the expression of the heritage of which we inherit from our ancestors and intended for the future.

Purpose – The purpose of the research is to explain how and why the internal and external influences faced by family-run wineries affect their CSR practices and communication through institutional theory and stakeholder theory. Methodology – Ten wineries were analyzed in winemaking regions in Hungary and the US, of which nine semi-structured interviews were undertaken with family members and employees.  The research available implies that family-run businesses within the wine industry are regulated by institutionalism (Brundin & Wigren-Kristoferson, 2013). Therefore, institutional theory is applied to the analysis of the data. The lens of institutional theory uses three pillars, regulatory, normative, and cultural cognitive to identify the external and internal influences on these businesses.  Thematic analysis was utilized to code and analyze the data. In addition, the content of each interviewed winery is examined using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is also applied to content provided on each winery’s website to back up the data. Findings –In Hungary, the use of sustainable production methods in wineries is part of the winemakers’ personal value system. In the US, wineries have a fierce commitment to the land. In recent years they have worked hard to communicate their sustainability practices. Winegrowers have incorporated modern and old-school practices addressing sustainability issues to meet the expectations of all stakeholders. Through institutional theory, it has been demonstrated that numerous drivers are influencing family-run wineries to implement environmental and social sustainability practices. However, there is a significant difference between these CSR practices and the need to communicate them between Hungary and the US. There is a significant difference between the communication methods of Hungarian and US wineries. In Hungary, there is little communication of sustainability practices, although there is movement towards more communication about sustainability practices since the introduction of the web and social media. The experience, in general, was that instead of communication, the emphasis is put more on living and working according to the principles of sustainability – whether it is environmental, social, or economic. In the US, the communication of CSR is used as a marketing tool to engage and educate their stakeholders, mainly through social media. Research implications –The implications of our research contribute to the knowledge of corporate social responsibility and how institutional influences affect social and environmental responsibility within family-run wineries by bringing the wine industry, family businesses, and CSR together under the analysis of institutional theory. The findings in this paper should be looked upon by family wineries as a resource related to the current communication of social responsibility in the wine industry. Research limitations – A limitation of this research is the lack of personal meetings with interviewees. Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns, the possibility of conducting the interviews face-to-face was not an option. The researchers were challenged to obtain more personal information about the familial, organizational structure without conducting multiple interviews, building trust and rapport.

Notion faisant l’objet de nombreuses occurrences dans les textes des différents ordres juridiques, le développement durable est difficilement saisissable en droit. Son sens même est hétérogène. D’une part, ce terme peut se référer à la recherche d’une finalité de solidarité mettant l’accent sur les droits des générations futures, et par conséquent, sur la protection de l’environnement en tant que patrimoine commun. D’autre part, le développement durable est aussi défini comme un objectif de conciliation dans le cadre duquel l’exigence environnementale doit s’articuler avec d’autres piliers relatifs au développement économique et au progrès social. Le droit résultant de l’organisation institutionnelle territoriale n’échappe pas au problème de l’appréhension et de la définition de cette notion à contenu variable, qu’il s’agisse de l’encadrement l’action administrative, ou de la réforme des collectivités et de leurs groupements.Pour autant, le développement durable est incontestablement en voie de consolidation juridique, tant sur le plan de sa finalité que sur le plan de la méthode pour y parvenir. À ce propos, on peut relever le renforcement du principe de responsabilité environnementale ou l’émergence d’un principe de non-régression de la protection de l’environnement.Les différents principes relatifs au développement durable ont une influence certaine sur le fonctionnement même des collectivités territoriales. La démocratie environnementale est significative d’une certaine autonomisation juridique de la démocratie par rapport au concept classique de la représentation. Réciproquement, les mutations relatives à la recompositionterritoriale posent la question de leurs influences sur les politiques publiques promouvant cette notion-clé de la Charte de l’environnement. / Despite its numerous uses in many juridical orders : sustainable development has differents meanings. On one hand, it means that the environment needs to be protected in order to guarantee rights of future generations. On the other hand, sustainable development is equally defined as the conciliation between environmental policies, economical development and social progress. Territorial restructuring drafts are confronted at this polysemous concept.In spite of this difficulty, sustainable development is consolidated by french public law in his finality as far as its means. About that, standstill principle and environmental responsability enhance this theory.Other principles contibute to sustainable development realization. Environmental democracy takes an independence compared to the classical reprensentative democracy’s concept. In reciprocity, territorial restructuring keeps an influence on public policies about this constitutionnalized notion since the 2005’s Environnemental Carta.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T18:50:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Ribas.pdf: 926925 bytes, checksum: 4fc6dcf30b665136b9016a2cf19dc8a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:40:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Ribas.pdf: 926925 bytes, checksum: 4fc6dcf30b665136b9016a2cf19dc8a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiane Ribas.pdf: 926925 bytes, checksum: 4fc6dcf30b665136b9016a2cf19dc8a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O presente trabalho aborda a questão da preocupação surgida em torno da manipulação do genoma humano especialmente no que tange às práticas de engenharia genética na reprodução assistida e decorrente necessidade de proteção do patrimônio genético humano para as futuras gerações. Nesse sentido analisa-se a evolução do conhecimento científico até as biotecnologias de modificação genética atentando-se para o afastamento entre a ciência e a ética por conta do paradigma dominante e a busca bioética por sua reaproximação. Avalia-se ademais a função dos princípios para servirem de guias ao agir humano em face das novas possibilidades de sua intervenção que não mais está adstrita à natureza alcançando o próprio homem. Discorre-se sobre a importância das declarações e documentos internacionais e também acerca da indispensabilidade do Direito enquanto ferramenta apta a regular as pesquisas e as aplicações biotecnológicas principalmente quando voltadas para o ser humano. A questão do tratamento jurídico pelo ordenamento brasileiro é abordada para se demonstrar o vácuo legislativo acerca das práticas de reprodução humana assistida e as possíveis decorrências dessa omissão bem como as limitações legais em torno das possibilidades de engenharia genética sobre a constituição genotípica do ser gerado mediante essas técnicas. Todo o trabalho tem como norte os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana da sua vulnerabilidade enquanto condição e a ética da responsabilidade, com vistas para a proteção do direito fundamental ao patrimônio genético humano cujo titular é a Humanidade presente e futura. / Salvador

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Petróleo e gás natural são recursos naturais não renováveis que possuem grande participação na matriz energética mundial e tendência de crescimento na matriz nacional, cujo marco regulatório limita-se a definir critérios técnicos e procedimentais sem incorporar o modelo de sustentabilidade instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. A natureza finita dos recursos não renováveis, como o petróleo e o gás natural, exige uma visão do planejamento de sua exploração de longo prazo na definição dos objetivos e metas. Essa perspectiva de longo prazo traduz uma das preocupações do desenvolvimento sustentável: a garantia de direitos para as futuras gerações. Assim, ao procurar fornecer elementos para a tradução do modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável no arcabouço institucional e legal da indústria petrolífera vigente no Brasil, o presente trabalho busca contribuir para o aprimoramento da regulação petrolífera nacional e a qualidade de vida das gerações presentes e futuras. E, mais do que propor a elaboração de um projeto de lei, como modalidade de implantação de uma política pública, queremos contribuir para o fortalecimento das práticas e ações governamentais voltadas para a aplicação do desenvolvimento sustentável, consoante apregoa a Constituição Federal brasileira. Trata-se aqui de demonstrar, através de metodologia quali-quantitativa, a tese de que é possível incorporar o princípio constitucional de desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural, formulando uma política pública que incorpore, no regime de propriedade do petróleo, a variável ambiental e o uso intergeracional que já haviam sido e continuam sendo aplicados a algumas fontes renováveis de energia. Inicialmente, identificamos a composição da matriz energética brasileira desde a inserção do petróleo como uma questão de Estado a partir dos anos 50 do século XX. Em seguida, analisamos a concepção legal e doutrinária para propor, então, a conceituação de um modelo de desenvolvimento energético sustentável, estruturante para a proposição de uma política nacional para a indústria petrolífera. Com base nessa conceituação, analisamos o marco regulatório e os procedimentos institucionais praticados atualmente para identificar as lacunas existentes no ordenamento a serem supridas pela política nacional proposta. A partir da análise dos contextos legal e institucional, e das políticas energética e ambiental, propomos a tradução de conceitos, objetivos, princípios e instrumentos num projeto de lei de Política Nacional de Uso Sustentável das Reservas de Petróleo e Gás Natural. Concluímos tecendo considerações gerais e específicas sobre a proposição aqui formulada com vistas ao aprimoramento do modelo nacional de gestão de recursos energéticos e ao fomento das discussões voltadas para a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas e as práticas privadas enraizadas na exploração irracional de recursos não renováveis / Petroleum and natural gas are non renewable natural resources that have a great participation in the global energy matrix and growth trend in the national matrix, whose regulatory framework is restricted to technical and procedural criteria without incorporating the model of sustainability established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. The finite nature of non-renewable resources, such as oil and natural gas, requires a vision of planning for their long-term exploration in the definition of goals and objectives. This long-term prospect represents one of the concerns of sustainable development that of guaranteeing the rights of future generations. So, when seeking to provide elements to translate of the model of sustainable development into the institutional and legal framework of the existing oil industry in Brazil it tries to contribute to the improvement of the national petroleum regulation and the quality of life for present and future generations. And more than proposing drawing up a bill, as a means of implementing a public policy, it aims to contribute to the strengthening of governmental actions and practices directed at implementing sustainable development, as proclaimed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Here it is a matter of demonstrating, through qualitative and quantitative methodology, the thesis that it is possible to incorporate the constitutional principle of sustainable development into the activity of exploration and production of oil and natural gas, formulating a public policy that incorporates, in the ownership of oil, the environmental variable and intergenerational use which had been and still are applied to some renewable sources of energy. Initially, we identified the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix since the inclusion of oil as a matter of state in the 1950s. Next, we analysed the legal and doctrinary concept and then proposed the concept of a model of sustainable energy development, a structuring element for the proposition of a national policy for the petroleum industry. Based on this concept, we analysed the regulatory framework and institutional procedures currently in force to identify the existing gaps in planning to be filled by the proposed national policy. Based on the analysis of the legal and institutional contexts, and energy and environmental policies, we propose the transformation of concepts, objectives, principles and instruments into a bill of law of National Policy on Sustainable Use of Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas. We conclude with general and specific considerations on the proposition made here with a view to improving the national model of management of energy resources and the fostering of discussions focused on the sustainability of public policies and private practices rooted in the irrational exploration of non-renewable resources.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Petróleo e gás natural são recursos naturais não renováveis que possuem grande participação na matriz energética mundial e tendência de crescimento na matriz nacional, cujo marco regulatório limita-se a definir critérios técnicos e procedimentais sem incorporar o modelo de sustentabilidade instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988. A natureza finita dos recursos não renováveis, como o petróleo e o gás natural, exige uma visão do planejamento de sua exploração de longo prazo na definição dos objetivos e metas. Essa perspectiva de longo prazo traduz uma das preocupações do desenvolvimento sustentável: a garantia de direitos para as futuras gerações. Assim, ao procurar fornecer elementos para a tradução do modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável no arcabouço institucional e legal da indústria petrolífera vigente no Brasil, o presente trabalho busca contribuir para o aprimoramento da regulação petrolífera nacional e a qualidade de vida das gerações presentes e futuras. E, mais do que propor a elaboração de um projeto de lei, como modalidade de implantação de uma política pública, queremos contribuir para o fortalecimento das práticas e ações governamentais voltadas para a aplicação do desenvolvimento sustentável, consoante apregoa a Constituição Federal brasileira. Trata-se aqui de demonstrar, através de metodologia quali-quantitativa, a tese de que é possível incorporar o princípio constitucional de desenvolvimento sustentável na atividade de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural, formulando uma política pública que incorpore, no regime de propriedade do petróleo, a variável ambiental e o uso intergeracional que já haviam sido e continuam sendo aplicados a algumas fontes renováveis de energia. Inicialmente, identificamos a composição da matriz energética brasileira desde a inserção do petróleo como uma questão de Estado a partir dos anos 50 do século XX. Em seguida, analisamos a concepção legal e doutrinária para propor, então, a conceituação de um modelo de desenvolvimento energético sustentável, estruturante para a proposição de uma política nacional para a indústria petrolífera. Com base nessa conceituação, analisamos o marco regulatório e os procedimentos institucionais praticados atualmente para identificar as lacunas existentes no ordenamento a serem supridas pela política nacional proposta. A partir da análise dos contextos legal e institucional, e das políticas energética e ambiental, propomos a tradução de conceitos, objetivos, princípios e instrumentos num projeto de lei de Política Nacional de Uso Sustentável das Reservas de Petróleo e Gás Natural. Concluímos tecendo considerações gerais e específicas sobre a proposição aqui formulada com vistas ao aprimoramento do modelo nacional de gestão de recursos energéticos e ao fomento das discussões voltadas para a sustentabilidade das políticas públicas e as práticas privadas enraizadas na exploração irracional de recursos não renováveis / Petroleum and natural gas are non renewable natural resources that have a great participation in the global energy matrix and growth trend in the national matrix, whose regulatory framework is restricted to technical and procedural criteria without incorporating the model of sustainability established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. The finite nature of non-renewable resources, such as oil and natural gas, requires a vision of planning for their long-term exploration in the definition of goals and objectives. This long-term prospect represents one of the concerns of sustainable development that of guaranteeing the rights of future generations. So, when seeking to provide elements to translate of the model of sustainable development into the institutional and legal framework of the existing oil industry in Brazil it tries to contribute to the improvement of the national petroleum regulation and the quality of life for present and future generations. And more than proposing drawing up a bill, as a means of implementing a public policy, it aims to contribute to the strengthening of governmental actions and practices directed at implementing sustainable development, as proclaimed by the Brazilian Federal Constitution. Here it is a matter of demonstrating, through qualitative and quantitative methodology, the thesis that it is possible to incorporate the constitutional principle of sustainable development into the activity of exploration and production of oil and natural gas, formulating a public policy that incorporates, in the ownership of oil, the environmental variable and intergenerational use which had been and still are applied to some renewable sources of energy. Initially, we identified the composition of the Brazilian energy matrix since the inclusion of oil as a matter of state in the 1950s. Next, we analysed the legal and doctrinary concept and then proposed the concept of a model of sustainable energy development, a structuring element for the proposition of a national policy for the petroleum industry. Based on this concept, we analysed the regulatory framework and institutional procedures currently in force to identify the existing gaps in planning to be filled by the proposed national policy. Based on the analysis of the legal and institutional contexts, and energy and environmental policies, we propose the transformation of concepts, objectives, principles and instruments into a bill of law of National Policy on Sustainable Use of Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas. We conclude with general and specific considerations on the proposition made here with a view to improving the national model of management of energy resources and the fostering of discussions focused on the sustainability of public policies and private practices rooted in the irrational exploration of non-renewable resources.

Envisager une étude de la pénalisation de l’activité médicale peut apparaître de prime abord surprenant. En effet, l’activité médicale n’est naturellement pas à même de faire l’objet d’une répression pénale dans la mesure où elle vise le rétablissement de la santé des personnes et en cela, est fondamentalement tournée vers la protection de la personne humaine. Elle partage ce fondement axiologique avec le droit pénal qui, en sus de l’ordre public, a pour vocation initiale cette même protection. Il n’est dès lors pas évident d’appréhender la pénalisation d’une branche qui, par sa nature, n’est pas soumise à une telle répression. Paradoxalement, il apparaît que l’activité médicale est en elle-même constitutive d’infractions pénales, tout acte médical étant en lui-même une atteinte au corps. Plus encore, les activités biomédicales et biotechnologiques portent parfois atteinte à l’homme, en dehors de toute nécessité médicale pour lui-même. C’est de cette ambivalence forte qu’est apparu le besoin d’une étude ayant pour objet la pénalisation de l’activité médicale. Cette recherche se propose d’évaluer et de mesurer les interactions existantes entre le droit pénal et l’activité médicale afin de porter un regard critique sur ce processus. La pénalisation a été marquée par un mouvement allant du droit pénal à l’activité médicale. Il résulte de cette analyse le constat peu satisfaisant d’une pénalisation dévoyée au contact de cette activité. Par les difficultés d’appréhension jurisprudentielle de l’acte médical, la multiplicité des normes pénales à caractère technique, l’absence de choix axiologique de politique criminelle, le droit pénal semble particulièrement inadapté et peu à même de se saisir de l’acte médical. Cette étude se propose de porter un regard renouvelé de la pénalisation de l’activité médicale, au travers des enjeux qu’elle représente. C’est alors par un mouvement contraire, allant des particularités de l’activité médicale vers le droit pénal, que ce dernier pourrait trouver un support à son renouvellement. En prenant davantage en considération les singularités techniques et éthiques de l’activité médicale, le droit pénal peut se trouver reconsidéré dans ses fonctions effective et expressive, tirant ainsi profit de l’objet mis à son contact. Ces réflexions auront pour objet de mettre en œuvre différentes pistes de réflexions et de propositions en ayant pour support les singularités de l’activité médicale. Des modifications pourront être proposées partant des techniques, notamment marquées par le risque, que le droit pénal devrait prendre en considération. De même, l’éthique médicale, par la place qu’elle accorde au consentement saura questionner la place que le droit pénal lui octroie. / It may seem surprising at first sight to consider a study about the penalization of medical activity. Actually, medical activity is not naturally in a position to be the object of a penal crackdown insofar as it aims at restoring people’s health and in that, is fundamentally focused on protecting human beings. It shares this moral base with criminal law which, in addition to public order, is initially dedicated to this very protection. Consequently, it is not that easy to comprehend the penalization of a field which is not subjected to such a crackdown by nature. Paradoxically, it appears that medical activity constitutes a criminal offence, any medical treatment or act being an infringement to a body. Moreover, biomedical and biotechnological activities can sometimes undermine human beings, even though no medical treatment is necessary. Therefore, the need of a study about the penalization of medical activity emerged because of this strong ambivalence. This research intends to assess and measure the existing interactions between criminal law and medical activity in order to have a critical look at this process. Penalization was marked by a movement going from criminal law to medical activity. The unsatisfactory result of this analysis shows a perverted penalization in contact with this activity. Because of the difficulties in apprehending the medical treatment in legal case, the multiplicity of technical penal norms, the lack of moral choice in criminal policy, criminal law seems particularly unsuited or not really able to seize the medical activity. This study intends to look at the penalization of medical activity in a new light through the stakes it represents. Criminal law could change by going the opposite way round, from the particularities of medical activity to criminal law. By taking more into account the technical and ethical distinctive features of medical activity, penal law can gain more respect in its effective and expressive functions, thus taking advantage of the object brought into contact. The scope of these thoughts will be to set up different ways of thinking, as well as some suggestions will be made, relying on the particularity of the medical activity. Some modifications will be proposed, based on various technics notably risky to be taken into consideration by the criminal law. Likewise, medical ethic, by the importance it let to the consent, will make think about the place given to it by criminal law.