The objective of this bachelor thesis was to examine how the lifetime sentenced Johanna Möller, who in 2016 persuaded her boyfriend to kill her parents, is portrayed in Swedish news journalism. We analyzed 46 articles published in Swedish tabloid describing her character after she received her sentence in August 2017. The research questions were: How is Johanna Möller portrayed as a character? How is Johanna Möller portrayed as a criminal? How is Johanna Möller portrayed as a woman? Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) and the associated three-dimensional model was conducted to find and dissect discourses in the articles. We carried out the analysis from a gender-related theoretical perspective and drew parallels to earlier research concerning media and crime.  Through the analysis, five discourses could be identified; The Non-agent, The Evil Woman and The Good Boy, Temptress, The Bad Mother and She Who Never Does Right.    Not seldom is Johanna Möller described as promiscuous, evil and manipulative. Her role as a mother is also being repeatedly criticized even though her actual crimes are not related to her motherhood. Accordingly, the journalists are constantly looking for an explanation for her abnormal behaviour and she is often being described as a cold hearted yet emotional person, which can be seen as a significant paradox in the portrayal of her. Our conclusion is that no matter Johanna Möller’s actual crimes, her role as a woman has become the most present aspect of her actions.

Baaam is a Swedish digitized lifestyle magazine for young women that, among other things, writes about sex, sexuality and relationships. Baaam is a feminist platform that claims to be a guiding companion to young women. The purpose of this study was to examine how Baaam portrays female sexuality and thus what messages they convey to young women regarding female sexuality. The research questions were: How is female sexuality portrayed in the lifestyle magazine Baaam? Does the selected articles from Baaam confirm or change the traditional, dominant view of female sexuality? Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) was conducted to find and then analyze discourses in the selected articles. A total of 23 articles published between 2016 and 2019 were analyzed. This was carried out from a social constructionist perspective together with representation theories and gender theories. Based on the analysis, different themes were used to explain how the sexual woman is constructed through different sub-discourses: ”The female sexual identity”, ”The woman’s sexual pleasure”, ”The sexual woman in relation to the man” and ”The performing sexual woman”. The sexual woman is portrayed both in a way that confirm and change the traditional, dominant view of female sexuality.

Many social, political and economic changes that affected intra-family relationships between men and women have occupied over the past century. It could be assumed that these changes also affected the distribution of power between women and men within a family, in particular - financial power. Whereas previously a man was the sole breadwinner of a family and the only manager of the household budget, now when women have new opportunities in the labor market it is logical to assume that women should also be included into the process of money management. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of financial management in Czech families and find the determinants that affect the choice of allocation systems. The study that was based on quantitative methods surveyed 560 men and women. Statistical analysis showed that the most common type of allocation systems is a financial pool (joint or partial), which indicates that there is a transformation of the distribution of financial power in families. However, traditional gender stereotypes are still evident in the management of family finances. The study also revealed that the main factors that affect the choice of a family allocation system are the level of household income, gender, length of cohabitation of spouses, woman's education and...

This paper presents an interpretation of an archaeological problem where Viking age treasure hoards on Gotland are discussed in relation to the provision of the morning gift in the medieval Guta law. There are around 700 treasure hoards found on Gotland and many of them contains what can be interpreted as female coded jewelry. In this essay Gender theory and the theory of performativity is used as a method to analyze treasure hoards with female coded jewelry and its purpose is to investigate jewelry in relation to gender. This study will take a closer look on eleven treasure hoards which have been selected based on jewelry identified as typically female. This might indicate that women were the ones who deposited their jewelry in the ground. The Guta law narrates women's political and social situation in the medieval society and it is possible that it can tell us about some social practices in the Viking society. This law is a great source to recount women’s rights and obligations when it comes to marriage and heritage. The law contains a provision about hogsl oc iþ which is interpreted to be the morning gift. The morning gift intended that a husband was to give his new wife a gift in relation to their marriage. The law stated that a woman had the right to her morning gift which could suggest that women could control this property and have ownership over it. This study investigates what the mentioned medieval law dictated in regard to what a morning gift should constitute of and if this have any connection to what can be found in Viking age treasure hoards. This study is performed by analyzing treasure hoards with jewelry identified as typically female, as well as analyzing the Guta Law which allow one interpretation of why there are so many deposited treasures on Gotland. The interpretation which is presented in this study is that women had ownership of their morning gift and they could have deposited it in the ground to protect themselves and their property.

Archaeologists have employed a method to determine individuals’ sex through objects in grave contexts, this method is called archaeological sex determination. However, this method has proven to be misleading in interpretations in correlation with the concepts of gender and sex. This will be highlighted through a comparative study of two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. The concept of gender has grown stronger in the public debate concerning the difference between gender and sex, which has contributed to the concept’s amplification in the archaeological discipline, specifically gender theory. Gender theory will be used to explain and clarify the problems of archaeological sex determination, in addition how it could be used for criticism of a current case study, which is “Birkakrigaren” and why the criticism differed between two case studies: “Birkakrigaren” and “Barumskvinnan”. In order to reach the desired results, different articles and books will be examined, simultaneously with articles and blogs on the subject of the criticism.

Dans ce mémoire nous analysons deux oeuvres littéraires : Mes mauvaises pensées de Nina Bouraoui et Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit de Leïla Slimani. Le but de l’analyse est de savoir comment une double culture franco-maghrébine peut être vécue par des femmes nées dans des familles de mariages mixtes. Ce mémoire analyse ces oeuvres à partir des théories sur les genres littéraires, roman beur et autobiographie, et les lit à travers une perspective genrée pour voir comment nos écrivaines se situent dans les sociétés. Nous avons jugé intéressant de faire la comparaison avec le roman beur, qui évoque les problèmes d’intégration des beurs en France, alors que ces écrivaines ne sont pas des Beurettes puisqu’elles ont vécu au Maghreb et en France et elles traitent des problèmes rencontrés dans les deux endroits. En plus elles ont pu maitriser parfaitement les codes dans les sociétés grâce à leurs parents et il ne devrait pas y avoir de difficultés d’intégration alors qu’elles décrivent leurs rapports avec les deux cultures comme problématiques puisqu’elles se sentent toujours comme des étrangères partout. Le but principal n’est donc pas d’inscrire les récits étudiés ici dans un genre littéraire mais de montrer que beaucoup de problèmes d’intégration sont valables dans les deux cultures et les femmes ont encore plus de problèmes pour se faire respecter si elles ne respectent pas les traditions. Nous pouvons dire que ces écrivaines mettent au défi le roman beur comme elles ne montrent pas uniquement les problèmes d’intégration des Maghrébins en France mais aussi les problèmes pour se faire accepter parmi les Maghrébins pour ceux qui ne vivent pas conformément aux coutumes. Les problèmes liés à la binarité de sexes ont un rôle central. Bouraoui et Slimani donnent dans ces oeuvres la parole aux plus opprimés dans la culture maghrébine, les femmes, les homosexuels et les personnes qui ne suivent pas les traditions en même temps qu’elles traitent les problèmes d’intégration en France. Notre conclusion est que le bagage historique et la culture mixte ont influencé leur choix de métier. Le fait de prendre la parole et d’écrire des oeuvres introspectives les a aidées dans leurs propres analyses de soi. Ces analyses avec les descriptions des milieux aident aussi le lecteur à comprendre la situation dans les sociétés et les messages des écrivaines. / In this paper two literary works are analysed: Mes mauvaises pensées by Nina Bouraoui and Le Parfum des fleurs la nuit by Leïla Slimani. The aim of the analysis is to understand how a dual French and North African culture could be experienced by women in families characterized by mixed marriages. The literary works are analysed from theories based on literary genres, “roman beur” and the notion of biography. The study is based on a gender perspective and I try to understand how the authors are experiencing the societies. Comparing with the “roman beur” is interesting, since they raise the integration issues for second generation North African immigrants in France, but the authors are not likely to be seen as second generation migrants from North Africa since they have been living in the Maghreb region and in France, they are telling stories from both places. In addition, they have perfectly mastered the codes of both societies thanks to their parents and should not experience integration issues but nevertheless they feel like strangers. The main objective is not to classify the literary genres but to create an understanding and raise the issues that both cultures are facing regarding the integration into society, focusing on how women have a hard time trying to be respected when not following traditions. The authors challenge the “roman beur” since they not only reproduce the integration problems of North African immigrants in France but also the problems of being accepted among the North African community for those who do not live according to traditions. Issues related to the binary gender roles in society play a central role. Bouraoui and Slimani give in these works voices to the most oppressed individuals in the North African culture: women, homosexuals and people who do not follow traditions at the same time as they are dealing with the integration problems in France. The conclusion is that the historical background and the mixed culture influence the choice of the authors’ profession. Speaking up and writing in an introspective way helped them in their own self-analysis. These analyses also help the reader to understand the situation in the societies and the messages of the writers.

The legislation should be gender neutral, and should not have a gender bias, but it does happen that the court takes decisions based on gender stereotypes and norms. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if there are any gender constructions in the Care of Young Persons Ac, to highlight these possible differences between how boys and girls get judged according to article 3 in the law and also on what grounds the girls and boys are taken into custody. The thesis is based on 28 judgements from the Administrative court of appeal in Sweden. The first question that is answered in the thesis is how girls and boys are represented or written about in the judgements regarding article 3 in the Care of Young Persons Act. The second question that is answered is on what grounds these children are taken into compulsory care and if these grounds differ on the basis of gender. Gender theory is the theoretical framework in this thesis and is applied on the judgements. The results in this thesis show that there are certain differences between how boys and girls are judged according to article 3 in the Care of Young Persons Act. The analysis of the 28 judgements show that the differences can be that girls are taken into compulsory care based on descriptions of their sexuality. Their mental illnesses and emotions are more highlighted in the judgements. The results found that there are more boys taken into compulsory care and they are more involved in criminality and have violent behaviour and a heavier drug addiction compared to the girls. The gender differences could mostly be seen in statements made by the social welfare board in the judgements and in some statements made by the Administrative court of appeal when they described the “vagabonding” lifestyle of the girls.

Tidigare forskning om våld i nära relation berör främst mäns våld mot kvinnor. Det finns en kunskapslucka om förekomsten av och kunskapen om mäns våldsutsatthet. Majoriteten av studier om våld mot män omfattas av kvantitativa studier. Den här studien syftar till att genom kvalitativa intervjuer, undersöka hur våldet mot män i heterosexuella relationer tar sig uttryck och hur mannens uppbrottsprocesser kan se ut, för att jämföra det med den kunskap som finns tillgänglig om kvinnors våldsutsatthet. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vilken hjälp och stöd som finns att tillgå. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som används innefattar teorier om våld, normaliseringsprocessen, uppbrottsprocessen, norm- och genusteorier. Urvalet innefattar fem våldsutsatta män som tidigare erfarit våld i heterosexuell relation. Studiens resultat tyder på att samtliga former av våld förekommer i de relationer där män utsätts för våld. Deras uppbrottsprocesser överensstämmer väl med teorier om kvinnors uppbrottsprocesser, vilket antyder att männen upplever samma svårigheter att lämna relationen. Ett utmärkande drag för våldsutsatta män kan kopplas till normer och förväntningar på könsroller, samt att det bidrar till ökade skam- och skuldkänslor. Mörkertalet av våldsutsatta män kan därmed förklaras genom att män inte söker hjälp och stöd på grund av skam, lågt förtroende för rättsväsendet eller okunskap om vart de kan vända sig. De konsekvenser som framkommer till följd av våldet överensstämmer väl med forskningen om kvinnor, där konsekvenserna tenderar att bli långvariga. Genom att normalisera mannen som våldsutövare försvåras möjligheten för våldsutsatta män att få rätt hjälp att hantera eller komma ur den destruktiva relationen. / Previous research on intimate partner violence mainly concerns mens violence against women. There is a knowledge gap about the occurrence and knowledge of mens experience violence, the majority of studies are quantitative studies. This study aims to, through qualitative interviews, examine how the violence against men in heterosexual relationships takes form and how the processes of breakup can be compared with the knowledge available about womens violence, and investigate the available support. The theoretical perspectives include theories of violence, the normalization- and breakup processes, norm- and gender theories. The sample includes five mens experience on intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships. The results indicate that all forms of violence occur to men subjected to intimate partner violence. The processes of breakup resembles the theories of womens processes, which indicates that men experience the same difficulties in leaving the relationship. A distinctive characteristic of men who are victims of intimate partner violence can be linked to the norms and expectations of gender roles and that contributes to increased shame and guilt feelings. The number of men exposed to violence can thus be explained by the fact that men do not seek help and support because of shame, low confidence in the legal system or lack of knowledge about where they can turn to for help. The consequences that result from the abuse are similar to research on women, where the consequences tend to be prolonged. By normalizing the man as the perpetrator, makes it difficult to get the right help and leave the destructive relationship.

This study examines how the Swedish journalists Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed and reported in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet during their conflict during the #metoo movement. The actor Alyssa Milano used the words me too in a hashtag to put a light on her sexual assaulter, Harvey Weinstein, and encouraged other women on social media to do the same.  In Sweden Cissi Wallin was one of the first women to use the hashtag and tell her own story of how she was drugged and raped by Fredrik Virtanen in the year of 2006, who at the time was an employee at Aftonbladet. It was the start of a media scandal that would be continued for years after #metoo had its beginning. The ways that the media has been reporting about women in the manner of being a victim, has been shown in earlier studies being very gender stereotypical. The purpose of the study was to use Judith Butler's theory of gender and examine how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen are framed based upon gender. By using Jesper Strömbäcks theory of news evaluation the study will look at how Aftonbladet has used both Wallin and Virtanen as opponent themes in their articles and in which ways they are framed. With the use of Adam Shehatas framing theory the study will also take a closer look at how Cissi Wallin and Fredrik Virtanen were framed in these articles. Both each individual and their relationship. The method used to examine the topic of the study was by a critical discourse theory which led to numerous themes showing that Aftonbladet used the power of being a big news source and also the employer of Virtanen to make Wallin the guilty one by the ways she was framed. Among other things the result showed how Aftonbladet used their position to neglect Wallins story by taking sides with Virtanen during the period of the conflict.

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