Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CiroAMG_DISSERT.pdf: 558997 bytes, checksum: 88cebb7de07042495962e2b8c45d2da0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Physical Education professionals are usually exposed to excessive physical workloads that evolve into painful symptomatology and muscle and bone disorders that originate from the work-related exercises. Purposo: The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with pain painful symptomatology in teachers in gymnastics academies. An analytical transversal cut study was performed involving 163 gymnastics teachers working in the main gyms in the city of Salvador-BA. For evaluation of pain, validated versions in Portuguese of the McGill Protocol and the Wisconsin Pain Inventory were used. For obtain results of descriptive statistical analysis of the collected data was performed, followed by TStudent, and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests to verify possible correlations between the presence of pain and other variables which were considered independent. Finally, for the identification of potential risk factors associated with pain, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed. For all statistical analysis, we cnsidered p< 0.05. Results: The painful symptoms was reported by 88.3% of the subjects surveyed. High pain levels were observed in 63.8% of the interviewed professionals, where the intensity varied from moderate to severe. Pain in the lumbar region was present in 55.2% of subjects. Positive correlations were found between the level of pain intensity and the variables related with the workload activity and daily life of the teachers in almost all body joints analyzed. Some factors had been verified associates to the painful sintomatologia as the age of the professionals, the daily hours load of labor work, and the lack of interval of rest between the lessons. Conclusions: We found a high prevalence in gym teachers working in the city of Salvador-BA, which interfered in various daily activities of their home and professional lives. The most affected region was the lumbar region, followed by the knees, neck, shoulders, ankles, hands, hips, feet, elbows and forearms. The factors associated with development of painful symptomatology were the age of the professionals, daily hours of work and the lack of rest intervals between lessons. The high prevalence of pain in Physical Education teachers can be regarded as a serious occupational health problem, which would demand the urgent deployment of preventive intervention programs to minimize the impact of pain among these professionals / Os profissionais de Educa??o F?sica geralmente s?o expostos a excessivas cargas de trabalhos f?sicos que evoluem para o acometimento de sintomatologia dolorosa e dist?rbios musculoesquel?ticos oriundos do exerc?cio laboral. Objetivo: Investigar a preval?ncia da sintomatologia dolorosa e fatores associados em professores de academia de gin?stica. M?todos: Foi realizado um estudo anal?tico de corte transversal em 163 professores de gin?stica atuantes nas principais academias da cidade de Salvador-Ba. Para avalia??o da sintomatologia dolorosa foram usadas vers?es validadas para o portugu?s do protocolo McGill e do Invent?rio para dor de Wisconsin. Para obten??o dos resultados atrav?s da an?lise estat?stica dos dados coletados foi realizado uma an?lise descritiva, seguida dos testes TStudent e correla??o de Pearson e Spearman para analisar as poss?veis correla??es existentes entre a presen?a de dor e as demais vari?veis consideradas independentes. Para a identifica??o dos potenciais fatores de risco associados ? sintomatologia dolorosa uma an?lise de regress?o log?stica bin?ria. O valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado para toda an?lise estat?stica. Resultados: A sintomatologia dolorosa foi relatada por 88,3 % dos sujeitos pesquisados. Observaram-se n?veis elevados de dor em 63,8% dos entrevistados, onde a intensidade variou de moderada ? severa. A dor na regi?o lombar esteve presente em 55,2% dos sujeitos. Foram verificadas correla??es positivas entre o grau de intensidade da dor e as vari?veis relacionadas com a carga da atividade laboral e da vida cotidiana dos professores em quase todas as articula??es do corpo analisadas. Verificaram-se v?rios fatores associados ? sintomatologia dolorosa como a idade dos profissionais, a carga hor?ria di?ria de trabalho laboral, e a falta de intervalo de repouso entre as aulas. Conclus?es: Constatou-se uma elevada preval?ncia de dor nos professores de academias de gin?sticas atuantes na cidade de Salvador-Ba interferindo em v?rias atividades da vida cotidiana e laboral. A regi?o mais acometida foi a lombar, seguida dos joelhos, pesco?o, ombros, tornozelos, m?os, quadris, p?s, cotovelos e antebra?os. Os fatores associados ? sintomatologia dolorosa foram, a idade dos profissionais, a carga hor?ria di?ria de trabalho laboral, e a falta de intervalo de repouso entre as aulas. A elevada preval?ncia de dor nos professores de educa??o f?sica pode ser considerada como um grave problema de sa?de ocupacional, o que demandaria a necessidade urgente de implanta??o de programas de interven??o preventiva voltados para minimizar o impacto da sintomatologia dolorosa entre estes profissionais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LoretaMBC.PDF: 2746157 bytes, checksum: f60773c50afbb5dff865dd4f385eae66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28 / La beaut? dans la Gymnastique Rythmique (GR) s est esquiss?e comme condition de son existence. Pour son analyse, nous avons eu recourt au discours sur le pouvoir de Foucault (1971, 1979, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2003) et ? sa relation avec la production de savoirs. Bas?s sur cette compr?hension, nous avons r?fl?chi sur les relations de pouvoir dans la GR qui se sont ?tablies et consolid?es gr?ce ? la r?glementation de sa pratique, dans lequel le Code de Pointage a un r?le pr?pond?rant. Ainsi, la GR a construit sa beaut? ? travers les temps au moyen de jeux de force o? la gestualit? de corps performatiques, ? travers la discipline, a ?t? pr?pond?rant. Cette derni?re a configur? des sens attel?s ? la coercition-r?sistence des corps: la production de discours. C est en pensant ? une beaut? comme ume trame de discours construits par ces relations de pouvoir-savoir des investissements du corps dans la Gymanstique Rythmique que nous nous posons les questions: Comment le Code de Pointage r?glemente la gymanstique rythmique et sportive au sujet de la construction de la beaut? ? Quelle est la relation entre les pouvoirs et les savoirs impliqu?s dans cette r?glementation ? Nous avons donc pour objectifs de rechercher la beaut? dans la Gymnastique Rythmique comme savoir produit ? partir des relations du pouvoir circonscrites dans les r?gles de la modalit? et de discuter la beaut? ? partir de la relation pouvoir/savoir comme r?flexion pour le milieu de l ?ducation physique. Nous avons utilis? comme m?thodologie la technique de l analyse de contenu (Bardin, 1977) afin d analyser le Code de Pointage de la GR dans sa version 2005-2008. Nous avons ?galement fait usage des images de gymnastes comme moyen analogique pour amplifier le sens des discussions. La lecture fluctuante nous a permis de s?lectionner des unit?s significatives et d organiser nos discussions en trois axes th?matiques qui composent le premier chapitre intitul? ? La beaut? r?glement?e ?. Dans ce chapitre, nous discutons les sp?cificit?s de la GR, la prescription de l utilisation du temps et de l espace et la configuration du geste technique ? partir de l analyse de son code de ponctuation. Dans le deuxi?me chapitre, ? Le corps beau transcende la r?gle ?, nous r?alisons quelques r?flexions destin?es ? l ?ducation physique ? partir de la discussion du chapitre ant?rieur en prenant pour cible trois sujets : Pouvoirs et Savoirs, Technique et Style, Beaut? et ?ducation. Nous avons ainsi constat? que la beaut? de la Gymnastique Rythmique contemporaine est entour?e par sa r?glementation, mais a ?t? et continue ? ?tre dessin?e par des m?canismes de pouvoir-savoir tout au long de sa trajectoire historique. Malgr? l existence de conditions pour la beaut? dans le Code de Pointage de la GR, il existe la possibilit? de la cr?ation du propre style par la gymnaste, par la possibilit? de vivre l improvis? et l impr?vu, de sensibiliser le public, parce que le pouvoir cr?e des savoirs et le corps, qui se d?passe, cr?era toujours de nouvelles formes d ?tre beau. La constatation que le Code de Pointage produit une beaut? et que la gymnaste la reconstruit continuellement en en r?actualisant les r?gles est une r?flexion importante pour l ?ducation physique: elle r?affirme que le corps n est jamais seulement soumis, que m?me dans la soumission il est capable de produir du savoir, d ?tre beau et de cr?er de nouveaux sens pour la Culture de Mouvements / A beleza na Gin?stica R?tmica (GR) se esbo?ou como condi??o de sua exist?ncia. Para indag?-la tomamos o discurso sobre poder de Foucault (1971, 1979, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2003) e sua rela??o com a produ??o de saberes. Com base nessa compreens?o refletimos sobre as rela??es de poder na GR que se mediaram e consolidaram pela regulamenta??o de sua pr?tica, cujo C?digo de Pontua??o tem papel preponderante. Sendo assim, a GR construiu sua beleza atrav?s dos tempos por meio de jogos de for?as em que preponderaram a gestualidade de corpos perform?ticos, atrav?s da disciplina. Esta configurou sentidos atrelados ? coer??o-resist?ncia dos corpos: a produ??o de discursos. Por isso, pensando a beleza como uma trama de discursos constru?dos por essas rela??es de poder-saber dos investimentos do corpo na Gin?stica R?tmica questionamos: Como o C?digo de Pontua??o regulamenta a Gin?stica R?tmica para a constru??o da beleza? Qual a rela??o entre poderes e saberes implicados nessa regulamenta??o? Para tanto, temos como objetivos: Investigar a beleza na Gin?stica R?tmica como saber produzido a partir das rela??es de poder circunscritas nas regras da modalidade; e, Discutir a beleza a partir da rela??o poder/saber como reflex?o para o ?mbito da Educa??o F?sica. Como recurso metodol?gico utilizamos a t?cnica de An?lise de Conte?do (BARDIN, 1977) para analisar o C?digo de Pontua??o de GR na vers?o 2005-2008. Tamb?m fizemos uso de imagens de ginastas como recurso anal?gico para ampliar o sentido das discuss?es. A leitura flutuante nos permitiu selecionar unidades significativas e pautar nossas discuss?es em tr?s eixos tem?ticos que comp?em o primeiro cap?tulo intitulado A beleza regulamentada . Neste, discutimos as especificidades da GR, as prescri??es dos usos do tempo e espa?o e a configura??o do gesto t?cnico a partir da an?lise do C?digo. No segundo cap?tulo O corpo belo transcende a regra realizamos algumas reflex?es relacionadas ? Educa??o F?sica, partindo da discuss?o do cap?tulo anterior, com enfoque em tr?s t?picos: Poderes e Saberes, T?cnica e Estilo e Beleza e Educa??o. Constatamos assim, que a beleza da Gin?stica R?tmica contempor?nea ? permeada pelas suas regulamenta??es, mas foi e continua sendo desenhada por mecanismos de poder-saber ao longo de sua trajet?ria hist?rica. Mesmo o C?digo de Pontua??o ditando condi??es para a beleza na GR, esta se d? na possibilidade da cria??o do estilo pr?prio pela ginasta, na possibilidade de viver o improviso e o imprevisto, de sensibilizar o p?blico porque o poder cria saberes e o corpo como suplantador, sempre criar? novas formas de ser belo. A constata??o de que o C?digo de Pontua??o produz a beleza e a ginasta a reconstr?i, continuamente, reatualizando as regras ? uma reflex?o importante para a Educa??o F?sica no sentido de reafirmar que o corpo nunca ? somente submisso, pois mesmo na submiss?o ? capaz de produzir saber, ser belo e criar novos sentidos para a Cultura de Movimento

Afin d’identifier les composés responsables de l’arôme du gin, une procédure GC-O-MS se basant sur la fréquence de détection a été développée. Elle a permis de déterminer l’intensité odorante des composés volatils. Leur qualité d’odeur a pu être définie par le développement d’une roue des odeurs utilisée pour catégoriser les descripteurs obtenus. Cette approche nous a dans un premier temps permis d’identifier les composés potentiellement importants pour l’arôme du gin. L’origine de ces composés a ensuite été déterminée par l’étude de la fraction volatile de différents « botanicals » appartenant à la recette du gin. Cette stratégie nous a permis de constater que les baies de genièvre et les graines de coriandre étaient les principaux contributeurs en composés volatils d’impact. A l’opposé, les racines d’iris, la réglisse et les amandes ont semblé n’en apporter aucun. Nous avons donc distingué les « botanicals majeurs » et les « botanicals mineurs » selon leurs apports en composés volatils d’impact. Cette hypothèse a été globalement validée par différents tests sensoriels sur des mélanges de distillats. Enfin, une stratégie de recombinaison a été proposée dans le but de valider une sélection des composés d’impact. Une approche multicritères (intensité odorante, qualité d’odeur, propriétés physico-chimiques…) a abouti à la création de plusieurs recombinaisons. Celles-ci ont ensuite été analysées sensoriellement grâce à un test de tri-libre qui a permis de déterminer leur proximité avec le gin cible ainsi que les distances entre elles. Ainsi, une quinzaine de composés ont pu être identifiés comme influençant de manière importante la qualité aromatique du gin / In order to identify the compounds responsible for gin aroma, a GCO-MS procedure based on detection frequency analysis has been developed. It allowed the determination of volatile compound odorant intensity. Their odor quality has been defined thanks to a developed aroma wheel, used to categorize the obtained descriptors. This approach permitted the identification of gin aroma potential impact compounds. The origin of these compounds has then been determined by studying the different botanicals involved in the gin recipe. The obtained results showed that juniper berries and coriander seeds were the main contributors in terms of volatile impact compounds. At the opposite, orris roots, liquorice and almond did not seem to provide any of them. We thus differentiated the “major botanicals” from the “minor botanicals” according to their supply in volatile impact compounds. This hypothesis has been globally validated by different sensory tests on botanical distillate mixtures. Finally, a recombination procedure has been proposed in order to validate a selection of impact compounds. A multicriteria approach (odor intensity, odor quality, physic-chemical properties…) led to the creation of several recombinates. They have been sensorially analyzed by a free sorting task, which allowed determining their proximity with the target gin and the distance between them. Thus, around fifteen compounds have been identified as key compounds for gin aroma

The aim of this thesis is to propose a way to implement the missing XML functionality for the database system PostgreSQL. The second chapter discusses the theoretical paradigm with an XML-related technologies like Xpath or XQuery. The third chapter discusses the ISO SQL standards and describes the current level of implementation of native XML databases, versus traditional relational databases. The last part focuses on different approaches and it proposes a solution to implement the XML API to PostgreSQL, which validates XML documents against XSD, DTD and RelaxNG schemes. Next point is focused on XML indexing techniques and proposal of new index based on GiST.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13574号 / 論工博第4211号 / 新制||工||1990(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 岸田 潔, 教授 角 哲也, 教授 高橋 良和 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this study, the hydrolytic kinetics of mixtures of cotton gin waste (CGW) and recycled paper sludge (RPS) at various initial enzyme concentrations of Spezyme AO3117 and Novozymes NS50052 was investigated. The experiments showed that the concentrations of reducing sugars and the conversions of the mixtures increased with increasing initial enzyme concentration. The reducing sugar concentration and conversion of the mixture of 75% CGW and 25% RPS were higher than those of the mixture of 80% CGW and 20% RPS. The conversion of the former could reach 73.8% after a 72-hour hydrolysis at the initial enzyme loading of 17.4 Filter Paper Unit (FPU)/g substrate. A three-parameter kinetic model with convergent property based on enzyme deactivation and its analytical expression were derived. Using nonlinear regression, the parameters of the model were determined from the experimental data of hydrolytic kinetics of the mixtures. Based on this kinetic model of hydrolysis, two profit rate models, representing two kinds of operating modes with and without substrate recycling, were developed. Using the profit rate models, the optimal enzyme loading and hydrolytic time could be predicted for the maximum profit rate in ethanol production according to the costs of enzyme and operation, enzyme loading, and ethanol market price. Simulated results from the models based on the experimental data of hydrolysis of the mixture of 75% CGW and 25% RPS showed that use of a high substrate concentration and an operating mode with feedstock recycle could greatly increase the profit rate of ethanol production. The results also demonstrated that the hydrolysis at a low enzyme loading was economically required for systematic optimization of ethanol production. The development of profit rate model points out a way to optimize a monotonic function with variables, such as enzyme loading and hydrolytic time for the maximum profit rate. The study also investigated the ethanol production from the steam-exploded mixture of 75 wt% cotton gin waste and 25 wt% recycled paper sludge at various influencing factors, such as enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and severity factor, by a novel operating mode: semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) consisting of a pre-hydrolysis and a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Four cases were studied: 24-hour pre-hydrolysis + 48-hour SSF (SSSF 24), 12-hour pre-hydrolysis + 60-hour SSF (SSSF 12), 72-hour SSF, and 48-hour hydrolysis + 12-hour fermentation (SHF). SSSF 24 produced higher ethanol concentration, yield, and productivity than the other operating modes. The higher temperature of steam explosion favored of ethanol production, but the higher initial enzyme concentration could not increase the final ethanol concentration though the hydrolytic rate of the substrate was increased. A mathematical model of SSSF, which consisted of an enzymatic hydrolysis model and a SSF model including four ordinary differential equations that describe the changes of cellobiose, glucose, microorganism, and ethanol concentrations with respect to residence time, was developed, and was used to simulate the data for the four components in the SSSF processes of ethanol production from the mixture. The model parameters were determined by a MATLAB program based on the batch experimental data of the SSSF. The analysis to the reaction rates of cellobiose, glucose, cell, and ethanol using the model and the parameters from the experiments showed that the conversion of cellulose to cellobiose was a rate-controlling step in the SSSF process of ethanol production from cellulose. / Ph. D.

No description available.

關於先秦兩漢陰陽五行說的主要資料，多散見於此一期間的各書之中，且多零碎片斷 、不成系統，本文的骨幹即由整理連綴此諸零碎片斷的資料而成。 本文的內容，共分六章。第一章討論陰陽五行說的來歷與發展，先說明陰陽五行說的 成立，乃由語義的演進，官職的轉化，與有關思想的烘托三途而來。就語義的演進說 ，「陰陽」與「五行」、本是分頭發展，各由具體粗淺零散、漸至抽象高深系統，以 至於二者合流。 第二章討論陰陽五行說的政治原理與政制禮儀，綜觀所有材料，可以歸納出陰陽五行 說的政治原理，一是法天，二是尚德；自鄒衍創說之始，直至東漢之末，始終如此， 此乃陰陽五行說在政治上的根本主張，也是其全部政治思想的主旨，因為陰陽五行說 的其他理論，不是與法天尚德相配合，就是以法天尚德為依據。 第三章討論五德終始與朝代更替，分為五德終始，受命改制，與封禪告成三個部分。 所謂五德終始，是朝代的更春，依五行生勝的關係與順序而輪轉，當德而王，德衰而 亡。 第四章討論時序輪轉與政治措施，說明四時八風十二月，各有宜忌，為達成國泰民安 的政治目標，須求得風調雨順，欲求風調雨順施政便須依照時序，行其所宜，避其所 忌。 第五章討論災祥與政治責任，說明災祥說設計的原意，是將天地間的種種變異，依天 人感應之理，說成災異與祥瑞藉而課君主以政治責任，依其不敢濫權妄為，或及時修 德改政，補救缺失。 第六章為結論，依四個問題為線索，對全部陰陽五行說的政治思想作一總括地檢討。 一則說明鄒衍創立陰陽五行說的動機，一方面在利用其關於自然界的知識，對自然現 象作合理的解釋，一方面在利用其對自然現象的解釋，於政治上推行其節儉仁義的主 張。 /

男女愛情問題方面，東洋古來鮮有公開研究。東西方文化之差異，此為其中一原因。 余在此論文主研討中國古代男女關係─亦可謂女性倫理觀─、以便了解中國文化之特 質及其生成。不但中國、即受儒家思想影響的韓國李朝，亦頗有關係。今試分析評價 男尊女卑思想，為將來中國與韓國之社會前途作一參考並有所展望，此固吾之所願也 。 第一章緒論：論及本論文寫作之目的。在於研討中國支代婦女在中國文化發展上之役 能，地位與男性關係之變遷。換言之，亦即探求所謂「三從四德七出」之形成背景， 以其結果，以展望以後之男女與夫婦關係。 第一節中國倫理觀 一、中國倫理觀之特質： 二、中國倫理之起源：（一）由於對自然之敬畏。（二）由於對死亡之恐懼。（三） 人性之發展。（四）行動之節制。 第二章先秦時代之倫理觀 第一節三皇五帝之傳說時代：推想當時，母權社會、在女尊男卑之觀念之下，男女之 關係，只屬異性關係。 第二節首述歷史初期─夏殷─之男女關係：據地下材料，例如仰韶、龍山及甲骨等 之資料，可推想當時倫理，即為(1) 家族制度業已確立。(2) 男女有別。(3) 有尊重 婦女之風俗。(4) 有孝親敬老之風俗。(5) 有互助合群之美俗。男女之間強弱之關係 。 第三章漢代女性倫理觀 第一節、政治社會及宗教思想與婦女倫理觀之影響。 第二節、劉向列女傳之女性倫理觀。 第三節、班昭女誡之女性倫理觀。 第四節、後漢書列女傳之女性倫理觀。 第五節、漢代女性倫理觀之實況。 第四章結論：中國婦女向以順服於丈夫，盡事於舅姑為己務，只為維持中華傳統， 鞏固宗法社會與政治組織。因而中國婦女不得不百般忍受而成政治上之犧牲。中國男 女平等權之獲取雖較西歐為晚，但中國婦女以柔順、貞靜、遵禮之態度協助男性創造 中原大一統之國，人口繁衍，民族愛好和平與中庸，不可分裂，進而形成中華五千年 之傳統文化。若中國婦女未耐於如上所述之政治犧牲，至今不能產生如此偉大民族。 /

Le présent mémoire s’emploie à analyser la manière dont l’ironie supporte dans les trois romans de Rafaële Germain (Soutien-gorge rose et veston noir, Gin tonic et concombre et Volte-face et malaises) une parole métaféministe, soit un féminisme actualisé, en continuité avec les luttes passées et qui s’intègre à l’écriture plutôt que d’en être le motif. Il est vrai, ces romans, comme toute bonne série de chick lit, ont d’abord pour objectif de divertir leurs lecteur·rice·s. Fidèles au genre, l’alcool, les conquêtes et les relations amoureuses tordues s’y côtoient. Il n’en demeure pas moins qu’omettre d’interroger ces textes en raison de leur côté rose bonbon consisterait en une erreur : les sourires qu’ils provoquent sont souvent annonciateurs de l’ironie qui s’y terre. Ce qui n’est pas anodin puisque l’ironie, comme le constate Lucie Joubert, recèle souvent un potentiel dénonciateur. Ainsi, malgré ce que les préjugés entourant ce genre associé à la littérature de grande consommation laissent supposer, il ne se cache pas seulement une douce étourderie sous ces premières de couverture colorées. En prenant principalement en compte les relations interpersonnelles que les différentes héroïnes entretiennent avec leur entourage, c’est-à-dire avec leur mère, leur père, leurs ami·e·s, et leurs amoureux, ce mémoire exposera que l’ironie joue en quelque sorte un rôle de gardien qui les prémunit contre certaines constructions sociales particulièrement coriaces (par exemple qu’une femme doit absolument partager sa vie avec un homme, peu importe lequel, pour espérer être heureuse). Sans sombrer dans un optimiste débonnaire, puisque la chick lit reconduit, il faut en convenir, plusieurs stéréotypes de genre associés au féminin et au masculin, en même temps qu’un discours hétéronormatif restreignant, cette analyse démontrera que l’ironie permet aux romans de s’inscrire dans une trajectoire métaféministe, tout en prenant çà et là du recul vis-à-vis des discours plus conservateurs. / This thesis aims to analyze the ways in which irony supports a metafeministic voice, a contemporary feminism, in continuity with past struggles, which is integrated into the writing rather than being the motive in Rafaële Germain's novels (Soutien-gorge rose et veston noir, Gin tonic et concombre et Volte-face et malaises). Certainly, these novels, like any good series of chick lit, are primarily intended to entertain their readers. True to the genre, alcohol, conquests and twisted relationships rub shoulders. Nevertheless, omitting to analyze these texts due to their rosy-candy nature would be a mistake: the smiles they induce often herald the irony within these words. As observed by Lucie Joubert, this is not trivial since irony often conceals a potential whistleblower. Thus, despite the prejudices surrounding this genre associated with mass-consumption literature, look beyond the giddiness of their colorful covers. By mainly considering the interpersonal relationships that the various heroines have with their entourage, that is their mother, father, friends, lovers, this thesis sheds light on how irony plays, in a way, the role of a guard that protects them against certain particularly stubborn social conceptions. (For example, that a woman must absolutely share her life with a man, any man, if she wishes to be happy.) Always without indulging into a debonair optimism since the chick lit perpetuates many gender stereotypes associated to both, women and men – simultaneously a restrictive heteronormative speech – this analysis will demonstrate that irony allows novels to be part of a metafeminist trajectory, and take a step back, here and there, towards more conservative speeches.