Syftet med denna studie är att fördjupa förståelsen och få en bild av vad som påverkar nyutexaminerade socialsekreterares dagliga arbete inom området barn och unga. Utifrån syftet har vi sökt svaret genom följande frågeställningar: Vilka organisatoriska faktorer påverkar nyutexaminerade socialsekreterares möjligheter att utföra ett, enligt dem, gott socialt arbete? Vilka handlingsstrategier använder nyutexaminerade socialsekreterare för att möta utmaningar i det dagliga sociala arbetet? Hur ser de organisatoriska och personliga förutsättningarna ut för tillämpning av mod i det praktiska sociala arbetet? Vi har använts oss av semi-strukturerade intervjuer av fem nyutexaminerade socialsekreterare verksamma i olika delar av landet. Materialet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av två copingbaserade teorier, Hirschmans (1970) teori om sorti, protest och lojalitet samt Astviks och Melins (2016) teori om överlevnadsstrategier. Resultatet visade att bristfällig introduktion, hög arbetsbelastning och hög personalomsättning påverkar möjligheterna att utföra ett gott arbete negativt. En hög tillit till ledningen och arbetsgruppen samt goda möjligheter till kollegialt stöd påverkar möjligheterna att utföra ett gott arbete positivt. De handlingsstrategier vi fann att socialsekreterarna använde sig av var att jobba över eller hoppa över raster för att hinna med, stänga av känslomässigt för att orka med arbetsbelastningen, lägga över ansvaret på någon annan och att ta avstånd från kollegor för att orka med den höga personalomsättningen. Möjligheterna att tillämpa mod i det praktiska sociala arbetet påverkas av organisatoriska faktorer som gruppens sammansättning, tillit till ledningen och ledningens bemötande. Personliga förutsättningar som kan påverka användandet av mod är tidigare erfarenheter och vilka personliga egenskaper som socialarbetaren besitter. / The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of and gain insight into what influences the daily work of newly graduated social workers in the field of children and youth. Based on this purpose, we have sought answers through the following research questions: What organizational factors affect the ability of newly graduated social workers to perform what they consider good social work? What strategies do newly graduated social workers use to address challenges in their daily social work? What are the organizational and personal conditions for applying courage in practical social work? We conducted semi-structured interviews with five newly graduated social workers working in different parts of the country. The material was then analyzed using two coping-based theories, Hirschman's (1970) theory of exit, voice and loyalty, as well as Astvik and Melin's (2016) theory of survival strategies. The results showed that inadequate introduction and support, high workload and high staff turnover negatively affect the opportunities to do a good job. A high level of trust in management and the work group, as well as good opportunities for collegial support, positively affects the opportunities to perform good work. The action strategies we found that the social workers used were working overtime or skipping breaks to catch up, shutting down emotionally to cope with the workload, shifting responsibility to someone else and distancing them-selves from colleagues to cope with the high staff turnover. The opportunities to apply courage in practical social work are affected by organizational factors such as the composition of the group, trust in management and patterns in leadership behavior. Personal conditions that can affect the use of courage are previous experiences and what personal qualities the social worker possesses

La thèse interroge les modalités d’organisation des dispositifs de formation alternée à l’insertion. Créés il y a une quarantaine d’années, dans un contexte de crise économique, ces dispositifs représentent aujourd’hui un passage nécessaire particulièrement pour les jeunes non-diplômés. En étudiant les logiques sous-jacentes des politiques publiques d’insertion, l’impact du mode de production « serviciel » sur l’activité des salariés et les pédagogies constitutives de ces formations, la thèse révèle les tensions existant entre les enjeux portés par différents acteurs, et leurs effets sur le processus d’apprentissage et d’insertion des jeunes. À partir de ces éléments, étayés au cours de la première partie, il s’agit de voir quelle place occupe l’activité du stagiaire déployée en entreprise. L’enquête de terrain permet, dans un premier temps, d’appréhender la diversité et la complexité des situations de service auxquelles se confrontent quotidiennement les stagiaires. Elle montre comment ils parviennent ou non à mobiliser, dans ces situations, les savoirs théoriques appropriés et les connaissances en acte forgées auparavant, à réguler leurs émotions, à investir les enseignements puisés dans leur histoire, à « retraiter » les valeurs portées par le milieu du travail, pour répondre aux exigences de la tâche et aux attendus du service à accomplir. Ensuite, l’enquête empirique se concentre plus spécifiquement sur les pratiques des formateurs d’encadrement des espaces réflexifs dédiés aux retours d’expériences. Pris en tenaille entre l’urgence, les critères de rentabilité économique, les formateurs n’entraînent pas véritablement les stagiaires à une analyse de l’expérience vécue. De nombreux apprentissages restent alors dans l’ombre faute d’être valorisés dans le processus d’insertion. / The thesis questions the methods of organizing the devices for alternating training for insertion. Created forty years ago, in a context of economic crisis, this devices represent today a necessary step, especially for the young un-graduated. By studying the underlying logic of public insertion policies, the impact of the type of production "serviciel" on the activity of the employees and the constitutive pedagogy of these formations, the thesis reveals the tensions between the issues brought by different stakeholders and their effects on the learning process and insertion of youth. Starting from these aspects, substantiated in the first part, we have to see what is the position of the trainee activity carried in the company within these formations. The field survey allows, firstly, comprehending the diversity and the complexity of these work situations to which the trainees are daily confronted. It shows how the manage to mobilize or not, in this situations, the appropriate theoretical knowledge and the knowledge previously forged, to control their emotions, to invest the teachings drawn from their own history to reprocess the values held by the work place, to meet the requirements of the task and the expectations of the service to be performed. Afterwards, the empirical survey focuses specifically on the practices of the trainers upon the reflective moments dedicated to feedback. Caught in a pincer between urgency, economic efficiency criteria, the trainers do not really involve the trainees in an analysis of the lived experience. Therefore, many lessons rest in the shadow, resting undervalued in the insertion process.

Testes Adaptativos Computadorizados (TAC) são aqueles que selecionam gradativamente as questões (itens) a serem apresentadas ao indivíduo de acordo com o seu nível de conhecimento (traco latente). Um TAC pode se basear em um modelo da Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI) para a estimação do traco latente e escolha do item a ser apresentado em cada passo do teste. Este trabalho apresenta modelos da TRI utilizados em TAC encontrados na literatura e descreve alguns métodos de calibração de itens para a formação e manutenção do banco de questões do teste sob o modelo de Samejima (1969), estimação do traço latente, seleção de itens com restrições utilizando a abordagem Shadow test e critérios de parada normalmente utilizados. Foram realizadas simulações com um banco grande (500 itens) e com um banco pequeno (21 itens) e avaliada a qualidade das estimativas dos traços latente (através do cálculos dos vícios e erros quadráticos médios) de TACs com diferentes números de itens. Foi aplicado o modelo de Samejima às respostas de estudantes do Exame ao proficiência em inglês (EPI) do ICMC - USP, que é aplicado semestralmente no formato lápis e papel, para a formação de um banco de itens e posterior construção de um TAC. Também foi aplicado o modelo às respostas de pacientes clínicos do Hospital das Clínicas da Medicina da USP, cedido pelo doutor Yuang-Pang Wang, ao Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI) para os mesmos propósitos. Comparações com a atual metodologia para avaliação da proficiência em língua inglesa do EPI (Medida de Probabilidade Admissível, MPA) e para o diagnóstico de depressão do BDI (critério sugerido por Kendall et al., 1987) foram realizadas demonstrando as vantagens e maior riqueza dos resultados obtidos com a TRI e com os TACs implementados. Adcionalmente foi desenvolvido um programa Same-CAT que armazena bancos de itens e possibilita a criação e aplicação de TACs com restrições, através da abordagem Shadow test / Computerized Adaptive Tests (CAT) are those that select questions (items) gradually to be presented to an individual according to their proficiency (latent trait level). A CAT can be based on an Item Response Theory (IRT) model for estimation of the latent trait and selection of the next item to be presented in each step of the test. This paper presents IRT models used in CATs found in literature and describes some methods of item calibration for creation and maintenance of a test items bank under the Samejima\'s model (Samejima; 1969), estimation of latent trait, item selection with constraints using the Shadow test approach and usuals stopping criteria. Simulations were conducted with a large bank (500 items) and a small bank (21 items) and the quality of the estimatives of latent traits were evaluated (through calculations of mean squared errors and bias) TACs with different item numbers. Samejima\'s model were applied for the responses of students to the English Proficiency Exam (EPE) of ICMC - USP, a test applied twice a year in paper and pencil format, to create an item bank and subsequent construction of a CAT. The model was also applied to the responses of clinical patients from the Hospital das Clnicas - USP, given by Dr. Yuang-Pang Wang, to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for the same purposes. Comparisons using the current methodology to evaluate the English Language Proficiency of EPE (Measure of Probability Allowable, MPA) and the BDI (criterion suggested by Kendall et al., 1987) were performed, and the CATs provided better and richer results. Furthermore a program, Same-CAT, that stores item banks and allows CAT\'s applications with constraints was created

I kontrast mot internationell forskning har psykologarbete i glesbygd hittills varit underbeforskat i svensk kontext. Vidare kan övergången mellan utbildning och yrkesliv vara utmanande för psykologer. Studiens syfte var därför att kartlägga nyexaminerade psykologers psykosociala arbetsmiljö och psykiska hälsa i glesbygd baserat på arkivdata från två mätpunkter. En kvasiexperimentell tvärsnittsdesign utformades (n = 53) med testgrupp (glesbygd) och jämförelsegrupp (tätort), varav 77% kvinnor och 23% män, medelålder 32 år (SD = 4.66). Psykosocial arbetsmiljö undersöktes via delskalor från Second Version of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire och Professionell isolation. Psykisk hälsa och utmattning undersöktes via General Health Questionnaire och Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire. Gruppjämförelser via t-test visade att testgruppen skattade en högre grad av professionell isolation (p = .003, Cohen’s d = 1.03) medan jämförelsegruppen skattade en högre nivå av utmattning (p = .006, Cohen’s d = -.78). Inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader framkom gällande måtten rollkonflikter, känslomässiga krav eller psykisk hälsa. De nyexaminerade psykologerna i glesbygd tycks välmående i sitt arbete men den professionella isolationen kvarstår som en viktig resursbrist att se över. Praktiska implikationer och förslag till framtida forskning presenteras. / In contrast to international research, working as a psychologist in rural areas is a scarcely researched topic in the Swedish context. Furthermore, the transition between education and work life can be a challenge for psychologists. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was to analyze the psychosocial work environment, mental health, and burnout of newly graduated psychologists in the rural areas of Sweden, based on archive data. The study had a quasiexperimental cross-sectional design with a sample (n = 53) consisting of a test group (rural context) and a comparison group (urban context), 77% women and 23% men with an average age of 32 years (SD = 4.66). Psychosocial work environment was examined through Second Version of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire and Professional isolation. Mental health and burnout were examined through General health Questionnaire and Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire. Group comparisons via t-test showed that the test group rated a higher score of professional isolation (p = .003, Cohen’s d = 1.03) while the comparison group rated a higher score of burnout (p = .006, Cohen’s d = -.78). No statistically significant differences concerning role conflicts, emotional demands or mental health were found. The newly graduated rural psychologists appear healthy in their work environment, but the professional isolation remains a cause for concern. Practical implications and future research areas are suggested. / Samspelet över tid mellan individuella och kontextuella faktorer gällande stress och välbefinnande bland psykologer och socialsekreterare

Denna studie har gjorts i syfte att undersöka nyexaminerade socialarbetares arbetssituation samt för att skapa förståelse för vilka utmaningar de möter i arbetet och hur de hanterar dessa. Med anledning av att resultatet speglas av höga arbetskrav och olika strategier användes krav-kontroll- stödmodellen samt coping för att analysera empirin. I studien har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts och intervjuer har gjorts med fem nyexaminerade socialarbetare. Vidare har tidigare forskning inom området som socialarbetares första tid i yrkesrollen, kollegialt stöd, socialarbetares kravfyllda arbetsmiljö, verktyg för att hantera arbetsmiljön samt konsekvenser av den analyserats och använts i arbetet. Resultatet visade att det finns en koppling mellan en bra introduktion och upplevelsen av en god arbetsmiljö. Respondenterna vars upplevelser av en bristfällig introduktion, gav uttryck för en känsla av hög arbetsbelastning och stress. Stressupplevelser varierar samtidigt som respondenterna visar på olika metoder för att hantera sin arbetssituation. Beskrivningar har getts av arbetsplatsens förebyggande arbete för att skapa god arbetsmiljö samt respondenternas upplevelser av det kollegiala stödet. Vidare framgick deras känsla av otillräcklighet inför klienterna. / This study has been conducted with the aim of examining the work situation of newly graduated social workers. This to create an understanding of the challenges they face at work and how they handle them. The requirements-control-support model and coping were used to analyze the empirical data, reflecting the high workload and different strategies of the social workers. Furthermore, has previous research in the field as a social worker ́s demanded work environment, tools for managing the work environment and consequences of it been analyzed and used in the study. The result showed that there is a link between a good introduction and the experience of a good working environment. The respondents, whose experiences of a poor introduction, expressed a feeling of high workload and stress. At the same time stress experiences vary as respondents show different methods for managing their work situation. Descriptions have been given of the workplaces preventive work to create a good working environment and respondent ́s experiences of the collegial support. Furthermore, their sense of inadequacy was apparent to clients.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine and increase the knowledge about the way young, newly graduated social workers view their professional role considering their age and professional experience, how they experience the relation to their clients and colleagues and how these experiences all together affect the way the young social workers handle their professional role. Seven social workers in the ages between 23 and 25, who graduated from Socialhögskolan, Stockholm University, in January 2007, where interviewed. They also answered a questionnaire covering the similar questions as the interview. Little research had previously been made in this particular area, why the triangulation of methods was helpful in analyzing the results, with ata coming from two different resources. To analyze the data a multidimensional theory was used, containing coping theory, an experiential perspective, Antonovskys theory a sense of coherence, cognitive theory and role theory. In summary, the results showed that young newly graduated social workers experienced expectations both coming from them selves and their surroundings. Finding meaning in their work helped the respondents to handle stress. The relation to their clients and colleagues and the expectations all together participated in the development of their professional role.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine and increase the knowledge about the way young, newly graduated social workers view their professional role considering their age and professional experience, how they experience the relation to their clients and colleagues and how these experiences all together affect the way the young social workers handle their professional role. Seven social workers in the ages between 23 and 25, who graduated from Socialhögskolan, Stockholm University, in January 2007, where interviewed. They also answered a questionnaire covering the similar questions as the interview. Little research had previously been made in this particular area, why the triangulation of methods was helpful in analyzing the results, with data coming from two different resources. To analyze the data a multidimensional theory was used, containing coping theory, an experiential perspective, Antonovskys theory a sense of coherence, cognitive theory and role theory. In summary, the results showed that young newly graduated social workers experienced expectations both coming from them selves and their surroundings. Finding meaning in their work helped the respondents to handle stress. The relation to their clients and colleagues and the expectations all together participated in the development of their professional role.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde sin första tid i yrket utifrån känslor, tankar, stöd och bemötande. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra informanter som arbetat på Gävle sjukhus mellan 6-18 månader. Resultatet redovisades utifrån studiens frågeställningar och visade att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde många olika känslor och tankar inför sin nya yrkesroll. Känslor såsom rädsla, nervositet och förväntan var några exempel. Stödet och bemötandet från andra sjuksköterskor och närmaste chef var övervägande bra, medan bemötandet från under-sköterskor och läkare upplevdes som mindre bra. Faktorer som ödmjukhet, trygghet och erfarenhet var något som sjuksköterskorna utvecklade med tiden och det underlättades av att de gavs utrymme för att vara nya och osäkra. En bra introduktion på arbetsplatsen var också underlättande. Slutsatsen som dras är att merparten av nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor går igenom en liknande känslomässig process under den första tiden i yrket. Det som kan påverka den processen positivt eller negativt är de yttre faktorerna; utbildning, introduktion samt teamwork och det är dessa som det behövs bättre planering kring.</p> / <p>The aim of the study was to describe how newly graduated nurses experienced their first period of time in the profession on the basis of emotions, thoughts, support and treatment. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with four participants who had worked at Gävle Hospital between 6-18 months. The results were reported from the question formulations in the study and showed that newly graduated nurses experienced many different emotions and thoughts with their new professional role. Feelings such as fear, nervousness and anticipation were a few examples. The support and the interaction between other nurses and the manager of the ward were considered good, while the interaction with the assistant nurses and doctors worked less well. Factors such as humility, experience and gaining security in their new profession was something that the nurses developed over time and it was facilitated by the fact that they were given the space to be new and insecure. A good introduction to the ward was also facilitation.<strong> </strong>The conclusion reached is that the majority of newly graduated nurses goes through a similar emotional process in their first period of time in the profession. What can affect the process positively or negatively is the external factors; education, introduction and teamwork, and it is those factors that needs better planning.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine and increase the knowledge about the way young, newly graduated social workers view their professional role considering their age and professional experience, how they experience the relation to their clients and colleagues and how these experiences all together affect the way the young social workers handle their professional role. Seven social workers in the ages between 23 and 25, who graduated from Socialhögskolan, Stockholm University, in January 2007, where interviewed. They also answered a questionnaire covering the similar questions as the interview. Little research had previously been made in this particular area, why the triangulation of methods was helpful in analyzing the results, with data coming from two different resources. To analyze the data a multidimensional theory was used, containing coping theory, an experiential perspective, Antonovskys theory a sense of coherence, cognitive theory and role theory. In summary, the results showed that young newly graduated social workers experienced expectations both coming from them selves and their surroundings. Finding meaning in their work helped the respondents to handle stress. The relation to their clients and colleagues and the expectations all together participated in the development of their professional role.

The purpose of this study was to examine and increase the knowledge about the way young, newly graduated social workers view their professional role considering their age and professional experience, how they experience the relation to their clients and colleagues and how these experiences all together affect the way the young social workers handle their professional role. Seven social workers in the ages between 23 and 25, who graduated from Socialhögskolan, Stockholm University, in January 2007, where interviewed. They also answered a questionnaire covering the similar questions as the interview. Little research had previously been made in this particular area, why the triangulation of methods was helpful in analyzing the results, with ata coming from two different resources. To analyze the data a multidimensional theory was used, containing coping theory, an experiential perspective, Antonovskys theory a sense of coherence, cognitive theory and role theory. In summary, the results showed that young newly graduated social workers experienced expectations both coming from them selves and their surroundings. Finding meaning in their work helped the respondents to handle stress. The relation to their clients and colleagues and the expectations all together participated in the development of their professional role.