Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis explores the Star Wars films in terms of C.G. Jung's theories on the archetypes and the collective unconscious, particularly as described by Joseph Campbell in his discussion of the journey of the mythic hero. In Chapter 1 short definitions of relevant terms such as “myth,” “the collective unconscious” and “archetypes” are given. Chapter 2 is a short discussion of four Jungian archetypes relevant to the topic, namely the Shadow, Guide, Mother, and Father. Chapter 3 focuses on the archetype of the Self and the psychological process of individuation as described by Jung, and its relation to the mythic hero and his journey. In Chapter 4 Star Wars is analysed in terms of the theoretical framework set out in Chapters 1-3. Chapter 5 is the concluding chapter, in which certain conclusions are made pertaining to the mythic character and psychological function of Star Wars, i.e., that the films contain elements that are mythic in character and may therefore perform the same psychological functions as myth. It is also argued that the popularity of Star Wars can therefore be ascribed to the same psychological reasons as the popularity of myth. Some attention is also given to possible further areas of study in this field, such as the mythic character of some other popular phenomena (for example Harry Potter or The Lord of the Rings) and the function of myth and modern mythic equivalents as a community-shaping factor in people’s lives.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the importance of the orphan hero in film and his resonance with the American people. It explores the orphan and the American identities, the archetypes found in myths, and the hero in American culture. The three heroes (Batman, Anakin Skywalker, and Harry Potter) represent certain aspects of orphan heroes: the capacity for sacrifice and the need to resist focusing on oneself. The type of hero each becomes has its source in the response he takes to his orphanhood. These young men suffered great loss early in their lives, but found the strength to sacrifice themselves for others, the ultimate sign of a hero.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer un mode particulier de transmission des messages contenus dans les œuvres romanesques, et plus précisément une mise en scène basée sur la représentation et la recréation d’un processus initiatique. Pour cela, après avoir étudié la permanence de l’initiation dans le monde postmoderne et délimité sa présence dans la littérature, il a été proposé une théorie et une méthode d’analyse du roman qui se veulent utiles aussi bien pour les personnages que pour le lecteur. Afin de valider cette proposition théorique et méthodologique, une application pratique en a été réalisée dans l’analyse de l’œuvre d’Antonio Muñoz Molina. En effet, les romans de l’écrivain espagnol présentent la double caractéristique d’un engagement éthique constamment réaffirmé et d’une recherche esthétique marquée tant par l’écriture labyrinthique que par la volonté d’interaction avec le lecteur. Or, l’analyse de l’évolution des personnages et de la représentation du Lecteur Modèle en suivant l’hypothèse d’une transformation initiatique a permis de mettre au jour une réitération de l’emploi du processus dans les différents romans. De plus, ce même angle d’étude des œuvres s’est révélé particulièrement apte à l’analyse des romans d’Antonio Muñoz Molina car le prisme de l’initiation a favorisé la mise en place d’une vision globale des romans prenant en compte tant leur forme que leur fond, la structure narrative que le message éthique, les personnages que le lecteur. / The broad objective of this thesis was to explore a particular way of transmitting messages contained in novels, and more precisely a mise en scene based on the representation and re-creation of an initiatory process. In this view, after studying the permanence of initiation in the post-modern world and defining its presence in literature, a theory and a method of analysing novels were suggested as being useful for the characters as well as for the reader. So as to confirm this theoretical and methodological proposition, a practical implementation was carried out in the analysis of Antonio Muñoz Molina’s work. Indeed the novels of the Spanish writer feature both a constantly reaffirmed ethical commitment and an aesthetics research characterised by labyrinth writing and the will of interacting with the reader. Besides, the analysis of the characters’ development and representation of the Model Reader according to the hypothesis of an initiatory transformation brought to light the reiteration of the use of the process in the various novels. In addition, this very angle of the novels’ study proved to be particularly suitable in the analysis of Antonio Muñoz Molina’s because the initiation prism helped the implementation of a global vision of novels that took into account both their style and content, both the narrative structure and ethical message and both the characters and reader.

La punition divine est un phénomène récurrent dans la mythologie grecque. L’hybris, commise par des individus vaniteux et orgueilleux aspirant à se comparer aux dieux ou même à se succéder à eux à la domination du Cosmos, provoque une série de châtiments atroces, imposés par les Olympiens à des hommes et à des femmes, à des humains et à des êtres mythiques, à des héros, à des rois et même à d’autres dieux sans discrimination. L’étude actuelle examine l’iconographie de divers types de châtiment divin dans l’art gréco-romain et la peinture occidentale (XVe-XIXe siècles). Elle analyse l’interaction entre les œuvres d’art et les sources littéraires antiques, médiévales et modernes, ainsi que les points communs remarqués entre les thèmes antiques du châtiment divin et certains épisodes bibliques ou chevaleresques. Elle se focalise enfin sur l’influence que l’iconographie de la punition divine antique a exercée sur la politique, la société et la religion aussi bien dans l’Antiquité qu’à l’époque moderne. / Divine punishment constitutes a recurrent phenomenon in Greek mythology. The hubristic behaviour of vain and selfish individuals, who aspire either to compare themselves to the gods or to succeed them to the domination of the Cosmos, provokes a series of atrocious tortures inflicted by the Olympians to men and women, to humans and mythical creatures, to heroes, kings and even to other gods equally.The present PhD study examines the iconography of a variety of types of Divine Punishment in the Greek and Roman art and the occidental painting (15th-19th centuries). It analyses the interaction between the various works of art and the ancient, mediaeval and modern literary sources. It pinpoints the resemblances between the ancient themes and certain biblical or chivalrous episodes. It focuses finally on the influence wielded by the iconography of divine punishment in politics, society and religion, both in Antiquity and in modern times.

Cette thèse porte sur la trajectoire éditoriale et artistique de la collection Vertigo créée en 1993 par DC Comics, maison d’édition états-unienne spécialisée dans la bande dessinée. Je me propose d’aborder Vertigo à travers l'apport des scénaristes britanniques employés par DC Comics depuis le milieu des années quatre-vingt. Leur rôle est en effet considérable, tant au moment de la fondation de Vertigo par la rédactrice Karen Berger que dans le succès ultérieur dont jouit la collection. La genèse de Vertigo met en lumière l’importance du phénomène appelé l’ « Invasion britannique », c’est-à-dire l’arrivée sur le marché états-unien de nombreux créateurs qui sont nés et travaillent à l’étranger pour DC Comics. Cette « invasion » révélera au public américain des scénaristes de tout premier plan tels Alan Moore, Grant Morrison ou Neil Gaiman, dont la série The Sandman est considérée comme un jalon majeur de l’histoire du média. La critique existante au sujet de Vertigo en général tend d’ailleurs à se focaliser sur la portion du corpus produit par les Britanniques, mais sans nécessairement prendre acte de cette spécificité culturelle. Le travail à mener est donc double ; d'une part, il s'agira de retracer une histoire du label en tant qu'instance productrice d'une culture médiatique particulière, qui s'inscrit dans un contexte socio-historique et repose sur les pratiques et les représentations de l'ensemble des acteurs (producteurs et consommateurs au sens large), eux-mêmes nourris d'une tradition qui préexiste à l'apparition de Vertigo. Il sera dès lors possible de prendre appui sur cette connaissance contextuelle pour interroger la poétique du label, et ainsi identifier les spécificités d’une « école » britannique au sein de cette industrie culturelle. / This thesis deals with the editorial and aesthetic history of the Vertigo imprint, which was created in 1993 by DC Comics, a US-American comics publisher. I shall consider in particular the contribution of British scriptwriters employed by DC and then by Vertigo from the 1980s onwards. Theise creators played a tremendous role, both at the time of Vertigo's founding by editor Karen Berger and at a later date, as the imprint gathered widespread recognition. The genesis of the Vertigo imprint sheds light on the so-called “British Invasion”, that is to say the appearance within the American industry of several UK-based creators working for DC Comics. Spearheaded by Alan Moore, the “invasion” brought to the fore many of the most important scriptwriters of years to come, such as Grant Morrison and Neil Gaiman, whose Sandman series has been described as a major landmark in the recognition of the medium. Existing criticism regarding Vertigo tends to focus on the body of work produced by British authors, without necessarily discussing their national specificity. My goal is therefore double; on the one hand, I intend to write a history of the label as the producer of a specific media culture that belongs to a given socio-historical context and is grounded in the practices and representations of the field's actors (producers and consumers in a broad sense). On the other hand, the awareness of the context in which the books are produced shall allow me to interrogate the imprint's poetics, thus identifying the specificity of a “British school of writing” within the comics mainstream industry.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-01T11:32:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Catarina Santilli.pdf: 5124968 bytes, checksum: 853c02ce314ebf3095abfe8148ec5c20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T11:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Catarina Santilli.pdf: 5124968 bytes, checksum: 853c02ce314ebf3095abfe8148ec5c20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / According to Jerusa Pires Ferreira’ studies, popular myths and tales always had a great role in the storage and transmission of elements of a culture. However, due to parents' lack of time, there is no longer a tradition of telling stories to children, and the main sources of these stories end up being the audio-visual animations shown on children's channels or on internet video sites. The problem is, as Norval Baitello Júnior and Vicente Romano noticed, more and more people relate to media images and stop being connected with other bodies, which can decrease sensitivity to deal with others. This becomes more alarming when we realize the contents produced for children, who are in a formation phase, in which they most need affection. From a research by Jo Groebel, it was noticed that children turn to media heroes as role models to help them cope with difficult situations. However, many of these heroes resolve their conflicts aggressively, and pass on the message that there are bad people who should be eliminated, which often generates tension and anxiety. From there, this research has an interest to study how a children's audiovisual narrative can treat love in a way that sensitizes the child to the other and to the important gestures in human bonding. In this case, love is understood as a personal bond that unites one human being to another. For this purpose, the animation Sakura Card Captors was chosen as the study corpus. It is a Japanese children's cartoon, appeared in Brazil in the early 2000s, and it was very successful among the public. It is a narrative that explores a great variety of affective bonds between the characters, in many scenes of banal moments, but in which the small gestures used to deal with the others are perceptible. Starting from the works of the ethologists Boris Cyrulnik and Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt about love, and from the studies of the infant psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim on narratives for children, this research intends to throw a phenomenological view on the object, making an analysis of the narrative from the links between the characters. The intention is to check the types of love present in the cartoon, according to the classification of affective systems made by Harry Harlow, and to observe how the characters affect each other during the story. It was interesting to note that the animation is able to explore a series of bonds that children form during their lives, emphasizing some daily life details important to the connection with people and the world / Segundo os estudos da Prof.ª Dr.ª Jerusa Pires Ferreira, percebe-se que os mitos e contos populares sempre tiveram um grande papel no armazenamento e na transmissão de elementos de uma cultura. Contudo, com a falta de tempo dos pais, há uma perda da tradição de se contar histórias para os filhos, e as principais fontes de narrativas para as crianças acabam sendo as animações audiovisuais, exibidas em canais infantis ou em sites de vídeo da Internet. O problema é que cada vez mais as pessoas se relacionam com imagens midiáticas e menos se vinculam a outros corpos, o que pode diminuir a sensibilidade no trato com o outro, como alertam Norval Baitello Júnior e Vicente Romano. Isso se torna mais preocupante quando se pensa nos conteúdos produzidos para as crianças, que estão em fase de formação, em que mais precisam de afeto. Pelas pesquisas realizadas por Jo Groebel, foi possível notar que as crianças recorrem aos heróis da mídia como modelos que as auxiliam a lidar com situações difíceis. No entanto, muitos desses heróis resolvem seus conflitos de forma agressiva e passam a mensagem de que existem pessoas más que devem ser eliminadas, o que costuma gerar tensão e ansiedade. A partir daí, a pesquisa buscou estudar como uma narrativa audiovisual infantil, ao invés de estimular a agressão, pode fomentar o amor. Nesse caso, o amor é entendido como vínculo afetivo que une um ser humano ao outro. Ou seja, a proposta foi estudar como uma animação pode tratar o amor de forma que sensibilize a criança ao outro e aos gestos importantes na relação humana. Para tal foi escolhida como corpus de estudo a animação Sakura Card Captors, uma série japonesa infantil, exibida no Brasil no início dos anos 2000 e que teve muito sucesso entre o público. Trata-se de uma narrativa que explora uma grande variedade de vínculos afetivos entre as personagens, em muitas cenas de momentos banais, mas nas quais são perceptíveis os pequenos gestos utilizados no trato com o próximo. Partindo das obras dos etólogos Bóris Cyrulnik e Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt sobre o amor e dos estudos do psicanalista infantil Bruno Bettelheim sobre narrativas para crianças, a pesquisa lançou um olhar fenomenológico sobre o objeto, realizando uma análise da narrativa a partir dos vínculos entre as personagens. A intenção foi verificar os tipos de amor presentes no desenho, de acordo com a classificação de sistemas afetivos feita por Harry Harlow, e observar como as personagens se afetam durante a história. Foi interessante notar que a animação consegue explorar diversos vínculos que a criança forma durante a vida, dando ênfase a detalhes do cotidiano importantes para se conectar às pessoas e ao mundo

The aim of this thesis was to examine how the media representation of elite skiers Anna Holmlund and Thomas Fogdö was altered following their accidents resulting in disabilities. In order to examine this a critical discourse analysis was performed on 16 newspaper articles from Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter, Göteborgs-posten, Sundsvalls Tidning and Aftonbladet, out of which eight of them had been published before the skiers respective accidents and the other eight afterwards. The results showed that swedish newspapers shifted their focus from how the skiers performed in competitions prior to their accidents to how their bodies functioned and how they would perform everyday tasks following the accidents. We found that this would distance Holmlund and Fogdö, representing them as deviants when compared to non-disabled people. In contrast to this we found that Holmlund and Fogdö would be allowed to talk about or show their lives and bodies in great detail. This would seem to function as a way of teaching non-disabled people of what it’s like to live with a disability. Through this Holmlund and Fogdö were represented as ambassadors for the disabled collective. We also found that there was a risk of objectification which would increase in connection with a decrease in Holmlund and Fogdö’s represented ability to communicate and function as a non-disabled person does. This also appears to increase the risk of having one’s voice excluded by other people talking in one’s place.

Literary criticism has attacked more than once the romantic historical novel condemning it because it was presenting both at a time historical events and historical fiction, what was, according to some critics, encroaching upon the verisimilitude of the historical facts introduced in this kind of novel as well as diminishing the quality of the fictional story while hindering the process of creativity of the writers. Of course, the historical Spanish novel has also suffered from these pessimistic judgements, but it has been accused too of being in no way original for it was taken mainly as an imitation of Scott's works. We do not share this opinion, however, and think on the contrary that Spain has produced great historical fictions which are original from the standpoint of their plots and their characters. / In the first part of this thesis we will show how the Spanish hero of the historical, romantic novel is far from the model of hero typically depicted by Scott. The main objective of this study will be to define the entity or the masculine Spanish protagonist of the genre in question. For this purpose, we will compare three protagonists, Usdrobal, Macias and Jimeno, from three chosen Spanish novels, between each other and with other secondary characters, especially with their antagonists. The physical and moral aspects will be particularly underlined as we examine, for example, Lavater's science and, at the same, time, the actions, reactions and attitudes of these protagonists. As a result, we will be able to establish their profile and personality. Parallels will also be made, whenever useful, with other significant Spanish and European characters. In this analysis it will be made clear that these romantic beings who suffer terribly throughout their lives are vulnerable and original in opposition to both the traditional and the Scottian heroes.

I processi di digitalizzazione e convergenza hanno avuto un forte impatto sulle modalità di produzione, distribuzione e fruizione dei contenuti audiovisivi. Ma tale impatto non si è limitato ai suddetti ambiti. Fenomeni come il transmedia storytelling, le narrazioni distribuite, l’intertestualità, l’ibridazione delle forme discorsive, l’integrazione di elementi di game-playing all’interno di strutture narrative tradizionalmente lineari, e la crescente rilevanza del world-building all’interno del processo creativo di una storia dimostrano che il cambio di paradigma non sta avvenendo solo a livello delle strutture economiche, produttive e comunicative, ma anche a livello narratologico. Scopo di questa ricerca è mappare tale cambio di paradigma, approfondendo in modo particolare l’emergere delle forme narrative transmediali. / The processes of digitalization and media convergence have had a major impact on the procedures of production, distribution and reception of audiovisual content. However, the impact has not been limited to those areas. The emergence of cultural phenomena such as transmedia storytelling, distributed narratives, intertextuality, the hybridization of forms of discourse, the integration of elements of game-playing within the traditionally linear narrative structures, and the growing importance of world-building within the story development process attest that the paradigm shift is not only occurring at an economical, industrial and communicational level, but also at a narratological one. The aim of this research is to map this paradigm shift, with particular focus on the emergence of transmedia narrative forms.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cambridge University, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 364-390 (2nd group)).