Studien syftar till att undersöka sambandet mellan tal och gester utifrån lärares resonemang och språkbruk i klassrummet. Studien utgår från ett förkroppsligande perspektiv där begreppen deiktiska gester, metaforiska gester, ikoniska gester och rytmiska gester återfinns. Begreppen är hämtade från McNeills (1992) indelning av gester i olika kategorier. För insamling av data användes ostrukturerad observation och semistrukturerad intervju. Resultatet från observationerna visade att deiktiska rörelser, främst att peka mot tavlan, var den mest förekommande gesten hos lärarna och de rytmiska gesterna förekom inte alls. De näst mest förekommande gesterna var metaforiska gester som symboliserar en abstrakt idé, någon handling som utförs. Genom intervjuerna framkom att lärarna ansåg det viktigt att använda gester i undervisningen. Studiens didaktiska implikation blir att gesterna tillför liv och rörelse i undervisningen och är en bra hjälp för att förtydliga ord och begrepp både för elever med svenska som första språk och elever med svenska som andraspråk. Av studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att gester och verbal kommunikation är en användbar kombination i undervisningen för att eleverna ska ta till sig budskapet.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem großen Oberthema der Ikonizität und ihrer Verbreitung auf verschiedenen linguistischen Ebenen. Ikonizität bezeichnet die Ähnlichkeit zwischen der sprachlichen Form und ihrer Bedeutung (vgl. Perniss und Vigliocco, 2014). So wie eine Skulptur einem Objekt oder einer Person ähnelt, kann auch der Klang oder die Form von Wörtern der Sache ähneln, auf die sie verweisen. Frühere theoretische Ansätze betonen, dass die Arbitrarität von sprachlichen Zeichen und deren Bedeutung ein Hauptmerkmal menschlicher Sprache ist und Ikonizität für die Sprachevolution eine Rolle gespielt haben mag, jedoch in der heutigen Sprache zu vernachlässigen ist. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Hauptanliegen dieser Arbeit, das Potenzial und die Bedeutung von Ikonizität in der heutigen Sprache zu untersuchen. Die einzelnen Kapitel der Dissertation können als separate Teile betrachtet werden, die in ihrer Gesamtheit das umfassende Spektrum der Ikonizität sichtbar machen. Von der sprachevolutionären Debatte ausgehend wird in den einzelnen Kapiteln auf die unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Ikonizität eingegangen. Es werden experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Lautsymbolik, am Beispiel der deutschen Pokémon-Namen, zur ikonischen Prosodie und zu ikonischen Wörtern, den sogenannten Ideophonen, vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Untersuchungen deuten auf die weite Verbreitung der Ikonizität im heutigen Deutsch hin. Darüber hinaus entschlüsselt diese Dissertation das kommunikative Potenzial der Ikonizität als eine Kraft, die nicht nur die Entstehung der Sprache ermöglichte, sondern auch nach Jahrtausenden bestehen bleibt, sich immer wieder neu entfaltet und uns tagtäglich in mündlicher, schriftlicher Form und in Gesten begegnet. / This dissertation is concerned with the major theme of iconicity and its prevalence on different linguistic levels. Iconicity refers to a resemblance between the linguistic form and the meaning of a referent (cf. Perniss and Vigliocco, 2014). Just like a sculpture resembles an object or a model, so can the sound or shape of words resemble the thing they refer to. Previous theoretical approaches emphasize that arbitrariness of the linguistic sign is one of the main features of human language; iconicity, however, may have played a role for language evolution, but is negligible in contemporary language. In contrast, the main point of this thesis is to explore the potential and the importance of iconicity in the language nowadays. The individual chapters of the dissertation can be viewed as separate parts that, taken together, reveal the comprehensive spectrum of iconicity. Starting from the language evolutionary debate, the individual chapters address iconicity on different linguistic levels. I present experimental evidence on sound symbolism, using the example of German Pokémon names, on iconic prosody, and on iconic words, the so-called ideophones. The results of the individual investigations point to the widespread use of iconicity in contemporary German. Moreover, this dissertation deciphers the communicative potential of iconicity as a force that not only enabled the emergence of language, but also persists after millennia, unfolding again and again and encountering us every day in speech, writing, and gestures.

Social learning has given us insight into how children learn actions from others across different domains (e.g., actions on objects, pretend play, and tool use). However, little research exists to confirm whether young children can generate their own novel actions. Three different settings were chosen to offer a varied investigation of children’s ability to generate novel actions: generating multiple actions with novel objects; generating iconic gestures in order to communicate; and generating pretend actions using object substitution. Generating multiple actions with novel objects: The Unusual Box test was developed to investigate children’s ability to generate multiple actions with novel objects (Chapter 2). The Unusual Box test involves children playing with a wooden box that contains many different features (e.g., rings, stairs, strings), and five novel objects. The number of different actions performed on the box and with the objects (i.e., fluency) was used as a measure of their individual learning. Positive correlations between the fluency scores of 24 3- and 4-year-olds on the Unusual Box test and two existing measures of divergent thinking were found. Divergent thinking relates to the ability to think of multiple answers based on one premise. Furthermore, a large range of fluency scores indicated individual differences in children’s ability to generate multiple actions with novel objects. In addition, 16 2-year-olds were assessed on the Unusual Box test, twice two weeks apart, to investigate test-retest reliability and the possibility that the Unusual Box test could be used with children younger than 3 years. A strong positive correlation between the scores on the two assessments showed high test-retest reliability, while individual differences in fluency scores and the absence of a floor effect indicated that the Unusual Box test was usable in children from 2 years of age. Generating iconic gestures in order to communicate: Children’s ability to generate iconic gestures in order to communicate was assessed using a game to request stickers from an experimenter (N = 20, Chapter 3). In order to get a sticker children had to communicate to the experimenter which out of two objects they wanted (only one object had a sticker attached to it). Children’s use of speech or pointing was ineffective; therefore only generating an iconic gesture was sufficient to retrieve the sticker. Children generated a correct iconic gesture on 71% of the trials. These findings indicate that children generate their own iconic gestures in order to communicate; and that they understand the representational nature of iconic gestures, and use this in their own generation of iconic gestures. Generating pretend actions using object substitution: In order to determine whether children are able to generate their own object substitution actions and understand the representational nature of these actions, 45 3- and 4-year-olds were familiarized with the goal of a task through modelling actions. Children distinguished between the intentions of an experimenter to pretend, or try and perform a correct action. Children mainly imitated the pretend actions, while correcting the trying actions. Next, children were presented with objects for which they had to generate their own object substitution actions without being shown a model. When children had previously been shown pretend actions, children generated their own object substitution actions. This indicates that children generate their own object substitution actions, and that they understand the representational nature of these actions. An additional study with 34 3-year-olds, revealed no significant correlations between divergent thinking, inhibitory control, or children’s object substitution in a free play setting, and children’s ability to generate object substitution actions in the experimental setting.

Mon mémoire de recherche-création se divise en deux volets. Le premier volet est une partie théorique qui est partagée en trois parties. Dans l’introduction, je parle de la figure iconique que renvoie l’image de « Che » Guevara. Dans la première partie, je fais une distinction entre une révolution et une révolte. Ensuite, je fais un résumé de différents ouvrages concernant les groupes contestataires dans la littérature québécoise et comment les auteurs ont parlé de révolte et d’identité plutôt que de faire un portrait du révolutionnaire québécois. Parallèlement, je démontre comment le cinéma québécois a dépeint les révolutionnaires, soit de manière ironique et cynique, soit en démontrant le côté humain et héroïque des contestataires. Dans la deuxième partie, j’explique pourquoi j’ai décidé de faire un film documentaire sur les figures de la révolution au Québec. Je parle de mes choix esthétiques, du choix des intervenants, de la voix au cinéma et de la puissance des archives. Mon film documentaire traite spécifiquement de la question des figures contestataires et est complémentaire du mémoire écrit. Dans mon film, j’essaie surtout de démontrer s’il existe des figures contestataires iconiques québécoises qui renvoient à l’idée de la révolution, comme la célèbre image et l’individu qu’était Ernesto « Che » Guevara. Puisqu’il a inspiré des générations de contestataires dont ceux du Québec dans les années 1960 et 1970, quelles personnalités québécoises peuvent être identifiées comme étant des icônes de la révolution? / My research-creation master`s thesis is divided in two sections. The first section is theoretical and is separated into three parts. In the Introduction, I describe the iconic image that "Che" Guevara’s represents. In the first part, I make the distinction between a revolution and a riot. Furthermore, I make a summary of several books on protest groups in Québec literature and how the authors write mostly on rebellion and identity rather that portray a revolutionary portrait of Québec. Meanwhile, I demonstrate how revolutionaries have been presented by Quebec cinematographers, either with irony and cynicism, or, as heroic protesters with a degree of humanity. In the second part, I explain the reason why I decided to make a documentary film about the figures of revolution in Quebec. I address my aesthetic choices, as well as the choice of speakers, the strength of voice in cinema, and the power of archives. My documentary film that lasts about fifty minutes specifically addresses the issue of protest figures and is complementary to my written thesis. The main purpose of my film is to demonstrate that there are Québec iconic protesting actors with revolutionary ideas that exist at the same level as the famous image and individual that was Ernesto “Che” Guevara. He has inspired generations of revolutionaries, including many in Quebec in the sixties and seventies. Can we identify some Quebecers as revolutionary icons?

Qu’est-ce qu’un héros de bande dessinée ? Comment fonctionne-t-il ? Pourquoi est-il ainsi ? Ce sont là les trois questions principales que nous entendons traiter dans les pages de cette thèse. C’est principalement l’étude de la relation entre le lecteur et le héros qui va nous permettre de répondre. Cette relation, nous la nommons identification, elle est à la fois reconnaissance et projection. C’est dans ce double mouvement – du héros vers le lecteur, du lecteur vers le héros – que nous trouverons notre objet. Notre cheminement nous amènera à définir le héros tant de façon diachronique, en nous attardant sur son origine et son évolution historique (avec une attention particulière pour les productions et les réflexions de Rodolphe Töpffer), que de façon synchronique en le comparant aux héros d’autres médiums. Définissant le héros par son fonctionnement identificatoire, nous étudierons celui-ci en analysant les stratégies graphiques mises en œuvre par les auteurs de bandes dessinées pour que celui-ci se produise. Cela nous permettra enfin de tirer des conclusions esthétiques et éthiques de ce fonctionnement, et de préciser la nature de l’expérience de la bande dessinée. Ce travail de recherche fera donc appel, pour être mené à bien, à des outils provenant des domaines variés que sont l’analyse plastique, la sémiologie, l’esthétique, la philosophie, les études littéraires, etc. / What is a comic book hero? How does it work? Why is it so? These are the three main issues that we intend to cover in the pages of this thesis. This is mainly the study of the relationship between the reader and the hero that will allow us to respond. This relationship, we call identification, it is both recognition and projection. It is in this double movement - the hero to the reader, the reader to the hero - that we find our purpose. Our journey will take us to define the hero so diachronically, but to focus on its origin and historical development (with particular attention to the production and reflections Rodolphe Töpffer) as synchronically by comparing the heroes of other mediums. Defining the hero by identificatory function, we will study it by analyzing the graphic strategies implemented by the authors of comics for it to happen. This will allow us finally to draw aesthetic and ethical conclusions of this operation, and to specify the nature of the experience of the comic. This research will therefore appeal to be completed, tools from various fields such as plastic analysis, semiotics, aesthetics, philosophy, literary studies, etc.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silas Cardoso2.pdf: 1303036 bytes, checksum: 6bfbab99f1aee463f9c257e694559274 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research aims the Torah as an aniconic cultic object in the postexilic, revealing its ritualistic face in the Ancient Israel worship. It is proposed that the centralization of Torah in the Second Temple Period will be an ideological and macrostructural construction i.e., an invented tradition of the post-exilic priesthood that aims to unify the nation that rebuild itself. For that analysis, three cuts related to the question are persecuted: (1) the cult materiality in its continuities and ruptures with the pre-exilic Israelite religion, from the material culture and biblical analysis of four central cultic objects presented in the Deuteronomistic History, bamah, massebah, Asherah and Ark; (2) the redactional practices that defend the Torah centralization that inspires in the other cults of Ancient Israel, especially observed in the exegetical analysis of Ps 19, one of the major Torah Psalms of the Hebrew salter; (3) the canonical texts editing that was legitimator retroprojected visions of the posterior and centralized vision of Torah, from the creation of a text materiality typology, from the exegetical analysis of the texts. With that environment we propose a model of four instances of construction of post-exilic aniconism, centralized on Torah and reaching the different layers from judahite religion. / A pesquisa trabalha a Torá como objeto de culto anicônico no pósexílio, apresentando sua face ritualística no culto do Israel Antigo. É proposto que a centralização da Torá no período do Segundo Templo seria uma construção ideológica macroestrutural i.e., uma tradição inventada do grupo sacerdotal pós-exílico em vista de unificar a nação que se reconstruía e reconfigurava. Para tal análise, observam- se três recortes distintos ligados à questão: (1) a materialidade do culto em suas continuidades e rupturas com a religião israelita pré-exílica, a partir da análise da cultura material e da análise da literatura bíblica de quatro objetos cúlticos centrais da OHD, bamah, massebah, Asherá e arca; (2) as práticas redacionais que advogavam a centralização da Torá com inspiração nos demais cultos e concepções do divino no Antigo Israel, especialmente observada na análise exegética do Sl 19, como um dos principais Salmos da Torá que teriam sido produzidos no período para promulgar a nova prática; e (3) a editoração dos diversos textos canônicos que teriam sido retroprojeções legitimadores da visão posterior centralizadora da Torá, através da criação de uma tipologia da materialidade dos textos e da Torá advinda da análise exegética de diversos textos. Com tal panorama, sob pesquisa exegética de orientação histórico-crítica, é proposto um modelo de quatro instâncias de construção do aniconismo pós-exílico, centralizado na Torá e atingindo as diferentes camadas da religião judaíta.

Denna magisteruppsats är baserad på översättningen av de två första kapitlen i ungdomsboken Goggle-Eyes (1989) av den brittiska författaren Anne Fine. Uppsatsen undersöker effekterna av en främmandegörande översättningsstrategi med utgångspunkt i Antoine Bermans negativa analysverktyg och med avseende på undvikandet av förlust av ikoniska och klangfulla ord och förlust av uttryck och idiom inklusive namn. Analysen visar att det i många fall är möjligt att bevara ikoniska och klangfulla ord vid översättningen, utan att effekten på måltexten blir främmandegörande, medan bevarandet av uttryck och namn i flera fall kräver förtydliganden för att måltexten ska bli begriplig för målgruppen. / The present study is based on the translation of the first two chapters of Goggle-Eyes, a novel for young teenagers by the british author Anne Fine. The study examines the effects of a foreignizing translation strategy based on Antoine Berman’s negative analytics, concerning avoidance of the loss of sonorous and iconic terms and expressions and idioms. The analysis suggests that in many cases it is possible to keep sonorous and iconic terms in translation without creating a foreignizing effect that could make reading difficult for young readers. However, the keeping of expressions and idioms in many cases calls for clarification in order to create a target text that is understandable for the target group.

I detta arbete används ett normkritiskt perspektiv för att undersöka mångfalden som presenteras ur ett urval bilderböcker publicerade mellan år 2016-2021. Arbetet kommer fokusera på några av de normer som bilderboken presenterar gällande bland annat genus, funktionsvariationer och kultur.  Vidare kommer bilderbokens multimodala kommunikationssätt att analyseras utifrån metodansatsen semiotisk modalitet och vidare granskas genom kvantitativa och kvalitativa analysmetoder. Detta för att belysa textens och illustrationens likvärdighet i den multimodala kommunikationen.  I min process har ett urval på nio böcker tagits fram och kritiskt granskats utifrån normkritiska kriterier och genom både konventionella och ikoniska tecken för att på så sätt skapa en så heltäckande analys som möjligt. Som avslutning presenteras resultatet av denna undersökning där också normer och/eller teman som återkommer, eller inte uppmärksammas, i flera av böckerna tas upp. Vidare belyses vikten av förskolepedagogens förståelse för bilderboken, normkritik och inkludering. Vikt läggs vid att pedagogen själv skall förstå varför regelbundna reflektioner och analyser av materialet förskolan erbjuder barnen bör göras. / This thesis uses a norm-critical perspective to highlight the diversity presented from a selection of picture books published by swedish authors between the years 2016-2021. The work will focus on some of the norms that the picture book presents regarding, among other things, gender, functional variations and culture Furthermore, the picture book's multimodal communication method will be analyzed on the basis of the method approach semiotic modality and further examined through quantitative and qualitative analysis methods. This is to highlight the importance of the text and the equivalence of the illustration in the multimodal communication. In my process, a selection of nine books has been selected and critically examined on the basis of norm-critical criteria and through both conventional and iconic signs in order to create as comprehensive an analysis as possible. In conclusion the results of this study are presented where norms and/or themes that recur, or are not noticed, are also addressed in several of the books. Furthermore, the importance of the preschool educator's understanding of the picture book, norm criticism and inclusion is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the educators understanding why regular reflections and analyzes of the material the preschool offers the children should be made.

La présente thèse en histoire visuelle réinvestit la photographie surréaliste parisienne de l’entre-deux-guerres, afin de démontrer le rôle moteur des dispositifs de la revue et de la publicité dans la production et la diffusion de la photographie entre 1929 et 1936. Au cours d’une période que nous nommons la « seconde naissance de la photographie », nous établissons une articulation inédite entre les stratégies de diffusion de la photographie dans le contexte des revues surréalistes et les logiques spectaculaires régissant la circulation intensifiée des images à travers les médias imprimés. Notre argument s’appuie sur la notion de concurrence, que nous élaborons en construisant une approche pragmatique et énergétique fondée sur les théories dites de la vie des images (W. J. T. Mitchell entre autres), la conceptualisation du dispositif pulsionnel par Jean-François Lyotard et les études intermédiales qui se formulent autour du Centre de Recherches sur l’Intermédialité (arts, lettres, techniques). Suivant un principe microhistorique, le parcours de la thèse se construit à travers une série d’études de cas qui mettent en jeu des configurations variées entre la photographie, le surréalisme, la revue et la publicité. Nous offrons des analyses détaillées de la revue Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution (1930–1933), des premières années de publication de Minotaure (1933–1935), ainsi que de l’album Électricité (1931), commande publicitaire réalisée par Man Ray, et des projets publicitaires pour Pétrole Hahn (1933–1935) du studio Kéfer-Dora Maar. L’étude de ce corpus ciblé éclaire les relations médiales qui définissent la vitalité des images photographiques dans un contexte de profusion visuelle intensifiée. En proposant de nouveaux outils conceptuels pour l’interprétation des séquences visuelles et des trajectoires d’images, la thèse contribue à l’avancement des études visuelles, en particulier les recherches sur les revues et les modes de diffusion de l’image photographique. L’histoire de la photographie surréaliste que nous restituons dans l’optique nouvelle d’une énergétique des images démontre également la pertinence de réévaluer les avant-gardes historiques à la lumière d’innovations méthodologiques. / This thesis in visual history revisits Surrealist photography from interwar Paris in order to demonstrate the role of periodicals and advertising as agents (dispositifs) of photographic production and dissemination between 1929 and 1936. During a period which I refer to as the “second birth of photography,” I identify a previously overlooked relationship between the dissemination strategies used for photography in periodicals produced in the Surrealist context and the logics of the spectacle that governed the intensified circulation of images through print media. To explore this relationship, I draw upon the concept of competition (concurrence), which I elaborate by way of a pragmatic and energetic approach inspired by theories of the “iconic turn” (such as W. J. T. Mitchell’s), by Jean-François Lyotard’s idea of the dispositif, and by intermedial studies of the kind practiced by the Centre de Recherches sur l’Intermédialité (arts, lettres, techniques). Adopting the tenets of microhistory, this thesis is structured around a series of case studies involving varied configurations between photography, Surrealism, the periodical and advertising. I offer close readings of the Surrealist periodical Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution (1930–1933), the first publication years of Minotaure (1933–1935), as well as the Électricité portfolio (1931), an advertising commission completed by Man Ray, and the advertising projects for Pétrole Hahn (1933–1935) produced by the Kéfer-Dora Maar studio. My analysis of this carefully chosen body of works sheds new light on the medial relations shaping the vitality of photographic images in the context of an intense visual proliferation. By proposing new conceptual tools to interpret visual sequences and image circulation, the thesis contributes to current conversations in visual studies regarding periodicals and the dissemination of photographs. The history of Surrealist photography I offer, with its novel concern for the energetics of images, also demonstrates the value of continuing to re-evaluate historical avant-gardes in the light of methodological innovations.