Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa hos personer är idag ett växande problem runt om i världen. Samsjuklighet inom patientgruppen är vanligt förekommande, vilket resulterar till utmaningar för sjuksköterskor inom somatisk vård.  Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda vuxna patienter med psykisk ohälsa inom somatisk vård.   Metod: En litteraturöversikt av kvalitativ induktiv design.  Resultatet är sammanställt av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som har analyserats med stöd av Fribergs femstegsmodell.   Resultat: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter är att de erhåller för lite kunskaper om psykisk ohälsa, vilket skapar känslor av rädsla och osäkerhet i möten med patienter med psykisk ohälsa. Sjuksköterskor upplever att patientgruppen upptar en tid som inte den somatiska vården kan erbjuda. En vilja av att vårda och ge stöd finns, dock upplever sjuksköterskor att okunskap begränsar skapandet av goda vårdrelationer med patienter med psykisk ohälsa.  Slutsatser: Erhåller sjuksköterskor utbildning om psykisk ohälsa kommer kunskaper om ämnet öka vilket leder till minskad rädsla och osäkerhet. Förutsättningar för goda vårdrelationer uppstår och patienter med psykisk ohälsa får en rättvis vård. / Background: Mental illness among people today is a growing problem around the world.Co-morbidity in the patient group is common, which results in challenges for nurses in somatic care. Aim: To shed light on nurses’ experiences of caring for adult patients with mental illness in somatic care. Method: A literature overview of qualitative inductive design. The results are compiled from 12 scientific articles that have been analyzed with the support of Friberg’s five-step model. Result: Nurses’ experiences are that they gain too little knowledge about mental illness, which creates feelings of fear and insecurity in meetings with patients with mental illness. Nurses experience that the patient group occupies a time that somatic care cannot offer. There is a willingness to care and provide support, however, nurses feel that their ignorance limits the creation of good relationships with patients with mental illness. Conclusion: If nurses receive more education on mental illnesses, knowledge of the subject will increase, which leads to reduced fear and insecurity. Conditions for good care and relationships arise and patients with mental illness receive fair care.

This paper concerns the issue of ignorance about values, and how to best deal with it.I try to find out what we ought to do when we are ignorant of what it is valuable topromote. The proposed solution is an indirect system of “provisional values”, builtaround three goals that are likely to increase our chances of achieving real value,should such a thing be possible.These three provisional goals the system gives us are as follows: knowledge,optionality, and diversity.Knowledge is the traditional way of trying to relieve our ignorance and has beenthe focus of most philosophizing about value.Optionality means having options, or the power to act differently. This is likelyto become important should we ever discover what it is actually valuable to do.Finally, diversity is simply the idea that, not knowing what truly is valuable, weshould do as much as possible of everything in the hope that some of it may bevaluable. / Denna uppsats handlar om problemet med vår brist på kunskap om värde och hur manbäst hanterar det. Jag försöker ta reda på vad vi borde göra i situationer där vi ärokunniga om vilka mål som är värdefulla att uppnå. Den lösning som föreslås är ettindirekt system av ”provisoriskt värde”. Detta system är uppbyggt kring tre mål somsannolikt kommer att öka våra chanser att uppnå direkta eller verkliga värden, om ensådan sak skulle vara möjlig. Dessa tre provisoriska mål som systemet ger oss ärföljande: kunskap, optionalitet och mångfald.Kunskap är det traditionella sättet att försöka lindra vår okunnighet, och harvarit fokus för det mesta filosoferandet om värde.Optionalitet innebär att ha alternativ eller makten att agera annorlunda. Dettakommer sannolikt att bli viktigt om vi någonsin upptäcker vad det är värdefullt attgöra.Slutligen är mångfald helt enkelt tanken att om vi inte vet vad som verkligen ärvärdefullt så bör vi göra så mycket som möjligt av allt i hopp om att något av det kanvisa sig värdefullt.

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This essay delves into the question of whether the desire to understand children in their thought process can lead adults into interpret children ́s thoughts through their own worldview. It explores the idea whether it is futile to believe in the possibility of fully understanding and if we could benefit by surrender that notion.  Inspired by Camus ́essay The myth of Sisyfos and Nagel ́s exploration of the subjective nature of experience in What is it like to be a bat? this essay grapples with the concept of absurdity and the question if Camus and Nagels ideas of absurdity can be helpful for adults in their challenge to grasp a child ́s perspective. Through an exploration of absurdity and a critical examination of adult’s belief in their ability to understand children, specifically concept such as child’s perspective in childhood sociology, this essay aims to shed light on the complex relationship between children and, adults emphasizing the importance of humility and recognizing the inherent limitations of whether a human being fully can understand another human being regardless age. Furthermore, the children ́s book Gropen is used to make visible the ideas about how the realities of children and adults are expressed.

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Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei unabhängigen Artikeln in dem Forschungsfeld der Informationsökonomik. Ein wiederkehrendes Motiv in allen drei Artikeln ist die ambivalente Rolle von privater Information. In Kontrast zur klassischen Entscheidungstheorie, in der mehr Informationen Individuen niemals schlechter stellt, analysiere ich drei verschiedene Umgebungen, in denen mehr Konsumenteninformation die Konsumentenrente verringern kann. / This dissertation comprises three independent chapters in the field of information economics. The recurrent theme of all three chapters is the ambiguous role of information: While in standard decision theory additional information enables individuals to weakly increase utility through making better choices, I analyze three di erent environments in which more information to consumers may actually be detrimental to consumer utility.

Modern democracies rest on a foundation of values essential to their prosperity. Two of those values are freedom of speech and political equality. To many, these values appear to coexist effortlessly. However, what this thesis aims to expose are some of the problems that quickly arise when attempts to interpret the values fail. The thesis investigates a specific US Supreme Court ruling called Citizens United. The ruling enabled corporations and unions to use their own treasuries for unlimited independent political expenditures. Previous laws that prohibited such corporate and union expenditures were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court for violating the First Amendment’s right to freedom of speech. The ruling also paved the way for another court ruling in the US called SpeechNow.org. Facilitated by the two court rulings the so called Super PACs and 501(c)(4) organizations could receive and spend unlimited money to expressly support or oppose political candidates and parties in American elections. With an analytical framework consisting of John Rawls’s theories the Veil of Ignorance and the Difference Principle a conclusion concerning Citizens United’s righteousness can be made. The thesis concludes that the Supreme Court based its ruling on a misinterpretation of the value of freedom of speech and that Citizens United resulted in greater political inequality in the US.

Platon problématise un moment philosophique charnière :le coup de force donné par Socrate à la conception de l’expertise. La problématique s’inscrit, d’un point de vue externe, dans un contexte de crise des valeurs de la démocratie athénienne à la fin du Ve siècle, et d’un point de vue interne, dans l’exploitation platonicienne de l’expertise technicienne en vue d’établir une véritable epistèmè, une science-vertu. La souplesse originale de langage à laquelle Platon soumet le champ des trois termes relatifs au savoir, epistèmè, technè et sophia, participe à la problématisation de l’expertise comme mise en condition de ce qui force à penser. Une conception nouvelle de l’expertise émerge de la mise en scène, dans les dialogues de jeunesse, d’une pratique de questionnement et d’examen à laquelle tantôt Socrate se soumet lui-même, tantôt il soumet ses interlocuteurs. Cet angle d’approche tant de l’Apologie que des autres dialogues de jeunesse met en évidence des pratiques d’expertise impliquant un rapport autre à la connaissance qui est révolutionnaire :un examen critique, interrogatif et inventif, empreint de conscience de son ignorance et de souci de soi. La conception de l’expertise réévaluée est exploitée, à trois niveaux de la problématique de la justice traitée dans la République :elle intervient comme levier interrogateur des conceptions traditionnelles et sophistiques de la justice, elle participe à la compréhension de la définition de la justice et elle préside au projet de cité idéale.<p> / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le discernement est traditionnellement rattaché à l’étude de l’élément moral de l’infraction.Sous l’empire du Code pénal de 1810, des fondements de droit naturel sont à l’oeuvre, si bien que le discernement fut défini par emprunt au droit canon comme une aptitude à distinguer le bien du mal. Mais cette acception ne révèle pas la teneur originelle du critère du libre-arbitre :il correspondait à la connaissance de la loi divine dont le droit séculier n’était que le reflet.L’analyse du droit positif laïcisé invite à découvrir l’existence d’une présomption de connaissance de la loi toujours aussi impérative que dans les systèmes de pénalité antiques.Le discernement peut alors être défini comme une conscience réflexive : la connaissance des droits et devoirs reconnus à chaque personne, au sein de statuts juridiques que la prolifération des normes contribue à préciser. Aussi, la culpabilité n’est pas une connaissance de l’illicéité d’un résultat ; elle procède de l’ignorance des prescriptions légales chez celui qui est présumé en connaître l’existence. En procédure pénale, cette présomption devient protectrice des droits du mis en cause. Aucun acte coercitif ne peut être exercé à son encontre s’il n’a été avisé du statut dont il relève. Cette information assure ainsi la finalité rétributive de la peine chez celui qui n’ignore pas les raisons de sa condamnation. En tout état de cause, la soumission des individus au droit pénal est le seul objectif poursuivi en la matière, ce qui nécessite parfois la présence de victimes au procès pénal, à la seule fin de préserver leur foi en son impérativité. / Discernment is traditionally attached to the study of the « moral element » of the offense. Under the influence of the Penal Code of 1810, the foundations of natural law are at work, so that the discernment was defined by canon law as the ability to distinguish good from evil. But this understanding does not reveal the content of the original criterion of free will: it used to correspond to the knowledge of the divine law which secular law was only the reflection. The analysis of positive law secularized invites you to discover the existence of a presumption of knowledge of the law as imperative as it was in the systems of ancient penalty. Discernment can then be defined as a reflexive consciousness: the awareness of rights and obligations identified to each person within legal statutes that the proliferation of standards helps to clarify. Also, guilt is not a knowledge of the wrongfulness of an outcome; it proceeds fromignorance of the legal requirements in the person who is presumed to know of its existence. In criminal proceedings, this presumption becomes protective of the rights of the suspect. No coercive act can be exercised against him if he has not been notified of the status to which he belongs. This information ensures the retributive purpose of punishment, for the one who can’t ignore the reasons for his conviction. In any event, the submission of individuals to the established rules is the only objective of the criminal law, which might imply that it accepts the presence of victims in criminal proceedings, for the sole purpose of preserving their faith in his imperativity.

Whoonga is a relatively new addition into the drug market. The need for this study was prompted by the devastating effects this new arrival has had in the lives of young people addicted to it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whoonga on the learning of affected youth in Kwa-Dabeka Township. This study adopted a qualitative method and employed a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of participants with regard to whoonga use and their learning. Data was collected through purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted, using semi-structured and unstructured questions with the help of an interview guide. Observations were also conducted to collect more data. This was done in the classroom during teaching and learning, as well as outside the classroom during recess. The study employed a social learning theoretical framework on the experiences of participants with regard to the use of whoonga. Four participants from one high school in Kwa-Dabeka Township were involved in the study. Themes that emerged from the study were that all the participants were totally ignorant of what they were getting themselves into before they started using whoonga. Peer pressure, coupled with curiosity made their decision to use whoonga easy. Challenges that participants face now on daily basis are far beyond their young age. The findings have indicated that learning is a situation of near impossibility for the participants. The findings have also depicted a picture of young people who are trapped in a vicious cycle of one of life‟s harshest living conditions in terms of their encounters with parents, school and the communities they come from. Despite their hopes for a brighter future one day, participants see no end in sight for their suffering at the hands of this unforgiving, destructive drug at this point in time. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)