Depuis les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, le mineur est considéré comme un « adulte en devenir ayant des besoins propres ». Ainsi apparaît la notion de minorité. Cette notion influence la construction de la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants en appelant, à l'instar de droit commun, un ensemble de principes directeurs qui correspondent à la minorité et ont pour but la protection des mineurs. Cette justice se forme et fonctionne sur la base des principes directeurs. Ceux-ci constituent ainsi un bloc rationnel et font émerger une autonomie indépendante de la justice pénale des majeurs délinquants. Ces principes directeurs peuvent être classés en deux catégories, l’une relative à l’émergence de principes directeurs spécifiques et l’autre, aux aménagements des principes directeurs de droit commun. Nous pouvons classer les sources de ces principes directeurs en deux catégories. L’une concerne le droit international, l’autre, le droit interne. Pour la source internationale, nous pouvons évoquer la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme et le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques du 16 décembre 1966 (PIDCP) sans pour autant oublier la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant du 26 janvier 1990 (CIDE). S’agissant de la source nationale, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l’enfance délinquante en constitue une, puisque la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants repose actuellement sur cette ordonnance. La jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel en constitue une autre source nationale / Since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the minor is considered as an "adult-to-be with special needs". Thus appears the concept of minority. This concept influences the construction of criminal justice for juvenile delinquents by calling, like common law, a set of guiding principles that correspond to the minority and aim at the protection of minors. This justice is formed and functions on the basis of guiding principles. These thus constitute a rational block and bring out an autonomy independent of the criminal justice of the major delinquents. These guiding principles can be divided into two categories, one relating to the emergence of specific guiding principles and the other to the development of the common law guiding principles. We can classify the sources of these guiding principles into two categories. One concerns international law, the other domestic law. For the International source, we can evoke the Universal declaration of human rights and the International covenant on civil and political rights of December 16, 1966 without forgetting the International convention on the rights of the child of January 26 1990. With regard to the domestic source, the order of 2 February 1945 relating to juvenile delinquency is one, since the criminal justice of juvenile delinquents is currently based on this order. The case law of the Constitutional council is another domestic source

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmem Lucia Sussel Mariano.pdf: 18974824 bytes, checksum: 04d0c2a29777bec2f4f1d56ae57a7607 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This doctoral thesis belongs to the production of Center of Studies of Gender, Race and Age (Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade - NEGRI) of the postgraduate studies program in Social Psyhcology from the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), with the study of the treatment given by Folha de São Paulo newspaper related to contemporaneous legal milestones that establishes rights for children and teenagers: the International Convention on the rights of the Child, from 1989, the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of Children and Teenager (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente), from 1990. The interpretation of Folha s production about these legal milestones is based on national and international academic literature about children and teenager s rights and in 460 journalistic articles, covering the period of 1985 to 2006. Our objective was to propose an interpretation of Folha s treatment to contemporaneous legal milestones based on the concept of ideology proposed by John B. Thompson and the theory of Childhood Social Studies and about the construction of social problems. From a methodology standpoint, this thesis adopted the method developed by Thompson, the hermeneutics of depth, and the content analysis, according to Bardin and Rosenberg s proposal. Based on these studies, we have suggested that Folha s treatment to childhood s legal milestones helped to produce and sustain relationships of domination of adults over children and teenagers, creating on this sense an ideological production. Folha s production about legal milestones, even though in significant quantity, specially related to Statute of Children and Teenager, was seldom focused on informing its readers, prevailing a dramatic narrative e approached, preferably, subjects related to violence, to crime, to risky situation and to deviation / Esta tese integra-se à produção do Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade (NEGRI) do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), com o estudo do tratamento dado pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo aos marcos legais contemporâneos que instituem direitos para crianças e adolescentes: a Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos da Criança, de 1989, a Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), de 1990. A interpretação da produção da Folha sobre esses marcos legais baseou-se na literatura acadêmica nacional e internacional sobre os direitos da criança e do adolescente e em 460 peças jornalísticas coletadas, produzidas entre 1985 e 2006. Nosso objetivo foi propor uma interpretação do tratamento dado pela Folha de S. Paulo aos marcos legais contemporâneos da infância, à luz do conceito de ideologia proposto por John B. Thompson e dos pressupostos teóricos dos campos de Estudos Sociais da Infância e sobre a construção de problemas sociais. No plano metodológico, esta tese adotou o método preconizado por Thompson, a hermenêutica de profundidade, e a análise de conteúdo, conforme proposta por Bardin e Rosemberg. A partir desses aportes, sugerimos que o tratamento da Folha aos marcos legais da infância ajudou a produzir e sustentar relações de dominação de adultos sobre crianças e adolescentes, constituindo, nesse sentido, uma produção ideológica. A produção da Folha sobre os marcos legais, embora de grande volume, em especial em relação ao ECA, pouco se destinou a informar seus leitores. Apreendemos no tratamento dado aos marcos legais o predomínio uma retórica dramática e uma abordagem de temas associados à violência, ao crime, à situação de risco ou ao desvio

This work has the objective analysis about the treatment of the conventionality control laws in the Brazilian and Argentine legal scenario. As we search problem is to analyze what the hierarchy of international human rights treaties entered into both legal systems and, in result, analyze the existence or not of vertical compatibility and material between the laws governing the retirement of people with disabilities in each of these countries on the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Regarding methodology, we chose to use the deductive method of approach, based on the study of the concepts brought by the International Convention, the Brazilian legislation and the Argentine legislation with the aim of achieving the ability to analyze it in everyday cases from the application of conventionality control theories. Still, regarding the method of procedure, because of the need precisely to point out that the similarities and dissimilarities between the domestic laws of each country in relation to international rule. In this way, it was noticed that lies a discrepancy regarding the person of significance with disabilities in each of these standards, since the international treaty brings an extremely broad definition of disabled person in order to seal the right to a large section of society that because of medical, social, educational, vocational, psychological or cultural barriers are outside the social life and the labor market. In contrast to this, Brazilian law restricts the finding of disability to cases of medical and social order, although the Argentine law restricts only to medical disability cases. Such existing conceptual discrepancy between the rules affect too much a large part of society, since, acting in such a way, one is undeniably excluding the legal protection a large portion of society that fails to include socially and professionally because of issues beyond the mere medical or social look. Therefore, it shows extremely important study with the aim of triggering the incompatibility of existing laws can be act to modify the current state of affairs and, by consequence, to include a greater number of individuals in the legislative seal in strict observance of the auspices of the human rights of persons with disabilities / A presente dissertação tem como escopo a análise acerca do tratamento dado ao controle de convencionalidade das leis no cenário jurídico brasileiro e argentino. O problema se pesquisa reside em analisar qual a hierarquia dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos inseridos em ambos os ordenamentos jurídicos e, em virtude disso, analisar a existência, ou não, de compatibilidade vertical e material entre as leis que regulamentam a aposentadoria das pessoas com deficiência em cada um desses países em relação à Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência. No que tange à metodologia empregada, optou-se pela utilização do método de abordagem dedutivo, partindo do estudo dos conceitos trazidos pela Convenção Internacional, pela legislação brasileira e pela legislação argentina com o fito de lograr a possibilidade de analisá-la em casos do cotidiano, a partir da aplicação das teorias do controle de convencionalidade. Ainda, em relação ao método de procedimento, em virtude da necessidade, justamente, de apontar quais as semelhanças e dessemelhanças existentes entre as legislações domésticas de cada país em relação à norma internacional. Nesse propósito, percebeu-se que reside uma discrepância no que tange à significação de pessoa com deficiência em cada uma dessas normas, uma vez que o tratado internacional apresenta um conceito extremamente amplo de pessoa com deficiência, a fim de chancelar o direito de uma grande parcela da sociedade que, em virtude de barreiras de ordem médica, social, educacional, profissional, psicológica ou cultural, se encontram à margem do convívio social e do mercado de trabalho. Em contraponto a isso, a legislação brasileira restringe a constatação da deficiência para casos de ordem médica e social, conquanto a legislação argentina restringe a mesma somente aos casos de deficiência médica. Tal discrepância conceitual existente entre as normas prejudica em demasia uma grande parcela da sociedade, uma vez que, agindo de tal forma, está-se, inegavelmente, excluindo da proteção legal uma grande parcela da sociedade que não consegue se incluir social e profissionalmente em virtude de questões que ultrapassam o mero olhar clínico ou social. Portanto, mostra-se de fundamental importância o estudo, no intuito de, deflagrando a incompatibilidade de leis existentes, possa-se agir no sentido de modificar o atual estado de coisas e, por consequência disso, incluir um maior número de indivíduos na chancela legislativa, em estrita observância aos auspícios dos direitos humanos das pessoas com deficiência.

The following study that is the regulatory settings for a port operator has been conducted with the intention to comprehend and highlight the different regulatory settings appropriate for the sea ports in order to ensure safe, reliable and efficient trade and transportations practices at sea ports. The area of focus of this research work was towards the Baltic Sea region ports where the researcher focused on the evaluating the regulatory settings for four different ports in order to compare and contrast each other with the intention to validate every port follows certain regulations. The researcher with the support of secondary quantitative study with the deductive research approach has intended to answer the problem of this research work. The findings of this study have suggested that different regulations on the basis of the international conventions are strongly considered by the range of ports especially Port of Gdansk, Port of Helsinki, Port of Tallinn and Rostock ports that have examined. Nevertheless, there were also some regulations which not all the ports were following thereby confirming all the ports follow certain regulations which are in accordance with their changing scenarios.

La liberté religieuse est une liberté fondamentale reconnue dans les démocraties. Elle est invoquée devant la Cour européenne par des religions mais aussi par des individus. Les nouveaux cultes et leurs adeptes acquièrent des droits collectifs et individuels plus étendus. En France, des principes fondamentaux conduisent le législateur et le juge à consacrer et garantir le pluralisme religieux : toutes les croyances ont la même valeur. Chacun est libre de pratiquer sa religion en public ou en privé, notamment dans sa famille. Le juge garantit le respect de la conscience de l’individu lorsqu’il est saisi. Mais la libre pratique religieuse des membres de la famille connait certaines limites qui sont purement objectives et non fonction du type d’appartenance religieuse. Pourtant, la perception du phénomène religieux par les autorités n’est pas toujours égalitaire. Le traitement politique, social et judiciaire des religions minoritaires notamment, remet parfois en cause le pluralisme. Si l’appréciation in concreto des situations par le juge est le principe, le manque d’homogénéité de la jurisprudence, qui met en exergue certains préjugés, ajouté aux réticences des juges du droit à contrôler plus avant les motivations des juges du fonds, entament la garantie du pluralisme. Les condamnations de la Cour européenne le montrent. Les difficultés concernent notamment les questions de l’appréciation de la faute, cause de divorce, ou de l’intérêt de l’enfant. La référence à un standard, étalon d’une bonne pratique religieuse, est parfois latente. En la matière, l’analyse souveraine des juges du fond est souvent sacralisée, ce qui peut poser des difficultés, tout comme le manque d’ouverture de certains experts qui rendent des avis qui peuvent, in fine, avoir un impact fort sur le juge. L’absence de pré-majorité religieuse et l’application stricte du principe de laïcité à l’école posent aussi certains problèmes. Les solutions étrangères sont intéressantes sur ces questions. / Religious freedom is a fundamental freedom recognised by democracies. Not only religious groups, but also individuals, bring it up before the European Court. New religious groups and their members are granted more collective and individual rights. In France, fundamental principles bring legislators and judges to define and guarantee religious pluralism: all beliefs are equal. Everyone is free to practice his or her religion in public or in private, especially within the family. Judges referred to guarantee that the individual conscience will be respected. Nevertheless, the free religious practice of family members has objective limits, regardless of the religion one belongs to. Still, the way the authorities view the religious practice is not always the same. The political, social and legal treatment of minority religions in particular puts sometimes religious pluralism in question. Even if usually the judge appreciates situations in concreto, pluralism sometimes fails to be guaranteed due to a lack of homogeneity in the jurisprudence, tainted with prejudice, as well as the reticences of the ordinary judges to check more in depth the motivations of the trial judges. The condemnations of the European Courts are proof to this. The difficulties concern for the most part the appreciation of the fault, cause for divorce, or of the interest of the child. The reference to a standard of good religious practice is sometimes latent. In this matter, the expertise of the trial judges is often considered as sacred, and this can lead to some difficulties, as well as the lack of open-mindness of some experts who give opinions that can, in fine, influence the judge. The absence of religious age pre-majority and the strict application of the principle of secularism at school also pose some problems. Foreign solutions on this matter are interesting.

Cette thèse de caractère pluridisciplinaire traite des progrès de la biologie de la reproduction dans le domaine de l’infertilité face à la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant (CIDE) des Nation-unies. La première partie montre que, en France, il y a conciliation entre l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant et l’assistance médicale à la procréation, encadrée par le triptyque des lois de bioéthique de 1994. La deuxième partie traite des dérives de ces techniques pratiquées à des fins sociétales et non médicales. Des parents intentionnels désireux d’un « enfant à tout prix », puisque la loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de même sexe n’a pas « ouvert » le droit à l’accès de ces techniques de reproduction assistée, se rendent au cours d’un « tourisme procréatif » dans un pays où la maternité de substitution ou gestation pour autrui (GPA) est licite et ont un enfant grâce à une mère de substitution, qui assure la gestation de l’embryon, puis du foetus via une fécondation in vitro. Mais lors du retour en France de l’enfant, eu égard aux articles 16-7 et 16-9 du code civil, se pose le problème de la filiation de l’enfant sans compter sur les risques de la maternité de substitution, d’où l’incompatibilité des techniques de reproduction assistée à des fins sociétales avec la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant, l’adage latin "mater semper certa est" étant la garantie de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant. / This thesis has a plurisdisciplinary approach and deals with the improvements of biology of reproduction in the field of infertility regarding the International Convention on the Rights of the Child of the United Nations (ICRCUN). The first part shows, that in France, there is conciliation between the best interests of the child and the medical assistance to procreation, legalised by the triptych of the bioethics law of 1994. The second part deals with the drifts of those practices used for societal ends and not medical. Intended parents willing to have “a child at all costs”, as the law n° 2013-404 of May 17, 2013 allowing the marriage to couples of the same sex has not “allowed” the right to have access to thoses technics of assisted reproduction, do “procreative tourism” and go to a country in which the surrogate maternity or gestational surrogacy (GS) is legal and have a child thanks to surrogate mother who ensures the gestation of the embryo, and the foetus through an in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, back to France, according to articles 16-7 and 16-9 of the Civil Code, the issue of the filiation of the child arises, without counting on the risks of the surrogate maternity, hence the incompatibility of the methods of assisted reproduction to societal purposes with the International on Rights of the child, the Latin proverb "mater semper certa est" being the guarantee of the best interest of the child.

Le transport maritime par conteneurs est devenu universel compte tenu de son caractère multimodal. Le succès de ce mode de transport est aussi lié à l’implication de plusieurs professionnels tant du monde privé que du monde public. Cependant, le transport de conteneurs constitue un univers de contentieux parfois inconnus. L’usage de ces boîtes fait l’objet de contentieux de nature privé, mais également des contentieux de nature administrative. Bien que des Conventions internationales règlementent le transport maritime en général, l’inadaptation de certaines de ces normes ne facilite pas la résolution de ces contentieux. Et, comme l’administration des douanes est en amont et en aval dans l’exécution du contrat de transport, son intervention ne reste pas sans soulever des contentieux dont la résolution implique deux ordres de juridictions. / The container shipping has become universal because of its multimodal nature. The success of this mean of transport is also linked to the involvement of many professionals from both private and public sectors. However, the container shipping constitutes a field of litigation sometime ignored. The use of these boxes involves not only litigations of private nature but also of administrative nature. Although some international conventions regulate shipping in general, the unsuitability of some of these norms does not help the settlement of these litigations. And, as the customs administration is upstream and downstream involved in the execution of the contract of carriage, its involvement is a source of disputes whose settlement implies two different kinds of courts.

La construction du droit pénal des mineurs délinquants en Haïti a débuté avec le Code pénal de 1826, avant d’évoluer considérablement au XXe siècle. La loi du 16 juillet 1952 va marquer une première étape importante dans le traitement spécifique de la délinquance des mineurs. La loi du 7 septembre 1961 sur le mineur en face de la loi pénale et des tribunaux spéciaux pour enfants, s’inspirant de l’ordonnance française n° 45-174 du 2 février 1945 va ensuite mettre en place ce qui peut être décrit comme un véritable code fondamental de la minorité pénale, démontrant sans conteste la spécificité du droit pénal des mineurs. Cette affirmation d’une réponse pénale spécifique à la délinquance des mineurs, confirmée par l’avant projet du nouveau Code pénal de 2015, caractérise l’évolution du droit pénal des mineurs en Haïti. L’évolution du droit substantiel des mineurs délinquant se caractérise par la mise en place d’une réponse pénale spécifique. Sa spécificité s’affirme tant au niveau des conditions de sa mise en œuvre, à travers les règles de la responsabilité pénale des mineurs, que dans sa nature même, marquée par un objectif éducatif incontestable tout en conservant en parallèle un aspect répressif certain. Au niveau processuel, l’émergence d’une justice pénale des mineurs spécifique en Haïti se traduit par une adaptation des institutions, notamment par la création de juridictions spécifiques, et par l’élaboration de procédures adaptées / The construction of the criminal law of the juvenile offenders in Haiti began with the penal code of 1826, before evolving considerably in the 20th century. The law of July 16, 1952 will mark an important first step in the treatment of the juvenile delinquency. The Act of 7 September 1961 on minors facing criminal charges, inspired by the French ordinance No. 45-174 of 2 february 1945 will then establish what can be described as a real fundamental code of juvenile law, unquestionably demonstrating the specificity of the penal law of the minors. This affirmation of a specific criminal response to juvenile delinquency, confirmed by the preliminary draft of the new penal code of 2015, characterizes the evolution of juvenile justice in Haiti. The evolution of the substantive law of the juvenile delinquent is characterized by the implementation of a specific law response. Its specificity is asserted both in terms of its implementation, through the rules of the criminal responsibility of minors, and in its very nature, marked by a compelling educational goal while maintaining in parallel a certain repressive aspect. At the level of procedural, the emergence of a specific juvenile law in Haiti translates by an adaptation of institutions, especially through the establishment of specific jurisdictions, and the development of procedures that were adapted

De par le monde, les intérêts des personnes travaillant à l’étranger sont tout à la fois méconnus et contestés. Le but de cette étude est de dégager les lignes de force qui sous-tendent, non sans contradictions ni crise la protection de ces personnes. En s’appuyant à la fois sur le droit (interne et international) camerounais et français, la thèse s’attache à démontrer que, nonobstant leur appartenance à des espaces géographiques différents et quel que soit leur niveau dedéveloppement économique, les Etats assurent un traitement juridique semblable aux migrants qui exercent une activité rémunérée sur leur territoire. La démarche d’ensemble de la prise en compte de la situation juridique des travailleursmigrants est caractérisée par le décalage qui existe entre un renforcement normatif de la protection d’une part et une effectivité limité de celle-ci d’autre part. Dans un premier temps, le renforcement du droit se déduit tout d’abord de ladiversité des règles juridiques applicables aux travailleurs migrants et de la dynamique des interactions entre celles-ci.Ensuite, l’affermissement de la protection résulte dune capacité de jouissance et d’exercice de droits par les travailleurs migrants de plus en plus étendue et d’une mise en balance (verticale ou horizontale) relativement harmonieuse desdroits reconnus. Dans un second temps, cette consolidation normative de la protection des travailleurs migrants peine à s’affirmer dans les faits. Cela tient avant tout au fait que les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre des droits des travailleursmigrants sont relativement insatisfaisants et que les acteurs concernés par cette protection sont inégalement impliqués. Le constat d’une effectivité limitée de la protection des travailleurs migrants découle aussi de la diversité des freins à laréalisation des droits des travailleurs migrants et des réformes à envisager dans l’optique d’une meilleure prise en compte des droits de cette catégorie de personnes. Au total, l’étude constitue un bilan particulièrement actuel des forces et des faiblesses (limites) du droit dans ces deux pays, pour autant que soit concerné la sauvegarde des intérêts de cette catégorie fragile de personnes que sont les travailleurs migrants. Elle permet de réaffirmer l’égalité juridique des individus, face à l’inégalité économique criarde des Etats. Ce qui conduit à conclure que, dans le domaine de la protection de l’humain, tous les Etats sont, àdivers degrés, sur un terrain d’apprentissage. C’est dire si le droit est lui-même un enjeu permanent de la protection de l’Homme en général et du travailleur migrant en particulier. / All over the world, the interests of people working abroad are at once unknown and disputed. The purpose of this study is to identify the lines of force behind, not without contradictions crisis or protect these people. Based on French and Cameroon law ( domestic and international ), the thesis seeks to demonstrate that, despite their belonging to different geographical areas and whatever their level of economic development, states provide legal treatment similar to migrants who are gainfully employed in their territory. The overall approach of taking into account the legal status of migrant workers is characterized by the gap between normative strengthening protection on the one hand and limited effectiveness thereof other. At first, strengthening of the law is deduced firstly from the diversity of legal rules applicable to migrant workers and the dynamics of interactions between them. Second, the strengthening of protection results with a capacity of enjoyment and exercise of rights by migrant workers more scope and a balancing (vertical or horizontal) rather harmonious recognized rights. In a second step, this normative consolidation of protection of migrant workers sentence to assert the facts. This is primarily due to the fact that the mechanisms of implementation of the rights of migrant workers are relatively unsatisfactory and that the actors involved in this protection are unequallyinvolved. The finding of limited effectiveness of the protection of migrant workers also stems from the diversity of obstacles to realizing the rights of migrant workers and to consider reforms in the context of a greater consideration of the rights of this category of people. In short, the study is a particularly current assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the law in both countries, so far as is concerned to safeguard the interests of this vulnerable category of people that are migrant workers. It helps to reaffirm the legal equality of individuals facing the screaming economic inequality states. This leads to the conclusion that in the field of protection of human, all states are, to varying degrees, on a training ground. That is,if the law itself is an ongoing issue for the protection of human rights in general and migrant workers in particular.