O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar, analisar e discutir as relações estabelecidas de Stefan Zweig no período de exílio, utilizando sua correspondência entre 1940 e 1942. Grande escritor de cartas, Zweig possui uma vasta correspondência com escritores, intelectuais, editores, amigos e familiares; existem cartas já publicadas, em edições desde a década de 1960, mas muitas ainda encontram-se inéditas em arquivos na Europa, na América do Sul e na América do Norte. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se dividiu em três partes: primeira parte de coleta documental, in loco, em dois arquivos, a citar o Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, localizado na cidade de Marbach a. N., na Alemanha e o Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; a segunda parte foi a leitura das cartas e separação de um primeiro corpus, o qual foi traduzido. Na primeira seleção, foram levados em conta aspectos que pudessem ressaltar as relações de Zweig com escritores e personalidades da época, europeus, norte-americanos e brasileiros, e cujo conteúdo pudesse trazer elementos para posterior análise; e a terceira parte do trabalho constituiu no desenvolvimento da dissertação e a análise em si das cartas, as quais puderam ser separadas em três núcleos temáticos em comum: (i) Zweig entre o Mundo de Ontem e o País do Futuro; (ii) Zweig e a literatura; e (iii) Zweig em seu isolamento. Como base teórica do trabalho foi utilizado um texto escrito por Zweig, Kunst des Briefes, no qual ele discute as características pertinentes ao gênero epistolar e o estatuto literário da carta. Textos teóricos de epistolografia também foram utilizados para dar suporte à base teórica do trabalho. / This work aims to present, analyze and discuss relations established by Stefan Zweig during this exile time, by using his letters between 1940 and 1942. A great letter writer, Zweig has a great number of letters with intellectuals, editors, friends, relatives; there are some letters which have already been published, in editions since 1960s, but there are many that are still unpublished and are kept in archives in Europa, South America and North America. Therefore this work was divided in three parts: the first part was the in loco documental research in two archives e.g. Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, DLA, located in Marbach a. N. city, in Germany and Arquivo da Biblioteca Nacional, BN, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the second part was to read and separate the letters from a first corpus, which was totally translated to Portuguese. On this first selection aspects were taken into account, that could show the relations between Zweig and European, American and Brazilian writers and intellectuals from his epoch, and that had a content which could have brought elements for the afterward analysis; and the third part was composed by the letters analysis itself, which could be separated in three different thematic groups: (i) Zweig between the World of Yesterday and the Land of the Future; (ii) Zweig and the literature; e (iii) Zweig in his own isolation. As theoretical basis a Stefan Zweigs text was used, called Kunst des Briefes, in which he discusses mainly characteristics about the letter genre and the literary status of the letter. Epistolography theoretical texts were also used to support this work.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma seleta de 109 cartas de personalidades da cultura brasileira dirigidas ao jornalista e político paulista Plínio Barreto (1882-1958). A documentação, pertencente à Série Correspondência Passiva do Arquivo Plínio Barreto, no patrimônio do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo, espelha a atividade do crítico nos periódicos O Estado de S. Paulo, Diário de S. Paulo, Revista do Brasil e Revista Nova. As cartas transcritas e anotadas dialogam com os textos de crítica de Plínio Barreto, localizados pela pesquisa e inseridos nesta dissertação. Pretende-se facultar material inédito em livro, criteriosamente editado, visando uma reavaliação do lugar do jornalista no sistema literário brasileiro do século XX. / This dissertation presents a selection of 109 letters of Brazilian cultures figures, addressed to Plínio Barreto (1882-1958), a journalist and politician from São Paulo. The documentation, which belongs to the Série Correspondência Passiva do Arquivo Plínio Barreto, in the patrimony of the Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo, mirrors this reviewers activity in the newspapers O Estado de S. Paulo, Diário de S. Paulo, Revista do Brasil and Revista Nova. The transcribed and remarked letters dialogue with the critique texts of Plínio Barreto, which were found by the research and inserted in this dissertation. The purpose is to empower a criteriously edited material unpublished on books, seeking a reassessment of the journalist\'s position on the Brazilian literary system of the XX century.

Orientador: Isabella Tardin Cardoso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:29:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_FabianaLopesda_M.pdf: 1653353 bytes, checksum: af9e21731548d2e80ab5edeb53ebe1b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As Epístolas Morais a Lucílio, ainda que sejam consideradas por muitos estudiosos umas das mais importantes obras de Sêneca, costumam ser criticadas tanto por, alegadamente, se resumirem a um conjunto de exortações de cunho moral (preceitos), sem maior fundamento doutrinário, quanto por, segundo em geral se supõe, não apresentarem sistematicidade. No entanto, um olhar mais atento à carta 94 e à seguinte, a 95, nos permite notar que o próprio Sêneca chega a tematizar a questão do papel dos preceitos, i.e. do valor da parte da filosofia denominada preceptiva (de ordem prática, regida por praecepta), frente à dogmática (parte da filosofia de ordem teórica, regida por decreta). Para tanto, nessas cartas, o filósofo adota uma forma de argumentação consideravelmente organizada, além de fazer uso regular de certas imagens referentes a decreta e praecepta. Levando isso em conta, e tendo estudado tais aspectos na Ep. 95, nossa investigação da Ep. 94 se dedica à hipótese de que o texto do filósofo apresenta certa sistematicidade, ao menos no que tange à sua argumentação sobre os referidos métodos de ensino filosófico. Uma tradução completa e anotada da Ep. 94 acompanha o nosso estudo / Abstract: Though considered one of the most significant of Seneca's works, scholars sometimes critize the Letters to Lucilius as being nothing but a gathering of moral exhortations (precepts) with no considerable doctrinal basis, or for allegedly not presenting any systematics. However, a more careful reading of the Letter 94 (and the one that follows it, the Letter 95), lets us come to notice that Seneca himself approaches the role of precepts in moral development. The importance of that part of philosophy called praeceptiua as opposed to the dogmatic one is the main subject of these epistles. There, the philosopher develops his arguments quite orderly and makes regular use of imagery in order to refer to both decreta and praecepta. Taking that into account, and having studied the Letter 95 before, this investigation of the Letter 94 focuses on the hypothesis that the philosopher presents systematics of some kind, at least when it comes to his arguments about the methods of philosophical teaching just mentioned. The epistle is translated in full and provided with footnotes / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

The aim of this thesis is to operationalise the concept of other-orientation. Based on an explorative approach, a tentative model for analysing the marks of other-orientation is developed. The model consists of four grammatical and pragmatic categories in language: deixis, speech acts, modality, and evaluative words. The process of finding out the significant marks in each category and develop a model has been an interplay between a thorough linguistic coding, an interpretative, evaluating reading, and abductive reasoning in a step-by-step process. Theoretically the study is based on dialogism. From this perspective, the very fact that human nature is social indicates that other-orientation is a constituent component in every communicative act. For that reason, the challenge has not been to prove that other-orientation exists in texts, but to explore how a text is made interactive, contextual, dynamic and other-oriented by means of grammatical and pragmatic selectives such as words, phrases, and clauses. The data consists of eight personally addressed mass communication letters about everyday matters. Each text has its model reader in a readers’ collective. Consequently the language in the texts is construed to form a dialogue between an in-text writer and reader that share the same context, although the distance between the real writer and reader is crucial. One result of the study is the model as such, another the analyses in which the functions of other-orientation related to the four categories are presented. Moreover, the linguistic analyses show differences between texts and readers’ collectives. Texts aimed at large anonymous collectives generally feature a direct address singular you, a high rate of positive evaluative words, more responsive speech acts, and some more potential modality. In texts aimed at a small familiar collective, there is an "I" or a "we" addressing a collective "you". There are not as many evaluative words but more assertions without any evaluation or modality. When it comes to other-orientation, the categories of deixis and speech acts tend to be of greater importance compared to modality and evaluative words. It makes a difference if you address a reader with a singular or collective "you" and if you choose to interact with responsive speech acts or informative statements. These contrast ways to address a reader are of importance for the construction of genre and say a great deal about other-orientation in texts.

Submitted diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of preserved documents and correspondence of the Duchess of Burgundy Alix of Vergy. The thesis surveys the political and donational pursuit of the duchess during the years 1206-1251 just on the basis of this kind of sources. The thesis analyzes individual documents and letters and subsequently reflects in them the events of the time period and the personality of the Duchess of Burgundy. In the first part are briefly outlined the realities of the burgundian region during this time period and the importance of the reformed orders for the area. Outlined is also the rule of dukes Hugh III. and Odo III. and also the life events of Alix of Vergy from being the wife of Odo III., through being the regent up to the position of mother of the ruling Duke of Burgundy. In the new chapter the thesis outlines the view on the role of medieval women, issue of their rights and disposal of power and free will. In the second part the thesis deals with the analysis of documents and correspondence of Alix of Vergy in particular periods of life. The diploma thesis on the basis of the source reconstructs the extent of her political power, independence and free decision-making throughout her life. Part of the thesis is a comparation of the analysis of the written material of...

This diploma thesis follows up on the bachelor thesis which dealt with the phenomenon of silent letters and which was created by the same author. This bachelor thesis has revealed that Czech learners tend to mispronounce every fifth word containing a silent letter which should be seen as alarming. The diploma thesis therefore tries to find some way how to change this situation. The theoretical part of this thesis focuses on the analysis of various techniques and materials which are concerned with silent letters. In the practical part this materials are adjusted to the needs of the Czech learners in order to create a battery of activities which would cover this area of pronunciation. In the next step these activities will be introduced in English classrooms. In the research we will monitor the progress of the respondents over a larger period of time and assess how effective the created activities are.

Cette thèse porte sur les processus de perception visuelle impliqués dans la reconnaissance des lettres. L’Étude 1 vise à déterminer la fenêtre temporelle à partir de laquelle les lettres sont discriminées. Nos résultats démontrent, en établissant un lien entre potentiels évoqués (PEs) et indices comportementaux, des effets apparaissant vers 100 ms et 220 ms au niveau d’électrodes occipitales droites, que nous lions à des traitements visuels, et un effet apparaissant aux alentours de 170 ms au niveau d’électrodes fronto-centrales, que nous lions à la possible récupération du nom des lettres. L’Étude 2 vise à déterminer jusqu’à quand, lors du processus de reconnaissance des lettres, trouve-t-on des influences de traitements de nature visuelle? Nous comparons les PEs de lettres nominalement similaires, mais visuellement dissimilaires (variant selon la casse), et nos résultats indiquent des influences visuelles toujours à l’œuvre aux alentours de 300 ms. L’Étude 3 vise à mettre en évidence les aires cérébrales impliquées dans la récupération du nom des lettres, révélées en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), mais également les effets induits par cette récupération sur les PEs. Nous utilisons un paradigme d’apprentissage de symboles inconnus, durant lequel nous induisons une gradation dans la capacité des participants à pouvoir récupérer le nom des symboles. Cette gradation est alors utilisée comme marqueur de récupération du nom des symboles au niveau des PEs et des images fonctionnelles. Nous démontrons une covariation avec la gradation induite aux alentours de 200 ms sur les PEs, et au niveau du gyrus fusiforme et d’aires temporales gauches en IRMf. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate visual perception processes involved in recognizing letters. Study 1 aims at determining the time window during which letters are discriminated. Our results linking event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures, indicate effects occurring around 100 ms and 220 ms on right occipital electrodes as reflecting visual processing, while we assume that an effect occurring around 170 ms on fronto-central electrodes might be functionally linked to the retrieval of letter names.Study 2 aims at determining until when, along the process of letter recognition, influences of visual processing are observed. We compare ERPs associated with nominally similar but visually dissimilar letters (by varying the case of presentation), and our results indicate that visual influences are still active until around 300 ms. Study 3 aims at highlighting both the brain areas involved in the retrieval of letter names, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and the effects induced by this retrieval on ERPs. We use a learning paradigm of unknown visual symbols, in which we induce a gradation in the ability of participants to retrieve the name of these symbols. The gradation is used as a marker of the retrieval of the symbols’ names, both on ERPs and fMRI. We demonstrate that the induced gradation co-varies with ERPs at around 200 ms, and with fMRI signals on left fusiform gyrus and left temporal areas.

The inherent flexibility of the letter form or epistolary mode of writing frees the writer within the framework of salutations and closings to use vocabulary and language to create, to omit or to invert conventional constraints imposed on women by a patriarchal society. The letter begins as a blank page but becomes the space for writing one’s personal thoughts and emotions to the absent other in a communicative effort to minimize the separation. This dissertation examines the female narrator in actual letters written during the Spanish emigration to the New World in the sixteenth century and four epistolary novels written by female authors during the nineteenth- and twentieth centuries. The female “I” emerges in the selected texts and attests to the writer’s ability to inhabit her own writing space. By applying Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism and Janet Altman’s formal approach to the epistolary novel, the epistolary and literary textual creations by women writers challenge the silence and traditional anonymity generally assigned to women. I explore the cultural enculturation of the transgressive female who loses her “self”, her very being because of her inability to conform to societal norms as outlined by Barbara Creed and Elaine Showalter. In addition, I apply ideas from Linda Kauffman’s study on the transformation of the female writer who metamorphoses from victim to artist through the use of pen and paper. The female ‘self’ crafted by each of the letter writers is studied as they narrate their space, exercise agency, and negotiate the conflicts and contradictions of their domestic and public space. The epistolary, whether actual or fictional, becomes a textual creation challenging the silence and traditional anonymity assigned to women. The letter, when used as a literary device, is the perfect vehicle to create a narrator who controls his or her own life’s narrative. The writer constructs an implicit recipient linking the addressee and engages the reader in an absorbing story.

La thèse analyse, à travers l’examen de la correspondance de Sidoine Apollinaire, le rôle fondamental que ce dernier a joué lors de la grande crise et de l’effondrement de l’Empire Romain d’Occident et, surtout, sa position assumée dans le face à face avec des populations barbares. On considére les lettres de Sidoine principalement comme un témoignage de la manière dont la nobilitas de ce temps s’est adaptée à la nouvelle situation politique et sociale, mais aussi comme une source de références à valeur documentaire. À l’apogée du déclin des institutions impériales et devant le désintérêt de l’administration centrale pour les incursions continues et les dévastations, les représentants de la vieille nobilitas sénatoriale se font le rempart des communautés: c’est l’avènement de la figure de l’évêque-sénateur qui, par le biais de l’acquisition d’une charge épiscopale, obtient ce pouvoir d’action et ce suivi que les carrières politiques traditionnelles ne garantissent plus et, lors de la formation des royaumes barbares, se fait l’intermédiaire des exigences de la cité qui est sous sa juridiction. Sidoine est un exemple emblématique de ce phénomène: par le biais de la correspondance qu’il entretient avec les plus hauts personnages de la vie ecclésiastique et culturelle, on trace le cadre des évolutions de la société du temps ainsi qu’un témoignage sur sa façon de se colleter au barbare, senti comme une altérité menaçante qui nécessite pour s’en défendre non seulement qu’on participe activement à la résistance armée mais aussi qu’on s’adonne à l’étude inépuisable et consciente du patrimoine littéraire et culturel qui forme le fondement de cette Romanitas dans laquelle il se reflète.Sans négliger la partialité du point de vue de l’auteur et le caractère profondément littéraire de l’œuvre prise en considération, on les traite aussi comme des témoignages fondamentaux de l’ambiance culturelle à laquelle appartient l’évêque d’Auvergne, intellectuel raffiné ayant reçu une formation rhétorique et scolaire soignée et qui réussit à se tailler un champ d’action dans la réalité qui l’environne. / The thesis analyses Sidonius Apollinaris' Letters in order to shed light on his perception of the so-called 'Barbarians' during the period of transition from Roman imperial institutions to the Romano-barbarian Kingdoms. In the V century AD, due to imperial central administration's indifference to barbaric incursions and devastations, exponents of ancient senatorial nobilitas stood up for their communities by holding the episcopal seat; by so doing, senatorial bishops kept the authority which traditional political offices could not ensure anymore and defended the needs of their communities. Sidonius Apollinaris is the major symbol of this phenomenon. His letters, addressed to the main personalities of his time, depict a portrait of the social developments occurred in that period and of the approach of Gallo-Roman aristocracy towards the Barbarians; the armed resistance and the study of Roman literary and cultural heritage appear to Gallo-Roman aristocracy the only way to save the principle of identity, which lays under the label of Romanitas. The work determines which literary schemes Sidonius uses to interpretate his political and social environment; his letter collection is examined as a mirror of his time thanks to its literary dimension, not despite it, and the literary filter itself is seen as a primary source. This critical methodological approach has been adopted to answer to all research questions as far as 'Identity' and 'Otherness' are concerned, in order to give a definition of 'Barbarian' and 'Roman Citizen'.

This Master’s thesis has the politics of museum in focus, as a subordinate governmental cultural policy, as a continuation of cultural reform in a time when legislation were to take place in Sweden. The aim of the study is to map out claims from museums and their responsible authorities in response to the governmental bill Ny Museipolitik. The study deem the subject area of politics of museums as a organizational field. By using the Toulmin model of argumentation several hundred claims about the works of museums and the effects on society were founds. The result could be arranged in eight different themes. In the analysis of the claims both unifying and disrupting tendencies could be observed. The themes presented in the result are: a new legislation, a new administrative authority, handling the collection, cooperation, fundings, museums and society, quality assurance and research at the museum and a round up theme called other.      One conclusion showed that the different levels of authorities in particular produced diversified needs and challenges. Some findings point out how the field are contested concerning legitimacy. There is also conclusion indicated by the claims that showed how several isomorphic tendencies were apparent. Legislation are considered to heighten the state of affairs and the increased level of ambition are welcomed. A very apparent conclusion is that a much needed reform, according to the comment letters, is that governmental grants are increased and secured over time.