UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA HUMANITNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra genderových studií Bc. Monika Skopalová Liga otevřených mužů: případová studie Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Ing. Petr Pavlík, Ph.D. Praha 2013 ABSTRACT This work is an attempt to contribute to the development of men's studies as a relevant academic field, which still does not have sufficient background in the Czech Republic. It captures work of the most visible so-called men's organization in CR - the League of Open Men (LOM). Qualitative content analysis based on feminist tradition includes data collected from interviews and thematic articles of LOM's representatives, and especially data from my own interview with Václav Šneberger, one of the organization's founders. The aim of analysis was to clarify ideological basis, values and theoretical concepts which LOM implicitly uses, to explore its relationship to feminist movement and so-called women's organizations, and also to find out its understanding of masculinity/ies and the way in which LOM discursively works with this concept of gender. The analysis revealed that although LOM presented itself as non-academic and non-gender organization which has no ideologies, theoretical basis or definitions and instructions in the "right manhood", it is more a purposeful strategy concealing the fact that...

Children''s literature affects the child''s socialisation process, including the shaping the gender roles. But despite this, up to now children have featured less in gender scholarship. Against this backround, this paper seeks to critically interrogate the physical, social, economic and political manifestations of masculinities in selected Kiswahili children\''s books from Kenya. By analysing these works, we hope to demonstrate that power and ideological aspects of masculinites are rooted at childhood. Since special attention will be paid to the ideological and power basis of the masculinities, the analysis of the selected works is done in the encompassing prism of Critical Discourse Analysis revealing hegemonic masculinities.

Abstract This research is dedicated to increasing the understanding of the phenomenon of conflict-related violence against men. The topic of conflict-related violence against men has through history been unnoticed, unaddressed, and unrecognized in the field of gender-based violence. Most of the literature, research, and documentation of sexual violence is subsequently more dedicated to women. However, even though there is limited research on the topic there has been an increase in research during the previous years. Moreover, research that does exist on conflict-related sexual violence against men is scarce and missing significant evidence due to underreporting on the issue. The objective of the research is to highlight the consequential gap in research regarding sexually violated men. Doing so by composing a case study on Uganda and analyzing how masculinities, gender norms, gender identity along with others affect sexually violated men, in distinction to the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity. Along with analyzing how two substantial organizations, Refugee Law Project, and Men of Hope Refugee Association Uganda, in Uganda, work with male victims of conflict-related sexual violence. This research is composed as a qualitative desk study using abductive reasoning as the analytical framework. The collected data is analyzed through content analysis followed by thematic analysis. The methodological approach and the analytical framework have been chosen to comprehend and achieve an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of conflict-related sexual violence against men more fully.

This essay focuses on how masculinities are performed and portrayed in Annie Proulx’s novella “Brokeback Mountain” (1997). The thesis argues that through examining the characters’ portrayals of masculinity, readers might develop a deeper, nuanced understanding of gender normativity today. The novella is analysed through a queer perspective with hegemonic gender traits as the main tools for the analysis. The analysis shows how the protagonists Ennis and Jack perform their masculinities in accordance with the heterosexual matrix, while also living in fear of deviating from it. The essay also includes a pedagogical section in which the value of incorporating “Brokeback Mountain” in the EFL classroom is advocated to promote inclusive teaching and question gender normativity. Additionally, the pedagogical implications discuss the relationship between gender normativity and intolerance and homophobia.

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[pt] A presente pesquisa examina imbricações entre performatividade e ideologia em relação à (re)produção de discursos heteronormativos sobre gêneros e sexualidades e maneiras de desestabilizar, ressignificar e subverter tais discursos limitadores. Nosso trabalho é guiado por um posicionamento queer que vê o gênero e a sexualidade como performances identitárias e não fatos naturais (BUTLER, [1990] 2003, [1993] 2002) e uma perspectiva linguística que considera as narrativas como uma maneira de intervir no social para mudar (ou reiterar) discursos ideológicos normatizantes e estigmatizantes (MOITA LOPES, 2008; THREADGOLD, 2005). Concentra-se sobre performances identitárias de gênero e sexualidade em narrativas digitais de praticantes de pegging, uma prática sexual na qual uma mulher usa um dildo segurado com um cinto para penetrar um homem (que se identifica como heterossexual) no ânus. O pegging é frequentemente alvo de preconceitos devido à associação ideológica heteronormativa entre o prazer anal dos homens e a homossexualidade (SÁEZ e CARRASCOSA, 2011) e à ideia que seja uma prática desviante relacionada com o BDSM (outro conjunto de práticas estigmatizadas) e, portanto, supostamente não íntimo. Nas narrativas e interações analisadas, fruto de uma etnografia virtual (HINE, 2000, 2005) na comunidade online Pegging 101, três temas principais surgiram: (1) as dificuldades dxs usuárixs em criar uma divisão nítida entre o que conta como pegging sensual ou BDSM, (2) visões diferentes da relação entre pegging e intimidade, incluindo a construção da intimidade a partir de compartilhar revelações ou de praticar a inversão de papéis e (3) problemas em lidar com a associação ideológica entre o prazer anal masculino e a homossexualidade. Embora o pegging tenha o potencial de ser uma prática subversiva que poderia contribuir para mudar concepções heteronormativas de gênero e sexualidade, nas narrativas a maioria dxs usuárixs da comunidade procurava ressignificar o pegging como uma prática normal, encaixando-o em discursos ideológicos heteronormativos sobre amor romântico e intimidade, e reforçava o binário de gênero e a masculinidade hegemônica. No processo de ressignificação, xs usuárixs da comunidade geralmente reiteravam certos discursos ideológicos heteronormativos na tentativa de subverter outros, particularmente, performando masculinidades que valorizavam a coragem ou a agressão como maneira de provar que não são homossexuais, ou reforçando estereótipos negativos sobre o BDSM nas suas tentativas de provar que o pegging pode ser algo íntimo. Desta maneira, ao estudar como discursos ideológicos heteronormativos são (re)produzidos performativamente nas narrativas digitais ao mesmo tempo que certas desestabilizações surgem, a presente pesquisa contribui para entender como fomentar uma política narrativa com mais discursos transgressores e menos reforços da heteronorma, produzindo mais rupturas e visibilizando possibilidades de discursos alternativos sobre gênero e sexualidade. / [en] The present study examines imbrications between performativity and ideology with regards to the (re)production of heteronormative discourses regarding gender and sexualities and to ways of destabilizing, resignifying and subverting such limiting discourses. Our research is guided by a queer position that sees gender and sexuality as identity performances and not natural facts (BUTLER, [1990] 2003, [1993] 2002) and a linguistic perspective that considers narratives to be a way of intervening in the social world in order to change (or reiterate) normalizing and stigmatizing ideological discourses (MOITA LOPES, 2008; THREADGOLD, 2005). It focuses on gender and sexuality identity performances in digital narratives of practitioners of pegging, a sexual practice in which a woman uses a strap-on dildo to penetrate the anus of a man (who identifies as heterosexual). Pegging is frequently the target of discrimination due to the ideological association between men s anal pleasure and homosexuality (SÁEZ e CARRASCOSA, 2011) and that idea that it is a deviant practice related to BDSM (another set of stigmatized practices) and, therefore, supposedly not intimate. In the narratives and interactions that were analyzed, stemming from virtual ethnography (HINE, 2000, 2005) in the online community Pegging 101, three principal topics emerged: (1) the users difficulties in creating a clear separation between what counts as sensual pegging or BDSM, (2) different views of the relationship between pegging and intimacy, including intimacy being created through revealing things about oneself or by practicing role reversal and (3) problems in dealing with the ideological association between male anal pleasure and homosexuality. Although pegging has the potential to be a subversive practice that could contribute to changing heteronormative conceptions of gender and sexuality, in their narratives, most of the community s users tried to resignify pegging as a normal practice, fitting it into ideological heteronormative discourses about romantic love and intimacy and reinforcing the gender binary and hegemonic masculinity. During the resignification process, the community s users usually reiterated certain heteronormative ideological discourses in their attempts to subvert others, in particular, by performing masculinities that valued courage or aggression as a way of proving they re not homosexual, or by reinforcing negative stereotypes about BDSM in their attempt to prove that pegging can be intimate. As such, by studying how heteronormative ideological discourses are performatively (re)produced at the same time as certain destabilizations emerge, this study contributes to understanding how to foster a narrative politics with more discourses that are transgressive and fewer ones that reinforce heteronormativity, creating more ruptures and visibilizing possibilities for alternative discourses about gender and sexuality.

Män som utsatts för sexuellt våld är ett ämne som erhåller lite uppmärksamhet både inom forskning och i vardagligt tal. Att analysera skriven medias framställning av sexuellt våldsutsatta män har så vitt jag vet inte utförts i en svensk vetenskaplig kontext innan, vilket gör denna studie unik i sitt slag. Studiens primära syfte var att undersöka hur män som utsatts för sexuellt våld framställs i skriven media. Jag ville se huruvida media bekräftar eller förkastar de sociala myterna kring ämnet. Vidare så var målet med studien att ytterligare belysa ämnet för att lyfta upp det för diskussionen och fördjupa förståelsen och kunskapen för ämnet. Fyrtio journalistiska artiklar samlades in genom en systematisk litteratursökning och har utgjort det empiriska materialet i studien som sedan bearbetades genom en form av diskursanalys. De myter som testades var; Män som utsatts för sexuellt våld är extremt ovanligt – framställs som sensationellt och med skepticism, Definitioner om det sexuella våldet mot män – präglas av grovt fysiskt våld, hot, ofta med vapen och droger, Det sexuella våldets könstypiska uppdelning – händelsen framställs som en kontrast mellan femininiteter och maskuliniteter, De efterföljande konsekvenserna – dessa förminskas eller negligeras och offer bemöts negativt av omgivningen. Resultatet visade att myterna till väldigt stor del bekräftades i den mediala framställningen, i synnerlighet ämnets ovanlighet, det fysiska våldet, offerbeskyllningen och det skeptiska bemötandet/rapporteringen. Varför ämnet framställs på ett visst sätt analyseras och presenteras med tidigare forskning som teoretisk bakgrund. / Men who suffered from sexual violence are an issue that receives little attention, both within research and colloquially. Analysing the depiction of sexually abused men in written media has not, as far as I know, been done in a Swedish scientific context before, which makes this study unique in its kind. The primarily aim of this study has been to examine how sexually abused men are depicted in written media. I wanted to see whether the media confirms or rejects the social myths that surround the subject. Furthermore has the ambition with the study been to enlighten the issue to make it a subject for discussion so the knowledge and the understanding can be deepened. The empirical material of forty journalistic articles was gathered in through a systematic literature search and processed via a type of discourse analysis. The tested myths were; Men who suffered from sexual violence are extremely unusual – portrayed as sensational and with scepticism, Definitions of the sexual violence against men – characterized by severe violence, threats, often with weapons and drugs, The stereotypical sex segregation of sexual violence – The event is portrayed as a contrast between masculinity and femininity, The subsequent consequences – are diminished or neglected, the victim is met with negativity by its surrounding. The result showed that de myths were widely confirmed in the depiction of media, especially the phenomenon’s unusualness, the physical violence, the victim blaming and the sceptical approach/reporting. Why the subject is portrayed in a special way has been analysed and presented with the precious research as a theoretical background

Mit dem Beitrag von Edith Schriefl, „Zur Konstruktion von hegemonialen Männlichkeitsbildern in Zeiten der ʻKrise’. Männlichkeitsbilder in der Anzeigenwerbung der Zeitschrift Auto, Motor, Sport 1965 und 1980“, befindet sich der zeitliche Fokus im zweiten, von sexueller Revolution und feministischer Zweiter Frauenbewegung geprägte Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Untersuchungsperspektive ist hier männerzentriert, relationiert dabei aber stets die innovativen zeitgenössischen Entwürfe von Geschlechterbeziehung und Weiblichkeit mit den in die Krise geratenden traditionellen Männlichkeitskonstruktionen andererseits. Mit Connells soziologischer Theorie ʻhegemonialer Männlichkeit‘ und im Verständnis von Anzeigenwerbung als symbolischer Repräsentantin zielgruppenspezifischer Mentalitäten und aussagekräftiger Seismographin für kulturelle Transformationsprozesse, beobachtet diese empirische Studie die visuellen und narrativen Strategien, mit denen die Bildinszenierungen des gewählten seriellen Printmediums prekär gewordene idealtypische und stereotype Männlichkeit(en) bewahren, modifizieren oder ersetzen, um so den kriselnden männlichen Hegemonieanspruch zu restabilisieren.

[pt] A trajetória institucional dos grupos reflexivos para homens autores de violência (HAV) no Rio de Janeiro inicia-se com intervenções concebidas e executadas por organizações não governamentais, até que a promulgação da Lei 11.340/2006, em seus artigos 35 e 45, legitimou o Serviço de Educação e Responsabilização para HAV, como política pública, no âmbito do Poder Judiciário. Nesse movimento de elaboração em processo, à medida que se dava a implementação e a reflexão sobre as práticas, diversas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas foram acionadas para sustentação de propostas igualmente diversificadas. Com foco nesse processo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar e analisar fundamentos históricos, teóricos e ético-políticos de grupos realizados com homens autores de violência contra mulheres. Para tal, elegemos como campo empírico três Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher (JVDFM) da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e estruturamos o corpus analítico a partir de três fontes e três técnicas de produção de dados: 1) observação participante do primeiro ao último encontro de um grupo reflexivo em cada JVDFM pesquisado; 2) entrevistas semiestruturadas com condutoras/es dos grupos reflexivos observados; 3) análise de documentos e normativas instituintes do Serviço de Educação e Responsabilização para HAV. Os dados produzidos a partir da triangulação das fontes – homens autores de violência, condutoras/es de grupos reflexivos e documentos – e técnicas mencionadas foram analisados com base na perspectiva relacional dos estudos de gênero e nos estudos feministas situados na perspectiva dos direitos humanos, articulados aos conceitos de habitus, capital cultural, campo e agente, de Pierre Bourdieu. As conclusões indicam tendência crescente de padronização do trabalho desenvolvido em grupos com homens autores de violência, a partir da produção de normativas deflagradas pela promulgação da Lei Maria da Penha, ainda que preservando relativa margem de autonomia teórico-técnica dos responsáveis por sua condução. Parte significativa dos fundamentos do trabalho permanece tributária das experiências e elaborações iniciais, com marcada influência dos estudos de gênero com ênfase nos direitos humanos de mulheres e na necessidade de responsabilização e de mudanças de perspectiva dos homens autores. No entanto, a institucionalização dos serviços prevalentemente no âmbito do Poder Judiciário impõe importantes inflexões na correlação de forças em operação no campo, estabelecendo um paradoxo expresso pela realização de um trabalho que se pretende reeducativo em um espaço historicamente associado ao controle e à punição. / [en] The institutional trajectory of reflexive groups for male perpetrators of violence in Rio de Janeiro begins with interventions designed and carried out by non-governmental organizations, until the enactment of Law 11.340/2006, in its articles 35 and 45, legitimized the Education Service and Accountability for men responsible for gender-based violence, as a public policy, within the scope of the Judiciary. In this movement of elaboration in process, as the implementation and reflection on the practices took place, several theoretical-methodological perspectives were set to support equally diversified proposals. Focusing on this method, this study aims to identify and analyze historical, theoretical and ethical-political foundations of groups made with men who are perpetrators of violence against women. Therefore, were elected as empirical field three Courts of Domestic and Family Violence against Women in the Metropolitan Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro and structured the analytical corpus from three sources and three data production techniques: 1) observation participant from the first to the last meeting of a reflective group in each researched court; 2) semi-structured interviews with conductors of the reflective groups observed; 3) analysis of documents and regulations instituting the Education and Accountability Service for male perpetrators. The data produced from the triangulation of sources – male responsible for violence, conductors of reflective groups and documents – and mentioned techniques were analyzed based on the relational perspective of gender studies and on feminist studies situated in the perspective of human rights, articulated to Pierre Bourdieu s concepts of habitus, cultural capital, field and agent. The conclusions indicate a growing tendency to standardize the work developed in groups with male perpetrators of violence, from the production of norms triggered by the enactment of the Maria da Penha Law, while preserving a relative margin of theoretical-technical autonomy for those responsible for conducting it. A significant part of the foundations of the work remains a result of the experiences and initial elaborations, with a marked influence of gender studies with an emphasis on women s rights and the need for accountability and changes in the perspective of male authors. However, the institutionalization of services, predominantly within the scope of the Judiciary, imposes important inflections in the correlation of forces in operation in the field, establishing a paradox expressed by carrying out a work that is intended to be re-educational in a space historically associated with control and punishment.

The work for female empowerment is prominent on the Unguja island of Zanzibar. Governmental support and local and international organizations are investing in women to achieve gender equality. The government of Tanzania has added changes to the law to protect women and prevent gender-based violence, as well as strategic measures to assist the stakeholders of the Zanzibarian society. Simultaneously, the reports of gender-based violence (GBV) are increasing on the islands according to the Zanzibar Female Lawyer Association. The study explores the measures taken by the government to eliminate violence against women with a focus on the role of the man in these structural social and legal changes. The study also shows the challenges that the added laws have faced in practice, and the balance between culture and legal system in a society, when a change is to take place.