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Undesirable and variable behavior in mares related to the estrous cycle is a common issue reported in the equine industry, especially for mares in a performance setting. These behaviors can interfere with, as well as decrease, overall performance. The objective of this study was to determine if administration of sixty units of oxytocin once daily for 29 days, regardless of when treatment was initiated during the estrous cycle, would induce prolonged corpus luteum (CL) function in cycling mares. Mares were randomly assigned to two groups: 1) saline-treated control (n=7) and 2) oxytocintreated (n=9). Control mares received 3 cc saline and oxytocin-treated mares received sixty units (3 cc) of oxytocin intramuscularly (IM) for 29 consecutive days. Treatment was initiated in all mares on the same day, independent of the day of the cycle. Jugular blood samples for determination of progesterone concentration were collected three times weekly (M, W, F) for 21 days before treatment was initiated. Beginning on the first day of treatment, blood samples were collected daily for seven days, three times weekly for the remainder of the treatment period, and then three times weekly for 45 days after the last treatment. Mares were considered to have prolonged CL function if serum progesterone remained >1.0 ng/mL for at least 30 days during/after the treatment period. The proportion of mares with prolonged CL function was higher in the oxytocin-treated group compared to the saline-treated group (7/9 vs. 1/7, respectively; P1.0 ng/mL throughout the treatment period and into the post-treatment period. All mares with prolonged CL function maintained elevated progesterone concentrations through at least day 56 of the study. Sixty units of exogenous oxytocin treatment for 29 consecutive days was effective in prolonging CL function as a means of estrus suppression in mares.

While equine palatability research has been well documented, the majority of research has been conducted in mature, non-lactating horses (Betz & Lanter, 1980; Van den berg et al., 2016; Goodwin et al., 2005; Francis et al., 2020). While palatability research primarily aims to detect flavor preferences to mask medications, utilize in treats, etc., other aspects focus on acceptance and behavior (Senturklu & Landblom, 2015; Goodwin et al., 2005; Van den berg et al., 2016; Franics et al., 2020). Although a substantial amount of data is conducted on canine olfaction, data pertaining to equine olfaction is quite limited (Francis et al., 2020; Jenkins et al., 2018; Kokocinska-Kusiak et al., 2021). The objective of this study was to investigate the flavor and aroma preferences of lactating equine mare and foal pairings. Stock-type mare and foal pairings (n = 4), aged 6.5 ± 3.9 weeks, were utilized in paired preference testing using apple, anise, peppermint and control palatants. Testing was split into flavor testing (0730-0830 hours) and aroma testing (1630-1730 hours). Mares and foals were loaded into test stalls and allotted 30 minutes to freely interact with treatments. Data was recorded via live stream cameras and evaluated for categorical and numerical data. Variables of interest included: first treatments investigated, consumed, and finished; maternal effects of treatment locations, time spent consuming each treatment, time spent rest recumbent, percentage of treatments consumed, and total voluntary consumption. Data were analyzed using SAS for academics with significance set at 5%. Flavor analysis revealed no preference of first flavor investigated (P = 0.4918), consumed (P = 0.4018) or finished (P = 0.5424) of mares. Foals were also found to exhibit no flavor preferences for first investigated (P = 0.5996), consumed (P = 0.4278), or finished (P = 0.9914). A location effect was exhibited by mares and found that flavor treatments in location 2 and 3 were more likely to be first consumed (P < 0.0001). Foals were more likely to first finish those flavor treatments in location 1 (P = 0.0003). No period effect was exhibited for flavors first investigated (P =0.7552), consumed (P = 0.5404) or finished (P = 0.7903). A period effect was exhibited for first finished flavor treatments of mares (P = 0.0170). Further analysis found that mares were more likely to finish the peppermint flavor for periods 1 and 2 compared to periods 3 and 4 (P = 0.0518). The mean time spent foals spent consuming flavors was not significant (P = 0.2120) and no period effects were exhibited (P = 0.1713). However, time spent resting decreased significantly from period 1 to 4 (P = 0.0476). Likewise, there was no flavor treatment effect on the mean percentage of treatments consumed (P = 0.8431), nor was there a period effect (P = 0.4125). Aroma analysis also found no preference for first investigated (P = 0.8472), consumed (P = 0.8472), or finished (P = 0.8166) of mares. Similarly, foals exhibited no aroma preferences for first investigated (P = 0.5206), consumed (P = 0.5206), or finished (P = 0.1650). A period effect was exhibited for mares for first aroma treatments investigated (P = 0.0101) and consumed (P = 0.01) across periods. However, further analysis found that there was no difference for treatments across periods. A location effect was also exhibited by mares, with location 1 being selected at a lower frequency than locations 2, 3 and 4 (P = 0.0003). Interestingly, locations 3 and 4 had a higher frequency of being the first aromatic treatments finished (P = 0.0008). Foals were found to first consume (P = 0.0315), and finish (P = 0.0013), those treatments located in location 1. Comparative analysis of relationships between mare and foal selective actions found that pairings made similar flavor selections for first investigated treatments (P = 0.1865) but selected different aromatic treatments (P = 0.0415). Likewise, pairings selected similar flavor treatments (P = 0.1062) but selected different aromatic treatments for first consumption (P = 0.0415). Findings suggest that while flavor and aromatic preferences are not strong for mare and foal pairings. However, comparative analysis of selections between the two groups found selections to be similar for flavor testing and different for aromatic testing.

In this paper, I study the bodies in Mare Kandre’s two novels Bestiarium (1999) and Xavier (2002), with the help of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of the grotesque. I examine the worldview that is portrayed in the novels – focusing on the attitude towards death – and seek answers to the following questions: how do the human bodies look and how do they relate to their surroundings? What does the way they are portrayed say about the world the novels portray? And what role does laughter play in the novels? I also examine the similarity between a grotesque body, and a gothic monster. As a result, I find that one body may exist both in life and death at the same time, that the bodies can merge together, and that the boundaries between body and world may be exceeded. I also find the grotesque abilities of the body not to be threatening, but filled with possibilities. Here, even monsters are not harmful. / I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag kropparna i Mare Kandres två romaner Bestiarium (1999) och Xavier (2002), med utgångspunkt i Michail Bachtins teorier om det groteska. Jag söker svar på hur hans begrepp kan öka förståelsen för den värld som målas upp i romanerna, med ett fokus på inställningen till döden. Jag ställer mig frågor om hur de mänskliga kropparna ser ut och hur de förhåller sig till resten av världen, vad sättet de gestaltas på säger om romanvärlden och vilken roll skrattet spelar i romanerna. Jag undersöker också likheten mellan groteska kroppar och gotiska monster. I min analys visar jag att kropparna i Mare Kandres romaner kan befinna sig både i livet och döden samtidigt, att de ständigt är i rörelse och kan uppgå i varandra. Dessutom kan gränsen mellan kropp och värld upplösas. Jag visar också på att den glädje som kännetecknade medeltidens grotesk bara kan förnimmas, men att de groteska kropparna trots det besitter positiva möjligheter. Inte ens monster måste här besegras, då de inte utgör något hot.

For the analysis of changes in educational inequality, several quantitative methods have been developed in educational research. One of them is the school transition model (also known as the Mare model). The school transition model has been criticised on many grounds in recent years. In the following, I introduce the advantages of this model, its analytic conception, its critique and explain why this critique is not such a big problem in empirical analyses as is generally assumed. Finally, I give a summary.:1. Introduction 2. Advantages of the Mare model 3. Statistical conception of the Mare model 4. Critique of the Mare model 5. Summary

[pt] A presente pesquisa busca, a partir da chave do controle da natureza, contribuir para um imaginário de possibilidades para arquiteturas de convívio com a natureza. Para isso, a dissertação passa pela origem da criação do método científico como modo de operar no mundo e controlar a natureza para o bem-estar humano e situa a arquitetura, enquanto disciplina, e a construção civil como protagonistas da atual crise climática, que é uma consequência direta, mas não apenas, deste modo de controlar a natureza. Para começar a busca por uma arquitetura que negocie com a natureza procurando o convívio com ela, a pesquisa se baseia nos conceitos de sazonalidade, elaborado por Hilan Bensusan e Carlos Mondragon, e o de habitabilidade, defendido por Dipesh Chakrabarty. Por fim, a dissertação se aproxima de dois exemplos emblemáticos de controle das águas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, os aterros do Flamengo e os da Maré, apontando a transição da cidade que convivia de maneira mais próxima com suas águas até o século XIX e, em seguida, passou a negar tal convivência sistematicamente. Neste processo de negação, algumas práticas de resistência da população da Maré se apresentam como possibilidades e garantia de um convívio mínimo com a água. / [en] The present research seeks, from the key of controlling nature, to contribute to an imaginary of possibilities for architectures of coexistence with nature. For this, the dissertation goes through the origin of the creation of the scientific method as a way of operating in the world and controlling nature for human well-being and places architecture as a discipline and civil construction as protagonists of the current climate crisis that is a direct consequence, but not only, in this way of controlling nature. To begin the search for an architecture that negotiates with nature, seeking to live with it, the research is based on the concepts of seasonality elaborated by Hilan Bensusan and Carlos Mondragon and the habitability defended by Dipesh Chakrabarty. Finally, the dissertation approaches two emblematic examples of water control in the city of Rio de Janeiro with the landfills of Flamengo and the landfills of Maré. Pointing out the transition of the city that lived closer to its waters until the 19th century and then began to systematically deny such coexistence. In this process of denial, some practices of resistance by the population of Maré are presented as possibilities and guarantee of a minimum contact with water.

[pt] A presente dissertação trata do tema cidades e favelas no processo de urbanização carioca e tem por objeto de pesquisa a relação entre violência, espaço público e intervenção urbana no processo de produção da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Mais especificamente, busca entender como essa relação dá-se no âmbito das favelas, frequentemente representadas como territórios de ausência de civilidade e de urbanidade. Inserida no campo dos estudos urbanos, notadamente a dissertação oferece uma reflexão crítica sobre projetos de intervenção urbana que se propõem integrar esses espaços populares à cidade. De certa forma, esse suposto esforço de integração parte da premissa de que existe uma separação entre a cidade e a favela. É nesse contexto que uma questão fundamental para a pesquisa apresenta-se: em que medida as intervenções urbanas em favelas, sob o discurso de promover a integração cidade-favela, termina por reiterar a noção de separação? Para explorar essa questão, do ponto de vista metodológico, optou-se por uma pesquisa de base qualitativa, baseada em revisão bibliográfica e análise documental. Para aprofundar a investigação tendo como referência um caso exemplar, foi escolhido o complexo de favelas da Maré, que, ao longo das últimas décadas, tem passado por múltiplas intervenções urbanas sob o pretexto de prover sua integração à cidade. A conclusão principal do trabalho é a de que o morador e a moradora da favela têm sua relação com o espaço público de toda a cidade interditada ou afetada significativamente por conta da violência. / [en] This thesis looks at the issue of cities and favelas in the context of the urbanization in Rio de Janeiro, focusing on the relationship between violence, public space and urban intervention in the process of the production of the metropolitan area of the city. In particular, it seeks to understand how this relationship takes place in the favelas, often represented as locations lacking civility and urbanity. This study was developed in the field of urban studies, proposing a critical perspective on intervention projects that aim at integrating the city and popular spaces. In a way, such a conception of integration builds on the assumption that there is a separation between the city and the favela. A question crucial to the research emerges precisely in this context: to what extent do urban interventions in the favelas, based on the assumption that favelas should be integrated into the city, end up reaffirming a notion of separation between those spaces? In terms of methodology, this research takes up a qualitative research, including methods of content analysis based on a literature review and document analyses. As a case-study, it seeks to develop an in-depth investigation of the Maré complex of favela, which over the last decades has been undergoing multiple urban interventions under the justification of being integrated into the city of Rio de Janeiro. The main conclusion of the work is that the residents of the favela have their relationship with the public space of the entire city banned or significantly affected due to the violence.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate the melancholic, poetic language in Bübins unge (Bübin´s brat) by Mare Kandre (1962 – 2005). In my opinion the novel, which is about a teenage ritual, also gives an imaginary arena for archaic and unmentionable experiences of the libido. It is therefore a witness to the truth of the subjects complex mind. To my assistance I have Julia Kristeva´s theory on the abjection, the successful melancholia and her concepts of the outsider and the catharsis. The method I use in my investigation is an interpretation, which is both an analytic and a hermeneutic process, i.e. a deconstructive, analytic operation based on a theory on the language and the subject and a construing, hermeneutic movement. In my pursuit I investigate structures, which make the intermittent fragmented language readable and coherent. From this point of view I study words and effects (sensations) that relate to the contrast semiotic-symbolic in Bübins unge, and disentangle energy of the affect.</p><p>Mare Kandre, Bübins unge (1987). Julia Kristeva, Pouvoirs de l´horreur (1980) and Soleil noir (1987).</p>

Ett försök att ringa in och diskutera en tradition inom film som skulle kunna kallas barngotik. En viss blandning av skräckfilm och barnfilm med barn i huvudrollen. Med utgångspunkt i min egen filmiska praktik som regissör och manusförfattare diskutera jag vad denna tradition öppnar upp mot för tankesätt, politiskt och filosofiskt, och hur det relaterar till surrealism och gotik. Jag använder mig även av Mare Kandres författarskap som inom litteraturen kan sägas arbetat inom just barngotik och de frågeställningar som kommer upp; Hur kan man öppna upp för ett barnperspektiv genom användandet av atmosfär, skräck, förebådan och genom att använda sig av "det okända", och vad betyder det att göra det i film?

Ao contrário de outras espécies de animais domésticos, na égua os embriões descem tardiamente para o útero, creditando-se isto a uma dependência da PGE2. Conseqüentemente, são recuperados embriões que já estão em fases mais avançadas de desenvolvimento (blastocisto e blastocisto expandido) e com um tamanho que normalmente ultrapassa os 300 micrômetros quando a colheita é realizada após o 6º dia. Isto reflete em um insucesso nos protocolos de criopreservação embrionária. Em razão deste problema, testou-se a eficácia da aplicação da PGE2 por dois métodos (experimento I) e a eficácia da PGE1 e do análogo misoprostol (experimento II) na promoção da recuperação antecipada de embriões. Os dois experimentos foram realizados em éguas superestimuladas com Extrato de Pituitária Eqüina. No primeiro experimento, no 4º dia após a ovulação (D4), duas éguas foram submetidas à laparoscopia pela fossa paralombar para a deposição de 0,2 mg de PGE2 em gel sobre a tuba uterina e em outras três éguas a PGE2 foi administrada topicamente sobre a junção útero-tubárica (JUT) com auxílio de uma pipeta flexível (método não-cirúrgico). Vinte e quatro horas após a deposição do gel (D5), para ambos os métodos, foi realizada uma primeira tentativa de recuperação embrionária sendo que não foram recuperados embriões. Uma nova tentativa foi realizada entre o D6-6,5, sendo que desta vez, foram recuperados dois embriões das cinco éguas (40%), um de cada grupo. No segundo experimento, duas aplicações de 0,2 mg de PGE1 100% (n=5) ou de misoprostol 1% (n=5) diluídos em gel foram realizadas na região da JUT, no D4, pelo método não-cirúrgico. Não foram recuperados embriões no D5 das éguas que receberam PGE1 (0/5) e apenas de uma delas foram recuperados dois embriões no D6-6,5. Do grupo que recebeu misoprostol recuperaram-se três embriões de diferentes éguas no D5 (3/5), sendo uma mórula e dois embriões de sete dias provenientes de ovulações não-sincrônicas. No D6, entretanto, foram recuperados oito embriões de todas as éguas (5/5) que receberam misoprostol, resultado que é significativamente superior (P=0,048) ao do grupo que recebeu PGE1 (1/5). Apesar do pequeno número de animais, foram recuperados 11 embriões das 12 ovulações que ocorreram nas éguas do grupo misoprostol, todos com diâmetro igual ou inferior a 300 micrômetros. No último experimento detectou-se qualitativamente por imuno-histoquímica os diferentes subtipos de receptores (EP1 a EP4) para as PGE no útero, na JUT e nos diferentes segmentos da tuba uterina das éguas, em todas as fases do ciclo estral e durante dois períodos da gestação, porém, há uma menor quantidade (P< 0,0001) de receptores do subtipo EP1 em comparação aos demais subtipos. Os resultados obtidos por imuno-histoquímica indicam que realmente parece ser efetiva a administração tópica de PGE na JUT pelo método não-cirúrgico e os resultados obtidos nos dois primeiros experimentos demonstram que apesar de não antecipar a descida do embrião eqüino para o útero, o protocolo utilizando misoprostol 1% em éguas superovuladas mostrou-se eficaz em aumentar de maneira significativa a recuperação de embriões de seis dias com características desejáveis para a criopreservação. / Differently of any other ways of occurrence among the domestic animals, concerning mares, their embryos migrate in a delayed lapse of time to their uterus due to a correlation to the PGE2. Consequently, one extracts embryos which are already into some more advanced phase of their development (blastocyst and expanded blastocyst) normally exceeding 300 micrometers when their extraction is performed after the 6th day. This fact results into a failure concerning the protocols of embryonic cryopreservation. Regarding this problem, the effectiveness of applying PGE2 using two different methods (experiment I) and the effectiveness of PGE1 and the analogous misoprostol (experiment II) for promoting the anticipated extraction of the embryos, were evaluated. Both experiments were carried on some superstimulated mares using Equine Pituitary Extract. Experiment I: after the 4th day after the ovulation (D4), two mares were submitted to laparoscopy through the flank for depositing 0.2mg of PGE2 gel on the oviduct; to three other mares PGE2 was topically applied on the uterus-tube junction (UTJ) with the aid of a flexible pipette (not-surgical method). Twenty and four hours after the gel disposal (D5) regarding both methods, a first attempt for extracting the embryos was unsuccessfully performed. Another attempt was performed between the D6-6.5, and this time two embryos were extracted from the five mares (40%), one of each group. Experiment II: two applications of 0.2mg of PGE1 gel 100% (n=5) or misoprostol gel 1% (n=5) were accomplished on the UTJ region, at D4, through the not-surgical method. There werent any extracted embryos at D5 from the mares which had received PGE1 (0/5) and there were just two embryos extracted from a mare at D6-6.5. From the group which had received misoprostol three embryos from different mares were extracted at D5 (3/5), being a morula and two embryos aged seven days, from not-synchronous ovulations. However, at D6, eight embryos were extracted from all of the mares (5/5) which have received misoprostol, a significantly superior result (P=0.0048) comparing to the group which received PGE1 (1/5). Although the small number of animals, there were extracted eleven embryos from the twelve ovulations into the group which received misoprostol, all of them with a diameter 300 micrometers. In the last experiment it was qualitatively detected by immunohistochemistry the different receptor subtypes (EP1 to EP4) for the PGEs in the uterus, on the UTJ and in the different segments of the oviduct, in all stages of the estrous cycle and during two periods of gestation; however, there is a smaller amount (P<0.0001) of the receptor subtype EP1 in comparison to the other subtypes. The obtained results by immunohistochemistry genuinely indicate that the topical application of PGE on the UTJ through a not-surgical method seems effective and the obtained results in the first two experiments show that even though it doesnt anticipate the embryos migration to the uterus, the protocol using misoprostol 1% in superstimulated mares was significantly effective for increasing the extraction of embryos aged six days with desirable characteristics for the cryopreservation.