Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T13:40:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinamoraessarmentodeassis.pdf: 1036311 bytes, checksum: 483fffca9ef9bc9e0b5c555f68e7b621 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-27T15:15:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinamoraessarmentodeassis.pdf: 1036311 bytes, checksum: 483fffca9ef9bc9e0b5c555f68e7b621 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T15:15:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinamoraessarmentodeassis.pdf: 1036311 bytes, checksum: 483fffca9ef9bc9e0b5c555f68e7b621 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos da participação de mercado das firmas sobre os salários que pagam por ocupação, para os setores extrativista e de transformação da economia brasileira, no período de 2007 a 2013. A base de dados utilizada foi um painel de microdados conectáveis ocupação-firma, construída a partir de dados do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais Identificada (RAIS) e da Pesquisa Industrial Anual (PIA-Empresa). O controle das heterogeneidades não-observadas da firma e dos choques ocupacionais foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira etapa consistiu em eliminar os efeitos não observados das firmas; com as variáveis em diferença, a segunda etapa consistiu em estimar um modelo de efeitos-fixos, por meio do qual eliminou-se os choques ocupacionais. Os resultados apontam haver relação positiva e significativa entre a participação de mercado das firmas e os salários que pagam por ocupação. Os coeficientes encontrados, contudo, são inferiores àqueles reportados para os países desenvolvidos, indicando este fator como menos relevante para os diferenciais salariais no país. Ademais, o Lester range foi de 9% após o controle para os efeitos não observados, valor aquém daqueles reportados na literatura internacional. A agregação dos dados por ocupação-firma, considerando a maior desagregação disponível para a ocupação, bem como a especificação de um modelo de efeitos-fixos capaz de controlar dois tipos de heterogeneidade não observada, contribuiu para a literatura ao apresentar uma nova possibilidade de estimação dos modelos que tratam esse tema, posto que estimam um modelo sem incorrer em prejuízos amostrais. Ademais, a existência de uma escassa literatura acerca desse tema para o Brasil, como também para os países em desenvolvimento, reforça a relevância deste estudo. / This work aimed to investigate the effects of firm’s product market market-power on occupational wages on Brazilian manufacturing firms, between 2007 and 2013. This study used detailed occupation and firm-level matched data, based on our merging of two different data sets: the Annual Report of Social Information (RAIS) and the Annual Industrial Survey (PIA-Enterprise). The control of unobserved heterogeneity of the firms and the occupations was performed in two stages: the first stage eliminates unobserved effects of firms; with the variables in difference, in a second stage, one could estimate a model of fixed effects, by which the occupational shock is eliminated. The results shows a positive and significant relationship between the firm’s market-share and occupational wages. The coefficients found, however, are lower than those reported for developed countries. Moreover, after controlling for both fixed effects, Lester Range was 9%, value below those reported in the literature. The aggregation of data by cell of occupation-firm, considering the further breakdown available for occupation, as well as the specification of a fixed effects model able to control two types of unobserved heterogeneity, contributed to the literature by presenting a new possibility for the estimation of models that address this issue, since they estimate a model without incurring sample losses. Moreover, the existence of a limited literature on this subject for Brazil, and also for developing countries, reinforces the relevance of this study.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to use relevant economic knowledge for the analysis of the key legal aspects of the natural monopoly, particularly the main theoretical aspects thereto. The interpretation is not limited to principle features, however, it covers also the related issues. The text is focused mainly on electricity and gas industries. Apart from applicable law and legal books, the relevant case law of the Constitutional Court and Supreme Administrative Court of Czech Republic has been also a significant source of knowledge hereto. The European Union legal regulations and expert opinions of the European Commission have been taken into account as well. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is focused on economic aspects of the applicable law. It provides thorough overview concerning the model and its introduction into reviewed fields. The principal information, historical background and view of the critics are introduced. This chapter also labels the entities under the Czech law that are considered to be the natural monopolies. Furthermore, three basic fields of legal institutes that are subject to subsequent review are outlined. The second chapter defines elementary terms relevant for further research. Specifically, it covers the distribution,...

Le droit de brevet, sacralisé par sa qualification de droit de propriété, et renforcé par les dispositions des accords internationaux et des lois nationales, est facilement susceptible d'acquisition et d'exercice abusive. En outre, la défaillance de certains offices des brevets amplifie les possibilités de l'appropriation abusive. Les situations de l'acquisition abusive du droit de brevet sont plus fréquentes dans le secteur des hautes technologies (l'industrie pharmaceutique, la biotechnologie et l'industrie de l'informatique). Ces abus, d'une part, entravent la réalisation de la fonction assignée au droit de brevet et, d'autre part, restreignent la liberté de la concurrence. Les dispositions du droit des brevets et celles du droit de la concurrence imposent des limites au pouvoir des brevetés, pouvoir issu de leur droit privatif, afin de réaliser l'intérêt général. Cependant, ces deux corps de règles ne viennent pas au secours des particuliers dont les intérêts privés peuvent être atteints par l'usage abusif du droit de brevet. La théorie de l'abus de droit, principe général du droit commun, comble cette lacune. Malgré son application limitée et prudente en matière du droit de brevet, son utilité n'est pas à négliger. Elle permet de prévenir et de sanctionner l'usage anormal du droit de brevet. La comparaison entre le droit français et égyptien montre que la différence du niveau de développement économique et industriel entre les pays influe sur leur politique législative à l'égard du droit des brevets. / Patent law is easily subject to acquisition and abusive exercise although it's sacred due to his qualification of property rights and strengthened by the international agreements and national laws. The failure of some patent offices amplifies the possibilities of this abusive appropriation. Situations of abuse of patent rights are more frequent in the high technology sector (pharmaceutical, biotechnology and computer industry).On the one hand, these abuses hinder the realization of the function assigned to patent law, and on the other hand, they restrict freedom of competition. The legal measures of patent law and those of competition law impose limits on the power of the patentees which is stemming from their exclusive right, to realize the general interest. However, these rules don't protect private individuals whose interests can be affected by the abusive use of patent rights. The theory of abuse of law, a general principle of the common law, fills this gap. In spite of its limited and prudent application on the patent right, its utility is not to neglect. It helps to prevent and to sanction the abnormal use of the patent right. The comparison between the Egyptian and French law shows that the difference in the level of economic and industrial development between the two countries affects their legislative policy with regards to patent law.

Alors que sa disparition semble se profiler à l’horizon, du moins à l’intérieur de l’espace Européen, la notion juridique de frontière qui dessine les limites du territoire de l’Etat reste l’objet d’une imprécision surprenante. Aucune définition générale et intelligible ne semble encore lui avoir été consacrée, nonobstant la place centrale qui lui est attribuée par nombre d’analyses savantes sur les institutions de la modernité politique (Etat, souveraineté, territoire). Une tentative de définition (ou de théorisation) de la frontière est donc nécessaire. Théoriser la frontière n’implique pas de s’éloigner de la réalité : ce sont au contraire des données empiriques, sélectionnées à l’intérieur d’une foison d’informations disponibles sur le sujet, qui doivent guider un travail de systématisation. Au sein de celles-ci, la place privilégiée du droit fiscal (interne, communautaire et internationale) s’explique par les affinités personnelles de l’auteur. Ce dernier n’a toutefois pas omis de balayer d’autres disciplines, à l’instar du droit international public ou du droit international privé, aux fins de caractériser une substance irréductible et invariable de la frontière. Deux fonctions distinctes, bien que complémentaires, s’imposeront très rapidement comme les éléments constitutifs de la notion de frontière : la ligne réputée impénétrable en droit international qui sépare les territoires des Etats, d’un côté (ou « frontière internationale »), le filtre perméable qui régule les circulations entre les territoires des Etats (ou « frontière-obstacle »), de l’autre. Le temps et l’espace imposeront de limiter l’analyse au premier élément, à savoir la frontière internationale. À raison de ses fonctions pour commencer : quel est son rôle ? Mais aussi à raison de son objet : à quoi, ou à qui, s’applique-t-elle ? L’analyse des fonctions permettra d’abord de vérifier que la frontière internationale, en tant que cause et conséquence du principe de l’exclusivité territoriale, est étroitement liée à la notion d’Etat moderne. La naissance de la notion moderne de souveraineté, dans la mesure où elle est largement tributaire de la conquête du monopole de la violence légitime au profit des autorités centralisatrices de l’Etat, n’aurait pas été envisageable sans la constitution de frontières impénétrables aux limites du royaume. Plus largement, bien des notions fondamentales associées au droit étatique moderne (intégrité territoriale, centralisation de la contrainte, dualisme juridique,…) peuvent être reconsidérées à la lumière de la notion de frontière. L’analyse de l’objet de la frontière internationale permettra, ensuite, de surmonter bien des incertitudes. Celle qui touche, en particulier, au rapport entre la frontière impénétrable et le principe de territorialité des lois (ou des impôts) : la territorialité normative, sous toutes ses formes, ne peut-être assimilée à une manifestation (ou à une composante) de la frontière internationale. Celle qui touche, aussi, à la nature et à la portée de l’assistance administrative internationale entre les Etats dans le domaine fiscal. Le développement récent de celle-ci, sous toutes ses variantes (assiette et recouvrement), ne se traduit qu’exceptionnellement par des entorses à l’impénétrabilité des frontières. Toutes les activités de l’Etat n’ont pas, en effet, vocation à s’arrêter aux limites du territoire en application du droit international public. Seul l’imperium de l’Etat entendu stricto sensu, c’est-à-dire le pouvoir coercitif proprement dit, semble être soumis au respect de cette imperméabilité. En somme, à défaut de parvenir à dresser une théorie générale de la frontière en droit, certaines de ses caractéristiques majeures seront en l’espèce esquissées dans l’espoir de fournir au juriste une grille de lecture supplémentaire, et si possible originale, du droit positif. / Even though its disappearance seems to be predictable, at least within the European Union, the legal notion of “Border” remains subject to a high degree of uncertainty. No general definition which combines clarity and precision, has been formulated on this matter yet. Therefore, time has come to provide a rigorous “definition” of this limit which separates the territories of the states. In other words, an attempt to theorize the notion of “Border” will be carried out in this book. The choice of a theoretical approach does not necessarily imply, however, to undertake a study remote from reality. To the contrary, an appropriate definition must be based on empirical data: selected matters among the huge amount of information available will be, as a result, the main source of this work. Among them, tax law (domestic, European and international) will play a key role due to the personal background of the author. The latter, however, did not forget to cover other disciplines. A wide-ranging scope is necessary where the objective is to reach the irreducible gist of a legal notion: International Public Law, Private International Law, Political Science as well as Sociology will be dealt with in this book. Two distinct functions (meanwhile complementary) will immediately be identified as the main components of the notion of “Border”: the dividing line, seen as impenetrable under International Public Law, that separates the territories of the States on one hand (so-called "international border"), and the permeable filter which regulates by way of discriminatory rules the movements (e.g. goods, persons, rights, values) between the states on the other hand (so-called “obstacle-border"). Due to limited time and space, however, this book will only focus on the first component, namely the international border. A study of its functions (i.e. what is the purpose for the impenetrability of the border?), will be followed by a study of its object (what is the scope of the impenetrability of the border?). The study of the functions will demonstrate that the international border, as a cause and a consequence of the principle of territorial exclusivity (i.e. monopoly of violence within the territorial borders), has strong ties with the concept of “Modern State”. Moreover, many fundamental notions generally attached to modern statute law (e.g. coercion, sovereignty, legal dualism) will be reconsidered in the light of this principle of impenetrability. Further, the analysis of the object of the international border will enable the author to eliminate certain jeopardizing uncertainties. Among others, the issue concerning the existence (or not) of a kinship between the “Border” and the territoriality of the law (including Power to Tax) will eventually be resolved: the territoriality principle, irrespective of its forms, is not an appearance (neither a component) of the international border. All activities undertaken by a state (i.e. legislative and executive powers), therefore, are not forced by law to be circumscribed to the territorial limits of that state. Only the core of the Imperium of a Modern State, that is to say the coercive power itself, seems to be subject to the impenetrability of the Border. In short, this book does not provide for (and is not aimed at) a general and all-comprehensive theory on “Borders”. Some of the major features of the latter are, however, clearly characterized herewith in order to provide the reader with another tool to scrutinize positive law.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Corn, of Indian origin, cereal of high nutritional value, present in the ancient civilizations of Central America, spread around the world arriving to Brazil before European colonization. Because of their biological composition, corn has been appropriated by biotechnology, becoming thus in a transgenic. From its rise at the capitalist market, witnessed genetic mutations to adapt to the level of production demanded by transnational corporations. Brazil is as the third worldwide producer of transgenic corn, which triggered a highly specialized and technician culture. In this context, Sergipe reaches the ranking of second place in the Northeast in this production. The modernization of farming techniques, dominated by transnationals, was responsible for the development of agribusiness, characterized by monoculture, use of large extensions of land, chemical industries and financial capital. In this sense, the referring master's thesis intends to elucidate Agribusiness of transgenic corn in Sergipe west, as a contribution to the studies of the agrarian question, which aims to analyze the territorial transformations engendered by the expansion of transgenic corn agribusiness and its repercussions in the west of this state. Through the expansion of transgenic corn production, it will be seek to analyze the production of space and the use of the territory by the intermediate of social subjects who cast their economic and ideological interests through development strategies, guided by territorial monopoly capital. This is personified in the monopolization of the territory, changing territorial relations of the field, through the subordination of peasant agriculture. This entire process has direct action with the State for the development of agribusiness, through institutions of researches linked to private and agroindustrial capital, as well as to the credit policies. These mechanisms are strategies for the territorial capital in the field which deeps the reflection to the municipalities of Carira and Simon Dias. The theoretical-methodological orientation was based the historical and dialectical materialism, which allowed to see the lines of "conservative modernization" for agriculture. It is understandable, therefore, that the new settings preached in the territory due to the agribusiness of transgenic corn had direct action in peasant labor relations, highlighting the subordination of these workers to the shackles of monopoly capital, established by subjunction of land rent to the capital, imposition the consumption of agro-industrial inputs and to bank financing, making them hostages of the overwhelming process of capital accumulation. Thus, the Sergipe field has been the scene of capital invested, under the political and economic ideology of the State, which includes peasant agriculture to agribusiness. / O milho, de origem indígena, cereal de grande valor nutricional presente nas antigas civilizações da América Central, se disseminou pelo mundo chegando ao Brasil antes da colonização europeia. Devido sua composição biológica, o milho favorece o processo de apropriação das sementes pela biotecnologia, convertendo-se, assim, em um ser transgênico. A partir da sua ascensão no mercado capitalista, presenciou mutações genéticas para seduzir os produtores ao nível de produção demandada pelas corporações transnacionais. O Brasil se encontra como terceiro produtor mundial de milho transgênico, o que desencadeou uma cultura extremamente especializada e tecnificada. Nesse contexto, Sergipe alcança no ranking o segundo lugar no Nordeste nessa produção. A modernização das técnicas agrícolas, dominada pelas transnacionais, foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento do agronegócio, caracterizado pela monocultura, utilização de grandes extensões de terra, indústrias químicas e capital financeiro. Nesse sentido, a referente dissertação de mestrado pretende elucidar O agronegócio do milho transgênico no Oeste sergipano, como contribuição aos estudos da questão agrária, que tem como objetivo analisar as transformações territoriais engendradas pela expansão do agronegócio do milho transgênico e seus rebatimentos no Oeste deste estado. Por meio da expansão da produção de milho transgênico, buscar-se-á analisar a produção do espaço e o uso do território por intermédio dos sujeitos sociais que lançam seus interesses econômicos e ideológicos, através de estratégias de desenvolvimento, guiados pela territorialização do capital monopolista. Esse se personifica na monopolização do território, transformando as relações territoriais do campo, através da subordinação da agricultura camponesa. Todo esse processo tem ação direta com o Estado para o desenvolvimento do agronegócio, através de instituições de órgãos de pesquisa, vinculado ao capital privado e agroindustrial, como também às políticas de crédito. Esses mecanismos são estratégias para a territorialização do capital no campo que aprofunda a reflexão para os municípios de Carira e Simão Dias. A orientação teórico-metodológica teve como fundamento o materialismo histórico e dialético, que permitiu enxergar as entrelinhas da “modernização conservadora” para a agricultura. Compreende-se, assim, que as novas configurações materializadas no território, devido ao agronegócio do milho transgênico, tiveram ação direta nas relações de trabalho camponesas, colocando em evidência a subordinação desses trabalhadores às amarras do capital monopolista, estabelecido pela subjunção da renda da terra ao capital, a imposição ao consumo de insumos agroindustriais e ao financiamento bancário, tornando-os reféns do processo avassalador de acumulação do capital. Desse modo, o campo sergipano tem sido palco das investidas do capital, sob a ideologia política e econômica do Estado, que integra a agricultura camponesa ao agronegócio.

Sociologen Colin Crouch beskrev i sin bok ”Post-democracy” från 2004 om en demokrati i förändring, i rörelse bort från den dialogen mellan samhällsaktörer som demokratin tidigare byggt på, för att i ett postmodernt samhälle istället hamna i händerna på en politisk- och företagselit. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie tar sin ansats i begreppet postdemokrati för att studera datainsamlingen av samspelet mellan svenska staten, spelbolag och andra aktörer kring genomförandet av en ny spellag som började gälla i Sverige 1 januari 2019. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om, och i så fall på vilket sätt, empirin kunde ses som ett exempel på postdemokratiska processer i svensk politik. Processen mellan aktörerna belystes genom en granskning av dokument upprättade av regering, riksdag och dess myndigheter, spelbolagen, representanter för spelberoende, spelforskning samt medierapportering. Studien genomfördes med utgångspunkt i Colin Crouchs beskrivning av postdemokrati inom företagande, politik och medborgarskap samt statsvetaren Chantal Mouffes begrepp om ”politik” och ”det politiska”. Resultatanalysen visar på att delar av beslutsprocessen och efterspelet kan benämnas som postdemokratiska, samt att den bedrivna politiken utgår enligt Mouffes definition mer från de demokratiska principerna som handlar om frihet snarare än om jämlikhet. / Colin Crouch wrote in his book Post - democracy (2004) about democracy in crisis, the dialogue in the society was no longer between the citizens and politicians, but on its way back to the hands of the politics and business elite. This qualitative case study takes position in the concept post-democracy to study the interaction between the Swedish state, gambling companies and other actors, when the implementation of a new law regarding gambling began to apply as a law in Sweden 1 January 2019. The aim of the study was to investigate whether, and if so in what way, the data collection could be seen as an example of post-democratic processes in Swedish politics. The process between the actors is highlighted by a review of documents drawn up by the government, parliament and its authorities, bookmakers, representatives of gambling addiction, gambling research and media reporting. The study was carried out on the basis of Colin Crouch's description of post-democracy in business, politics and citizenship, as well as political scientist Chantal Mouffe's concept of "politics” and "the political". The results of the analysis show that parts  of  the decision-making process and the aftermath can be referred to as post-democratic, and that, according to Mouffe's definition, the policies pursued by Mouffe are more concerned with democratic principles that are about freedom rather than equality

[ES] Esta tesis se ha desarrollado dentro del marco de la línea de investigación de Economía y Regulación de las Telecomunicaciones. En el programa de Doctorado de Telecomunicaciones por la Universitat Politècnica de València. Como parte del proceso de investigación se participó en los siguientes proyectos de investigación: Plataforma de servicios para ciudades inteligentes con redes M2M densas (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378 C02-02) y ATLAS-Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. Así como, se realizó una estancia doctoral en el IMT Atlantique en Rennes- Francia. Como resultado de estas actividades se publicaron varios artículos científicos que permiten sustentar los modelos de negocio para Operadores Móviles Virtuales (Mobile Virtual Network Operators-MVNOs) presentados en este documento. En este estudio, se plantean modelos de negocio que se sustentan en el desarrollo de las características técnicas de Redes de Cuarta Generación (Fourth-Generation Networks-4G) y Redes de Quinta Generación (Fifth-Generation Networks-5G), que facilitan la compartición de infraestructura de los Operadores Móviles de Red (Mobile Network Operators-MNOs). Al respecto, en este documento analiza el estado del arte que permite sustentar la viabilidad técnica de los modelos basados en la compartición de infraestructura, que ha permitido disminuir las barreras de entrada al mercado y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio para los MVNOs. Sin embargo, los nuevos modelos que permite la compartición de infraestructura deben ser analizados desde el aspecto económico para determinar la viabilidad de los mismos. Específicamente, en el primer modelo se analiza la viabilidad económica de un MVNO que brinda el servicio a su base de usuarios y divide su tráfico de red a dos MNOs, los que alquilan su capacidad de red al MVNO. En el análisis del modelo se consideran tanto las características del sistema como las económicas. En cuanto a las características del sistema, un MVNO proporciona servicio a los usuarios finales utilizando el soporte de infraestructura de dos MNOs. El servicio proporcionado por el MVNO, se modelada mediante una cola M/M/1, donde cada usuario genera paquetes de forma independiente siguiendo un proceso de Poisson. Los tiempos de servicios de los paquetes, se distribuyen exponencialmente. En el sistema propuesto la métrica de calidad más relevante, es el tiempo medio de servicio. El acuerdo entre el MVNO y los MNOs, es tal que, el MVNO dividirá el tráfico de la red entre los dos MNOs y pagará a cada MNO por el tráfico servido a través de su infraestructura. En cuanto a las características económicas, los incentivos se modelan a través de las utilidades de los usuarios y los beneficios de los operadores. En el segundo modelo, se analiza la viabilidad económica de dos escenarios para un modelo de negocio en el que, un MNO alquila su infraestructura de red al MVNO y cada operador sirve a su propia base de usuarios. El primer escenario denominado monopólico, el MNO presta servicio a las dos bases de usuarios (MNO y MVNO). En el segundo escenario denominado estratégico, el MNO presta servicio a su base de usuarios, así como, alquila su infraestructura al MVNO para que preste servicio a su base de usuarios. Para los dos escenarios, la red se ha modelado por una cola con prioridad, utilizando una disciplina de servicio Compartición Discrimitatoria del Servidor (Discriminatory Processor Sharing-DPS). En el análisis de compartición de infraestructura, se considera un pago al MNO por cada usuario que accede al servicio de MVNO. Finalmente, para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes escenarios propuestos para los modelos de negocio, se utilizan conceptos de microeconomía, teoría de juegos y teoría de colas, la cuales han permitido conocer las decisiones en equilibrio que toman los operadores, así como las decisiones en equilibrio de los usuarios; de esta manera se ha obtenido el efecto de estas decisiones sobre los beneficios de todos los agentes del modelo y se han identificado las condiciones bajo las cuales estos nuevos modelos de negocio son viables en entornos de redes 4G y 5G. Como resultado del análisis de los modelos de negocio para los diferentes escenarios propuestos, se observa que la asociación entre MNOs y MVNOs a través de la compartición de infraestructura es viable económicamente para los modelos propuestos. En relación a los usuarios, su comportamiento es sustancial para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes modelos de negocio propuestos, por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible explorar diferentes funciones de utilidad que expresen el comportamiento de los usuarios en estudios futuros. En cuanto a los operadores, en el primer modelo de negocio se demuestra que, la provisión de capacidad de red es un mecanismo válido para optimizar los beneficios de los operadores. Así como, en el segundo modelo de negocio, se demuestra que, la compartición de infraestructura entre un MNO y un MVNO es deseable desde el punto de vista de los usuarios para el modelo de negocio estratégico, ya que permite un mayor número de usuarios. Mientras que, desde el punto de vista económico el modelo de negocio monopólico es más deseable debido a que ofrece un incentivo mayor a los operadores. En resumen, en esta tesis se demuestra la viabilidad económica de modelos de negocio de compartición de infraestructura entre MNOs y MVNOs, soportados técnicamente por las características tecnológicas de las redes móviles de ultima generación. / [CA] Aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat dins del marc de la línia d'investigació d'Economia i Regulació de les Telecomunicacions. En el programa de Doctorat de Telecomunicacions per la Universitat Politècnica de València. Com a part del procés d'investigació es va participar en els següents projectes d'investigació: Plataforma de servicios para ciudades inteligentes con redes M2M densas (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378-C02-02) i ATLAS -Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. També es va realitzar una estada doctoral en l'IMT Atlantique en Rennes-França. Com a resultat d'aquaquests activitats es van publicar diversos articles científics que permeten sustentar els models de negoci per a MVNOs presentats en el present document. En aquest estudi, es plantegen models de negoci que se sustenten en el desenrotllament de les característiques tècniques de 4G i 5G, que faciliten la compartició d'infraestructura dels MNOs. També s'analitza l'estat de l'art que permet sustentar la viabilitat tècnica dels models basats en la compartició d'infraestructura, que ha permès disminuir les barreres d'entrada al mercat i el desenvolupament de nous models de negoci per als MVNOs. No obstant això, els nous models que permeten la compartició d'infraestructura han de ser analitzats des-de l'aspecte econòmic per a determinar la viabilitat dels mateixos. Específicament, en el primer model s'analitza la viabilitat econòmica d'un MVNO que brinda el servei a la seua base d'usuaris i divideix el seu tràfic de xarxa a dos MNOs, els que lloguen la seua capacitat de xarxa al MVNO. En l'anàlisi del model es considerentant les característiques del sistema com les econòmiques. Respecte a les característiques del sistema, un MVNO proporciona servei als usuaris finals utilitzant el suport d'infraestructura de dos MNOs. El servei proporcionat pel MVNO, es modelada per mitjà d'una cua M/M/1, on cada usuari genera paquets de forma independent seguint un procés de Poisson. Els temps de servei dels paquets es distribueixen exponencialment. En el sistema proposat, la mètrica de qualitat més rellevant és el temps mitjà de servei, que comprén tant el temps d'espera com el temps mitjà de servei. L'acord entre el MVNO i els MNOs, és tal que el MVNO dividirà el tràfic de la xarxa entre els dos MNOs i pagarà a cada MNO pel tràfic servit a través de la seua infraestructura. Respecte a les característiques econòmiques, els incentius es modelen mitjançant les utilitats dels usuaris i els beneficis dels operadors. En el segon model, s'analitza la viabilitat econòmica de dos escenaris per a un model de negoci en què un MNO lloga la seua infraestructura de xarxa al MVNO i cada operador serveix a la seua pròpia base d'usuaris. El primer escenari denominat monopòlic, el MNO dona servei a les dos bases d'usuaris (MNO i MVNO). En el segon escenari denominat estratègic, el MNO dona servei a la seua base d'usuaris, a més a més, lloga la seua infraestructura al MVNO per a que aquest puga prestar servei a la seua base d'usuaris. Per als dos escenaris, la xarxa s'ha modelat per una cua amb prioritat, utilitzant una disciplina de servei DPS. En l'anàlisi de compartició d'infraestructura, es considera un pagament al MNO per cada usuari que accedeix al servei de MVNO. Finalmente, para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes escenarios propuestos para los modelos de negocio, se utilizan conceptos de microeconomía, teoría de juegos y teoría de colas, la cuales han permitido conocer las decisiones en equilibrio que toman los operadores, así como las decisiones en equilibrio de los usuarios; de esta manera se ha obtenido el efecto de estas decisiones sobre los beneficios de todos los agentes del modelo y se han identificado las condiciones bajo las cuales estos nuevos modelos de negocio son viables en entornos de redes 4G y 5G. Como resultado del análisis de los modelos de negocio para los diferentes escenarios propuestos, se observa que la asociación entre MNOs y MVNOs a través de la compartición de infraestructura es viable económicamente para los modelos propuestos. En relación a los usuarios, su comportamiento es sustancial para determinar la viabilidad económica de los diferentes modelos de negocio propuestos, por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible explorar diferentes funciones de utilidad que expresen el comportamiento de los usuarios en estudios futuros. En cuanto a los operadores, en el primer modelo de negocio se demuestra que, la provisión de capacidad de red es un mecanismo válido para optimizar los beneficios de los operadores. Así como, en el segundo modelo de negocio, se demuestra que, la compartición de infraestructura entre un MNO y un MVNO es deseable desde el punto de vista de los usuarios para el modelo de negocio estratégico, ya que permite un mayor número de usuarios. Mientras que, desde el punto de vista económico el modelo de negocio monopólico es más deseable debido a que ofrece un incentivo mayor a los operadores. En resumen, en esta tesis se demuestra la viabilidad económica de modelos de negocio de compartición de infraestructura entre MNOs y MVNOs, soportados técnicamente por las características tecnológicas de las redes móviles de ultima generación. / [EN] This thesis has been developed within the framework of the research line of Economics and Regulation of Telecommunications. In the PhD program of Telecommunications by the Universitat Politècnica de València. As part of the research process, we participated in the following research projects: Service Platform for Smart Cities with Dense M2M Networks (TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R), Entrepreneurship in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (COHWAN, TIN2010-21378-C02-02) and ATLAS-Dynamic network slicing in 5G Radio Access. A doctoral stay at the ITM Atlantique in Rennes, France, was also arranged. As a result of these activities, several scientific articles were published which support the business models for MVNOs presented in this document. In this study, business models based on the development of the technical characteristics of 4G and 5G are proposed, which facilitate the sharing of the infrastructure of MNOs. In this regard, this document analyzes the state of the art that supports the technical feasibility of models based on infrastructure sharing, which has lowered barriers to market entry and the development of new business models for MVNOs. However, the new models that infrastructure sharing allows, must be analyzed from an economic aspect to determine their viability. Specifically, the first model analyses the economic viability of an MVNO that provides the service to its user base and splits its network traffic between two MNOs, which rent their network capacity to the MVNO. The analysis of the model considers both the characteristics of the system and the economic ones. In terms of system characteristics, one MVNO provides service to end-users using the infrastructure support of two MNOs. The service provided by the MVNO is modelled through an M/M/1 queue, where each user generates packets independently following a Poisson process. The service times of the packages are distributed exponentially. In the proposed system, the most relevant quality metric is the average service time, which comprises both the waiting time and the average service time. The agreement between the MVNO and the MNOs is such that the MVNO will split the network traffic between the two MNOs and pay each MNO for the traffic served through its infrastructure. In terms of economic features, incentives are modelled through user profits and operator profits. In the second model, we analyze the economic viability of two scenarios for a business model in which, an MNO rents its network infrastructure to the MVNO, and each operator serves its user base. In the first scenario, called monopoly, the MNO serves both user bases (MNO and MVNO). In the second scenario, called strategic, the MNO serves its user base, as well as leases its infrastructure to the MVNO to serve its user base. For both scenarios, the network has been modelled by a priority queue, using a DPS discipline. In the infrastructure sharing analysis, a payment to the MNO is considered for each user that accesses the MVNO service. Finally, to determine the economic viability of different scenarios proposed for the business models, concepts of microeconomics, game theory and queuing theory are used, which have allowed us to know the equilibrium decisions made by the operators, as well as the equilibrium decisions made by the users. In this way, the effect of these decisions on the profits of all the agents in the model has been obtained, and the conditions under which these new business models are viable in 4G and 5G network environments have been identified. As a result of the analysis of the business models for the different scenarios proposed, it is observed that the association between MNOs and MVNOs through infrastructure sharing is economically viable for the proposed models. In relation to users, their behavior is substantial to determine the economic viability of the different proposed business models; therefore, it is essential to explore different utility functions that express user behavior in future studies. As for the operators, the first business model demonstrates that the provision of network capacity is a valid mechanism for optimizing operators’ profits. As well as, in the second business model, it is demonstrated that, the sharing of infrastructure between an MNO and an MVNO is desirable from the users’ point of view for the strategic business model since it allows a greater number of users. Whereas, from an economic point of view, the monopolistic business model is more desirable because it provides a greater incentive for operators. In summary, this thesis demonstrates the economic viability of business models of infrastructure sharing between MNOs and MVNOs, technically supported by the technological characteristics of the latest generation mobile networks. / Sacoto Cabrera, E. (2020). Análisis basado en teoría de juegos de modelos de negocio de operadores móviles virtuales en redes 4G y 5G [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158595 / TESIS

Electricity markets may become more sensitive to weather conditions because of higher penetration of renewable energy sources and climatic changes. Albania is 100% reliant on hydropower for its domestic energy generation, making this country compelling to investigate as it is highly sensitive to changing weather conditions. We use an ARMA-GARCH model to investigate whether weather and economic factors had a relationship with monthly hydroelectricity prices in the Albanian Energy Market in the period 2013-2018. We find that electricity price is affected by variations in weather and is not utterly robust to extreme hydrological changes. Generally, our dependent variable appears to be particularly influenced by air pressure followed by temperature and rainfall. We also perceive that there is a relationship between economic factors and hydroelectricity prices, where residual supply appears to have a significant negative relationship with our dependent variable. However, we were originally anticipating a higher dependency of electricity prices on weather conditions, due to the inflated hydro-power reliance for electricity production in the Albanian Energy Market. This effect is offset by several factors, where the state monopolized behaviour of the energy sector occupies a predominant influence on our results.

What is studied in this essay is how municipal self-government and the municipal planning monopoly can be affected for municipalities in Region Värmland if physical planning were to be regionalized in Värmland. There is a power shift going on in today´s situation, where the local is being moved more and more to the regional level. It is also a power struggle between who should control different thing. The purpose of the work is to find out how municipalities in Värmland will be affected if the physical planning were to be regionalized. Also how civil servants and their work regarding planning may be affected. This can be seen based on two dimensions that are applied in the study, the dimension of power and the dimension of activity, which can show differences and similarities exist between municipalities. The questions to be answered are:  - What effects and perspectives (pros and cons) do you think the working method can have for the interviewed municipalities if spatial planning is regionalized? -Does it matter if it is a smaller or larger municipality? -How is planning affected by this, what would be the consequences/problems for the businesses from more regional physical planning in Värmland?  Through qualitative interviews, respondents from eight municipalities in Värmland have been interviewed to answer how they think they will be affected if regional spatial planning were to be used in Värmland. The respondents work with relevant professions within community planning. The results show, based on four themes, divided unconditionally based on the respondent´s answers, how the municipalities and their respondents would be  affected. Among other things, the respondents lack responsibility from the region, resources and the municipalities conditions look different and depending on whether it is a small or large municipality it can look different. The local knowledge a municipality has is also important for municipalities, and municipal self- government is also something that municipalities think is important. Politics and democracy are important parts of how things should work. The conclusion shows that different effects and perspectives with pros and cons will affect the interviewed municipalities if spatial planning is regionalized. An important perspecitve is that power between municipality and region plays a role and also that municipalities today work in different ways and are therefore affected differently depending on their size, small or large municipality. The planning and activites will have several different consequences, both good and bad, knowledge and cooperation is something that will be able to improve the planning.

This research study in applied mathematical statistics, and industrial engineering and management aims to determine the wine properties that drive the wine sales in Sweden, while also examining how the monopoly in Sweden affects the alcohol sales and demand. Data were collected from Systembolaget, which is the only alcohol retail store chain in Sweden. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on 4 931 observations from Systembolaget’s sales statistics of 2019. The covariates were the type of wine, taste, price, size, country of origin, ecologically classified and ethically certified. The final model contained 18 variables where the taste parameters dominated the model. The results conclude that wines from Australia, Italy and Portugal have an advantage when it comes to the wine sales in Sweden, while wines from Sweden have a negative correleation with the volume sold. Other results suggest that wine producers should make ethically produced wines. From an economic perspective, the alcohol monopoly in Sweden is not a regular monopoly. Moreover, the monopoly is considered to has had a negative impact on the alcohol sales by lowering the demand through a strict alcohol law, among other things. The positive aspects of Sweden’s alcohol monopoly is the overall better health of the Swedish society and the in-store consultation that is offered. This study has contributed to previous research and also given the wine producers a better overview of the factors that drive the wine sales in Sweden. / Denna forskningsstudie i tillämpad matematisk statistik och industriell ekonomi syftar till att bestämma de vinegenskaper som driver vinförsäljningen i Sverige, samtidigt som man undersöker hur monopolet i Sverige påverkar alkoholförsäljningen och efterfrågan. Data samlades in från Systembolaget, som är den enda butikskedjan för alkohol i Sverige. En multipel linjär regressionsanalys utfördes på 4 931 observationer från Systembolagets försäljningsstatistik från 2019. Kovariaterna var typen av vin, smak, pris, storlek, ursprungsland, ekologiskt klassificerat och etiskt certifierat. Den slutliga modellen innehöll 18 variabler där smakparametrarna dominerade modellen. Resultaten visar på att viner från Australien, Italien och Portugal har en fördel när det gäller vinförsäljningen i Sverige, medan vin från Sverige har en negativ korrelation med den sålda volymen. Andra resultat tyder på att vinproducenter bör göra etiskt producerade viner. Ur ett nationalekonomiskt perspektiv är alkoholmonopolet i Sverige inte ett vanligt monopol. Dessutom anses monopolet ha haft en negativ inverkan på alkoholförsäljningen genom att bland annat sänka efterfrågan med hjälp av en strikt alkohollag. De positiva aspekterna av Sveriges alkoholmonopol är den övergripande bättre hälsan hos det svenska samhället och konsultationen som erbjuds i butikerna. Denna studie har bidragit till tidigare forskning och även givit vinproducenterna en bättre överblick över de faktorer som driver vinförsäljning i Sverige.