This research was executed as three separate studies. Study 1 focused on the perception of pain and the semantic aspects of pain. Study 2 focused on the measurement of acute pain and mood states. Study 3 focused on the psychological treatment of cancer pain. In Study 1 a group of 66 Setswana-speaking adults were required to describe what they saw, what happened, and what would be the outcome with respect to three visually presented pain scenes using The Pain Apperception Test (PAT) A qualitative analysis of their responses shows that pain is experienced as an all encompassing experience affecting all aspects of their lives, such as the physical, emotional, social, and economic. This was found to be true, irrespective of gender and age with the exception of economic issues. A qualitative analysis of their responses to the Pain Eliciting Incidents Questionnaire (PEIQ) reveals that the Setswana pain descriptors are classifiable according to the three dimensions of pain namely, the sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative. Sludy 2 applied the Profile of Mood States (POMS) preoperatively to a group of 58 female laparotomy (gynaecological) patients. These patients were also tested post-operatively with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) as pain measures. The pain measures were taken at no medication and at the peak of medication. Factor analysis could not confirm the validity of the six POMS scales. These scales also did not show correlations with post-operative pain. Correlations between the pain measures showed acceptable reliability and validity of the VAS and the WBPQ. In Study 3 three groups of 15 cancer patients each, suffering from chronic pain, were treated over a period of two weeks with either cognitive behavioural therapy plus medication, reassurance therapy plus medication, or medication only. Comparison of before and after treatment pain measures showed that both cognitive behavioural therapy and reassurance therapy had a beneficial effect. Follow-up results three months later showed that the beneficial effect of reassurance therapy did not persist. Patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy still showed the beneficial effects thereof. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CHAPTER 2: This study examined the variation in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in relation to mood states and performance during professional swimming competition. Eleven athletes were examined during two consecutive days of competition. On each day salivary cortisol was determined upon awakening, 30 and 60 min post awakening, immediately before warming up for competition and 5, 20 and 60 min after competition. Psychometric instruments included the Profile of Mood States and self-reports of performance. CARs did not differ between competition and non-competition days and were not related to performance on any day. However, difference was observed in the concentration of cortisol prior to and after the contest between competition and non-competition days. Perceived demands of the day ahead might not reflect the same magnitude of variation in the CAR in well-trained men. Explanations for this include better coping mechanisms and response towards the phase and time of competition. CHAPTER 3: Objective: We investigated the response of salivary total protein (TP), alpha-amylase (sAA) and chromogranin A (CgA) to sporting competition and their relation with positive and negative affect. Methods: Eleven professional swimmers were examined during the first day of a national contest and on a recreated event that matched time-of-the-day and day-of-theweek assessments two weeks later. Total protein was determined by the Bradford method and sAA and CgA by western blotting upon awakening, 30 and 60 min post awakening, immediately before warming up for competition and 5, 20 and 60 min after competition. Psychometric instruments included the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule - X (PANAS-X). Results: The concentrations of TP, sAA and CgA differed from controls only prior to and 5 min after the event. We observed associations between higher negative affect scores with higher levels of TP, sAA and CgA prior to the event on the competition day. Areas under the curve did not differ from controls for TP, sAA or CgA. Conclusion: TP and CgA showed a similar reactivity to sporting competition than sAA, which may be attributed to the mechanisms responsible for protein secretion into saliva when collection is performed with no exogenous stimulation. Strong adverse psychological stimuli only seem to override the regular rhythm of salivary proteins moments before and after stressful situations. / CAPÍTULO 2: O presente estudo investigou a variação da resposta do cortisol ao acordar (CAR) em relação com estados de humor e desempenho durante uma competição de natação profissional. Onze atletas foram examinados durantes dois dias consecutivos de competição. Em cada dia, a concentração de cortisol salivar foi determinada ao acordar, 30 e 60 minutos após acordar, imediatamente antes de aquecer para a competição e 5, 20 e 40 minutos depois da competição. O Perfil de Estados de Humor e reportes próprios de desempenho foram incluídos como instrumentos psicométricos. A CAR não foi diferente entre os dias de competição e controle e não houve relação com o desempenho em nenhum dos dois dias. No entanto, houve diferença antes de e após o evento entre os dias de competição e controle. A percepção de um desafio que irá acontecer durante o dia não necessariamente reflete a mesma magnitude de variação na CAR em sujeitos bem treinados. Isto pode ser devido a melhores mecanismos para lidar com o estresse e a fase e hora da competição em que os sujeitos foram avaliados. CAPÍTULO 3: O presente estudo investigou a resposta de proteína total na saliva (TP) alfaamilase (sAA) e cromogranina A (CgA) à competição esportiva e sua relação com estados de humor. Onze atletas profissionais foram examinados durante o primeiro dia de um evento nacional em natação e durante um evento simulado num dia de treinamento no mesmo dia da semana e no mesmo horário que a competição real. A concentração de TP foi determinada pelo método de Bradford e a de sAA e CgA por western blotting ao acordar, 30 e 60 minutos depois, imediatamente antes de aquecer para o evento e 5, 20 e 40 minutos depois do mesmo. A escala de estado de humor PANAS-X (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule) foi incluída como instrumento psicométrico. A concentração de TP, sAA e CgA foi diferente dos dias de controle unicamente antes e 5 minutos após a competição. Não houve diferença na área sob a curva do perfil diurno de cada marcador entre os dias de competição e controle. TP e CgA tiveram uma resposta similar à competição do que sAA. Isto pode ser atribuído aos mecanismos de secreção de proteína na saliva quando a coleta da mesma é feita sem estimulação exógena. Estímulos psicológicos adversos parecem alterar o ritmo regular de secreção destes marcadores só momentos prévios e posteriores a situações estressantes. / Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica

Captured atmospheres - Rooms and interiors that tell a story in the absence of people är en undersökning av min konstnärliga praktik, återkommande teman, idéer och intressen samt bestående influenser. Genom en längre process där jag gick igenom många års samlande av texter, citat, bilder och idéer som har inspirerat och influerat mitt arbete, försökte jag skapa mig en överblick eller förståelse av denna samling och hur den reflekterar min konstnärliga praktik. I denna process valde jag ut de texter, citat och bilder som jag känner står mig närmast de ideér och verk som jag arbetat med under de senaste åren. Den utvalda samlingen kom att handla om atmosfär, stämningar, rumslighet, psykiska upplevelser, frånvaro och existens. Arbetet består av en Artist book-del där jag jobbat med att i en Artist book-format uttrycka de stämningar, atmosfärer och rumsupplevelser - som inspirerar mig och driver min konstnärliga praktik - med bilder, citat och texter från min samling. Den andra delen av arbetet består av en text där jag försöker uttrycka samma idéer och intressen i essäformat. / [I examensarbetet ingår utställningen "We have a visitor":] The exhibition - We have a visitor - is an installation based on the story of a murder case that was solved by PSI phenomena. A woman was murdered and the police had nothing to go on until another woman reported that she had been possessed by the murdered woman and gave details of the murder and the murderer that led to the case being solved. The installation shows two empty rooms; one through a large flat screen TV dropped on the floor displaying still images from a peculiar angle of a room environment, as if the camera (or somebody) is laying on the floor. A voice speaks to us, through the subtitles in the video, describing her own murder. The TV screen is placed on a piece of carpet cut in a shape emphasising the strange angle of the filmed room and points to a screen print on the wall displaying another angle of the same room. The viewer is standing in the portrayed room. The second room, projected onto a large temporary freestanding wall, display shots from a filmed bedroom, focusing on the top of the bed as if someone is laying there. Then, the camera pans to a window, as if expecting someone's arrival. Suddenly, the view drifts upwards, above the bed towards the ceiling. Next, a yellow entity takes over the image and the view descends back to the bed. The entity holds the space for a moment before vanishing as unexpectedly as it arrived. The installation deals with questions surroundng spatial atmospheres and if rooms and interiors somehow could hold or capture atmospheres or feelings after its subjects have left. Material/Teknik/Mått: Videoverk på monitor på specialskuren filtmatta, screentryck, videoprojection på fristående vägg och digitalt tryck. I anslutning till installationen visade jag ckså en Artist book med samma titel som installationen. Verk i utställningen: 1. They found my body (video installation 2013) 2. The room responded with a resounding silence (screentryck, 2013). 3. Room study (Possession) (Video projection, 2013). 4. Could not possibly be explained by normal means (digitalt tryck, 2013) / <p>Examensarbetet består av en skriftlig del och en gestaltande del. Alternativ titel anger namnet förden gestaltande delen. Tryckta publikationer finns tillgängliga på Kungl Konsthögskolans bibliotek. </p>

For more than half a decade, lithium has been successfully used to treat bipolar disorder. Worldwide, it is considered the first-line mood stabilizer. Apart from its proven antimanic and prophylactic effects, considerable evidence also suggests an antisuicidal effect in affective disorders. Lithium is also effectively used to augment antidepressant drugs in the treatment of refractory major depressive episodes and prevent relapses in recurrent unipolar depression. In contrast to many psychiatric drugs, lithium has outlasted various pharmacotherapeutic ‘fashions’, and remains an indispensable element in contemporary psychopharmacology. Nevertheless, data from pharmacogenetic studies of lithium are comparatively sparse, and these studies are generally characterized by small sample sizes and varying definitions of response. Here, we present an international effort to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Following an initiative by the International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients (www.IGSLI.org) and the Unit on the Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders at the National Institute of Mental Health,lithium researchers from around the world have formed the Consortium on Lithium Genetics (www.ConLiGen.org) to establish the largest sample to date for genome-wide studies of lithium response in bipolar disorder, currently comprising more than 1,200 patients characterized for response to lithium treatment. A stringent phenotype definition of response is one of the hallmarks of this collaboration. ConLiGen invites all lithium researchers to join its efforts. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Tato diplomová práce předkládá podrobnou interpretaci koncepce základních nálad v Heideggerově fundamentální ontologii. Postup napříč klíčovými texty (Bytí a čas, Co je Metafyzika? a Základní pojmy metafyziky) sleduje vývoj této koncepce a zachycuje ji v její často přehlížené členitosti. Důraz je proto kladen na odlišné role různých základních nálad a na exkluzivní postavení úzkosti jako "nejzákladnější" základní nálady. Centrální tezí práce je, že úzkost představuje klíč k Heideggerově celkovému pojetí naladěnosti i k výkladu ostatních základních nálad, zejména hluboké nudy. Předvedení úzkosti jako exkluzivní základní nálady zároveň nabízí cestu k samotnému jádru Heideggerova myšlení - k problému bytí. Klíčová slova Martin Heidegger, rozpoložení, základní nálady, Grundstimmungen, latentní úzkost, explicitní úzkost, hluboká nuda, rozumění bytí, bytí jako možnost, nic, každodennost, autenticita, neautenticita Abstract This master thesis offers a detailed interpretation of the concept of fundamental attunements in Heidegger' s fundamental ontology. Progression through the key texts (Being and Time, What is Metaphysics? and The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics) retraces the evolution of this concept and captures its often overlooked complex structure. This account emphasizes the different roles of...

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16-androstenes Anosmia in Men 16-androstens are compounds of steroid character which are secreted to the skin as part of apocrine glands secrets and they participate in creating body odor. It was found that androstenes influence affective state and psychophysiological reactions. The effect of androstenes can be also found on subliminal level. However, it has not yet been tested whether individuals with specific anosmia could also be influenced this way. Specific anosmia is described as an individual's incapability of conscious detection of particular odor while the detection of other compounds remains unaffected. The aim of the thesis is to test whether specifically anosmic individuals can be influenced by compounds to which they are anosmic to. This hypothesis is based on research of sensitization. Previous research indicates that olfactory perception may be of larger plasticity than thought. The theoretical part focuses on critical analysis of androstenes and research on specific anosmia. This field contains topics such as influence of chemical structure on androstenes perception, genetic influences, sensitization, functions of androstenes in interpersonal interactions and research on brain imagining. The experimental part focused on measuring subjective ratings of mood and psychophysiological...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Epidemiological studies suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although several possible mediators of this association have been proposed, the precise mechanisms are yet unknown. Accordingly, we examined periodontal disease as a novel mediator of the depression-CVD association, given its separate links with both depression and CVD. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and its Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) were analyzed. Participants were 3,346 individuals aged 25-74 years free of CVD at baseline (53% female, 16% non-white). Depression was assessed by the, depressed mood subscale of the General Well-Being Schedule Based on the Russell Periodontal Index, periodontal disease (43%) was defined as the presence of four or more periodontal pockets identified by a licensed dentist during an examination. The primary outcome was incident CVD (n=727, 22%), defined as nonfatal or fatal coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease, identified during the follow-up period by interviews and death certificate records. All analyses were adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Logistic regression analyses revealed no association between the GWBS depressed mood score and periodontal disease (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.96-1.14, p=.24). Cox proportional hazard models revealed that both periodontal disease (HR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.46, p=.009) and depressed mood (HR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.17, p=.03) were significant predictors of incident CVD. However, Sobel analyses found that periodontal disease was not a partial mediator of the depressed mood-incident CVD association (t=1.01, p=.31). Overall, these mediation results suggest that (a) both periodontal disease and depressed mood are independent predictors of incident CVD and that (b) the effect of depressive symptoms on incident CVD is not mediated by periodontal disease.

Les affects, émotions et humeurs sont des processus complexes dont le fonctionnement précis échappe toujours à la neuroscience affective. Un récent mouvement des études IRMf s’est tourné vers la recherche d’effets aux niveaux inter- et intra-individuels en raison du manque d’applicabilité individuelle des résultats provenant de moyennes de groupes basées sur des données transversales. En particulier, la recherche intra-individuelle permet l’étude de liens directs entre l’affectivité et la connectivité chez de mêmes individus à travers le temps. De précédentes études en IRMf rapportent ce type associations chez un unique participant, notre objectif a été d’étudier les effets intra-individuels communs pour un groupe d’individus. Nous avons utilisé le jeu de données Day2day, composé de 40 à 50 sessions pour 6 participants, chaque session incluant des données d’IRMf au repos ainsi que d’auto-évaluations des états affectifs. Nous avons analysé la relation entre l’affectivité et la connectivité fonctionnelle entre des régions cérébrales précédemment liées aux émotions et affects à l’aide de régressions linéaires mixtes multivariées. Nos modèles ont isolé des patrons de connectivité communs et généralisables liés aux variations intra-individuelles de l’affectivité observées au cours de plusieurs semaines et mois. Ces modèles impliquaient particulièrement l’amygdale et l’insula. Nos résultats ouvrent la possibilité de reproduire de tels modèles sur des jeux de données plus larges ainsi qu’à évaluer l’hétérogénéité entre sujets au-delà des effets moyens. La caractérisation de tels processus neurobiologiques pourrait être d’une grande utilité en clinique comme biomarqueur transdiagnostique de l’état affectif ou potentielle cible thérapeutique. / Affects, emotions and moods are complex processes, the precise functioning of which still eludes affective neuroscience. A recent movement in fMRI has turned to research of effects at the inter- and intra-individual level in response to the lack of individual-level applicability of results from cross-sectional group mean studies. In particular, intra-individual research enables the study of direct links between affective states and underlying connectivity in individuals across time. Previous fMRI studies have described these associations in a single participant, our objective was to find shared intraindividual effects across multiple subjects. We have used the Day2day dataset, comprising 40 to 50 sessions for six participants, each session including data from resting-state fMRI scans and self-report measures of state affectivity. We have investigated the relationship between affectivity and connectivity in brain regions linked to emotions and affects using multivariate mixed linear analysis. Our models have isolated common and generalizable patterns of connectivity linked to variations in affectivity observed over multiple weeks and months. These models involved mainly the amygdala and insula. Our results incentivize the re-creation of such modelsin larger datasets, and to assess heterogeneity beyond group mean effects. The characterization of such neurobiological processes could be of great use in a clinical setting as a transdiagnostic biomarker or as a potential therapeutic target.

In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Vanuatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach-übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Um ihre Bedeutungen in Nafsan zu analysieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner Feldarbeit (Krajinovic, 2017b). Meine Analysen zeigen, dass Perfekt in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die für das Perfekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit von Iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass die von Klein (1994) vorgeschlagene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue Iamitive-Kategorie zu etablieren. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeutung von Realis unvereinbar sein sollten. Ich schlage vor, dass “Realis” gelegentlich Realis-Bedeutungen durch pragmatischen Wettbewerb mit Irrealis erhaltet. Indem ich das “branching-times’’ Modell annehme, das den Ausdruck von Modalität und zeitlichem Bezug vereint (Prince, 2018), zeige ich, dass Nafsan und mehrere andere ozeanische Sprachen Beweise dafür liefern, dass Irrealis als Modalitätskategorie, die sich auf nicht-aktuelle Welten bezieht, eine semantisch sinnvolle Kategorie ist. / In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories, frequently disputed in the literature. In order to analyze their meanings in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by storyboard and questionnaire elicitation in my fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b). I found that the Nafsan perfect has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of the newly proposed category of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to `already' and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that, when language-internal processes are considered, the semantic definition of perfect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” in Nafsan only occasionally receives realis meanings through pragmatic competition with the irrealis category. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (Prince, 2018), I also show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category.