The purpose of this study is to generate further knowledge about preschool teachers' work with newly arrived children who are in need of special support. Presently, there is a small amount of research in this subject and therefore I think it is a relevant topic to study. The study is conducted with semi structured interviews as a qualitative method for accessing the preschool teachers’ description of their work with newly arrived children in need of special support due to disabilities. It appears that it is a challenge for preschool staff to know what the need for special support is based on, whether due to disability or of being a refugee and the difficulties it contains. In order for preschool teachers’ to have the opportunity to use appropriate support, they need to have knowledge of the child's background and they also need to have well function communication with the parents. It is usually the staff at the preschool who first notice when a child needs supplementary support. With the preschool teachers' descriptions this study examines what perspective preschool teachers’ have on their work with newly arrived children in need of special support. This is done with help of four different special educational perspectives. This study shows that it is important to have good cooperation between preschool and parents, the parties are then dependent on well-functioning interpretive opportunities for the cooperation to function, which turns out to be varied.

Inledning: Antalet nyanlända flyktingar ökade kraftigt i Sverige efter den stora flyktingströmmen 2015. Arbetsförmedlingen är den myndighet, som sedan etableringsreformen togs i kraft 2010, är ansvariga för att tillsammans med den nyanlända flyktingen, myndigheter, företag och organisationer skapa en etableringsplan. Uppdraget syftar till att hjälpa nyanlända flyktingar till att så snabbt som möjligt lära sig svenska språket och hitta ett arbete för att klara sin försörjning. Antalet sysselsatta nyanlända flyktingarna i etableringsuppdraget var år 2016 endast 5 %. Tidigare forskning och den politiska debatten visar på vikten av sysselsättning för att minska utvecklingen av ett segregerat svenskt samhälle. Syfte: Studien undersöker dels arbetsgivares upplevelser och inställning till integration av nyanlända flyktingar genom arbete, dels arbetsgivares erfarenheter och möjligheter till rekrytering av nyanlända flyktingar. Metod: Studien är gjord med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med abduktiv forskningsansats. Forskningsprocessen är av hermeneutiskt slag där helheten och kontexten utgörs av lagar och insatser i det svenska samhället, tillsammans med intervjuer med Arbetsförmedlingen och Svenskt Näringsliv. De undersökta delarna utgörs i studien av 16 intervjuer med arbetsgivare från privata företag. Slutsats: Det teoretiska bidrag studien gör är att arbetsgivare upplever att insatser och möjligheter till rekryteringsbeslut som leder till integration av nyanlända flyktingar är starkt beroende av arbetsgivarens personliga intresse. Detta efter att studiens visat att den ekonomiska nytta rekrytering av nyanlända flyktingar ger för företag inte avgör rekryteringsbeslutet. Enligt studien är det den sociala nyttan som avgör om en arbetsgivare vid ett rekryteringsbeslut aktivt väljer att integrera en nyanländ flykting genom arbete. Det leder till att studiens praktiska bidrag är att Arbetsförmedlingens fokus på ekonomisk nytta bör kompletteras med resurser till att framhäva den sociala nytta integration av nyanlända flyktingar genom arbete leder till. / Introduction: The number of newly arrived refugees increased rapidly in Sweden after the major arrival of refugees in 2015. Arbetsförmedlingen, the Swedish public employment office, is since 2010 the responsible authority to create an introduction plan together with the newly arrived refugee, authorities, companies and organizations. The establishment mission aim to help newly arrived refugees to learn the Swedish language, and to find a job as quickly as possible to be able to meet economic needs. The number of employed newly arrived refugees in the introduction plan was 5 % in the year of 2016. Earlier research and the political debate show the importance of employment in order to reduce segregation in the Swedish society. Purpose: The study partly examines employers' attitude and experiences of integration of newly arrived refugees through work, and partly examines employers' experiences and opportunities for recruitment of newly arrived refugees. Method: The study is made with a qualitative research method with abductive approach. The research process is a hermeneutical process, in which the context consisted of laws and actions from the Swedish society, together with interviews with Arbetsförmedlingen and Svenskt Näringsliv. The investigated parts in the study are created by 16 interviews with employers in private companies. Conclusion: The theoretical contribution of the study is that employers experience that efforts and opportunities for recruitment decisions that leads to integration of newly arrived refugees are strongly dependent on the employer's personal interest. This means the economic utility that newly arrived refugees gives to the company is not what determines the recruitment decision. According to the study, social utility is what determine that an employer in a recruitment decision actively chooses to integrate newly arrived refugees through work. This means that the practical contribution of the study is that Arbetsförmedlingen ́s focus on economic utility should be supplemented with resources to emphasize the social utility of integration of newly arrived refugees in Sweden through work for.

This thesis explores how newly arrived students experience conditions for learning and inclusion in their lived transitions within the Swedish school system. The thesis deploys an ethnographic approach combining interviews with participant observation. The data comprise interviews with 22 students at three points in time and three cycles of participant observation over the course of 15 months (in three municipalities of different sizes). Deploying the concept of post-migration ecology, Study I maps the structural conditions that the educational landscape offers newly arrived students after migration to Sweden. The findings point to the emergence of a parallel school system through which the newly arrived students’ individual needs risk being overlooked. Study II uses a sociocultural perspective to compare the pedagogical and social resources offered in introductory and regular classes, concluding that introductory classes are characterised by weak challenges and strong support, whereas the opposite is true for regular classes. From a critical phenomenological perspective, Study III focuses on the individual students’ embodied experiences of being out of line in school (in a Swedish monolingual school setting). Paradoxically, the separate introductory class in this setting apparently offers a sense of inclusion, whereas the regular class is related to student experiences of exclusion. Study IV analyses temporal aspects of the students' lived transition to upper secondary school. Drawing on a phenomenology of blockage, it documents how extended periods in introductory programmes create a disjunction between the students' imagined and lived school careers. In brief, through analyses that encompass organisational and structural conditions, as well as lived experience, this thesis shows that the lived transitions of newly arrived students can be understood as instances of parallel school lives, a discontinued past and a postponed future. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Newly arrived children and learning - a cross-disciplinary study on the learning conditions for newly arrived children in Swedish schools

Esta dissertação analisa o perfil dos docentes universitários da rede pública federal ingressados depois de 2004, avaliando como o processo de profissionalização é impactado pelas condições de trabalho atuais e pela exigência de intensificação da produtividade científica. As transformações no trabalho dos professores universitários acompanham as mudanças na própria universidade brasileira influenciadas pelas novas configurações socioeconômicas e pela reorganização do mundo do trabalho e da produção científica. A problemática dos professores recém ingressados tem importância crescente que vai além do campo pedagógico: as condições e consequências da profissionalização não podem ser consideradas responsabilidade individual dos docentes, mas um desafio das políticas públicas. Para compreender melhor essa situação, selecionou-se o grupo de professores que ingressou na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) entre os anos de 2004 e 2011. Eles ingressaram na universidade no período posterior a aprovação da Reforma da Previdência (2003), que alterou profundamente a carreira dos servidores públicos. Este grupo continuou a aumentar após a implantação do REUNI, desde 2008, e hoje representa um terço do total de docentes da UFRGS. Tendo como método o estudo de caso, buscou-se mesclar as entrevistas semiestruturadas de orientação qualitativa realizadas com 24 docentes dessa nova geração, com outros indicadores gerais da própria UFRGS. Os eixos que compuseram essa pesquisa são complementares. Em outros termos, discutir a profissionalização docente implicou verificar uma série de indicadores (formação, carreira, salários, associativismo, etc), entre os quais se destacam as condições de trabalho e a relação com a produtividade científica. A profissionalização docente apresenta dificuldades específicas. O que é demandado dos professores (desde a qualificação permanente até o atendimento dos índices de produtividade) nem sempre condiz com as condições para execução do seu trabalho. Se, por um lado, a qualificação e o prestígio profissional têm crescido – ajudando a reforçar a atratividade para a carreira docente – por outro, as exigências laborais também aumentam. O crescente conjunto de atividades prescritas tem diminuído o espaço para o exercício da autonomia. A jornada de trabalho peculiar ao trabalho docente tem dupla face: sua flexibilidade no que tange o cumprimento da carga horária pode ser vista positivamente, mas também como ausência de controle sobre o próprio tempo, em especial quando o número de atividades que se deve desempenhar toma grandes proporções. Uma parcela considerável dos encargos não é considerada institucionalmente para o cômputo da jornada de trabalho, o que oculta o fato de que a maioria dos professores excede a carga horária para a qual prestaram concurso. Tais encargos estão relacionados a atividades que os professores assumem “voluntariamente”, de modo especial no âmbito da pesquisa científica. Puderam-se observar suas repercussões sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores, fundamentalmente o estresse decorrente desse tipo de jornada e, além disso, a dificuldade de separar a esfera profissional da pessoal. Essa invasão do trabalho na esfera domiciliar acaba gerando problemas nas relações familiares e domésticas – o que dificulta a realização de atividades que proporcionem uma vida mais cheia de sentido. / This master’s degree dissertation aims to present the profile of the university professors in the federal public network, who entered after 2004. It will be valued how the professionalization is impacted by the present labor conditions and by the current intensification demands for scientific productivity. The transformations in the activities of the university teachers track the changes of the Brazilian university itself influenced by the new socioeconomic configurations, the labor world and scientific production reorganizations. The problematic of the newly admitted professors holds an importance way beyond the pedagogical field: the professionalization conditions and its consequences cannot be regarded as the teacher’s individual responsibility, yet a challenge for the public policies. In order to better understand this situation, a group of professors who joined UFRGS, the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University, from 2004 thru 2011 was selected. They were admitted to the institution in the subsequent period to the Social Security Reform approval (2003), which has deeply altered the public servants career. This is also the group which expanded significantly after the REUNI implantation in 2008, and today it represents one third of UFRGS total teacher members. By choosing the case study as the method, qualitative oriented and semi structured interviews made with 24 new generation professors were mixed with other UFRGS general indicators. The axes that composed this research are complementary. In other words, discussing teachers’ professionalization presupposed verify a series of indicators (formation, career, salary, associations, etc), including the work conditions and the relation with scientific productivity. The professionalization in the teaching area seems to be occurring through a contradictory movement. What is required from professors (from permanent qualification up to productivity index compliance) does not correspond to the conditions for their job accomplishment. If, on the one hand, qualification and professional prestige have increased - acting as a teaching career appeal – on the other hand, labor demands have increased as well. The growing set of prescribed activities has reduced the space for the exercise of autonomy. The daily work period proper to teaching work reveals a double-sided feature: its flexibility when it comes to the work load accomplishment may be seen positively or otherwise as the absence of control over one’s own time, especially when the number of activities to perform is huge. A considerable parcel of the duties is not taken into account by the institution for the workday computation, thus concealing the fact that the majority of the professors exceed their work load regime. Such obligations are related to activities that teachers “voluntarily” assume, in particular within the framework of the scientific research. It could be observed the repercussions thereof over the workers’ health, ultimately the stress resulting from these working hours. Furthermore, the reluctance to separate the professional sphere from the personal one was even clearer. This work invasion into the home boundaries ends up creating domestic problems within the family relations, hence making it difficult to carry on activities that provide a more meaningful life.

Bakgrund: Antalet nyanlända barn och ungdomar har stadigt ökat i Sverige under åren 2000 till 2015 och har därefter minskat. Även om antalet nyanlända har minskat har de inte haft och har inte tillgång till hälso- och sjukvård i samma utsträckning som svenskfödda barn och ungdomar. Elevhälsan är en samhällsfunktion där skolsköterskans hälsofrämjande arbete är en viktig del i att främja nyanlända elevers hälsa. Syfte: Att beskriva skolsköterskors upplevelse av att arbeta hälsofrämjande med nyanlända elever i skolan. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med en fenomenologisk ansats, där fem skolsköterskor intervjuades. Datamaterialet analyserades enligt innebördsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet består av fyra innebördsteman; förståelse för nyanlända elevers livsvillkor, känslan av meningsfullhet i enskilda möten, känslor av otillräcklighet skapar frustration samt viljan att göra mer för elever. Slutsats: Skolsköterskorna upplever sitt arbete meningsfullt och de har en förståelse för elevers livssituation och livsvillkor. Brist på resurser skapar frustration hos skolsköterskorna men det finns även en glädje och stolthet för det arbetet de utför. / Background: The number of newly arrived children and young people has steadily in-creased in Sweden from 2000 until 2015 and has subsequently declined. Although the num-ber of new arrivals has decreased, they have not had and do not have access to health care to the same extent as Swedish-born children and adolescents. Student health is a social function in which the school nurse's health promotion work is an important part of promoting newly arrived students' health. Aim: To describe the school nurses' experience of working with health promotion with newly arrived students. Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, in which five school nurses were interviewed. The data was analyzed by means of descriptive meaning analysis. Results: The results of the analysis are four themes; understanding the newly arrived student's life conditions, the sense of meaningfulness in individual meetings, feelings of inadequacy create frustration, and the desire to do more for the students. Conclusion: The school nurses experience their work as being meaningful and they have an understanding of the students' life situations and living conditions. Lack of resources creates frustration among the school nurses, but there is also joy and pride in the work they do.

I skolan ställs mycket höga förväntningar på nyanlända elever, då de förväntas lära det svenska språket parallellt med ämneskunskaper. Många lärare saknar dock kompetens i hur de ska främja nyanlända elever språk- och kunskapsutveckling. Därför syftar studien till att bidra med kunskap om hur undervisningen i So-ämnena kan organiseras för nyanlända elever i årskurs 4–6. Det görs genom att undersöka vilka undervisningsfaktorer lärare uppfattar gynna nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling inom So-ämnena samt på vilka sätt lärande möjliggörs för nyanlända elever inom So-ämnena. Skoldidaktisk teori och sociokulturell teori utgör studiens teoretiska ramverk. Data har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem lärare. All insamlade data har därefter analyserats tematiskt och sammanställts i matriser utefter likheter och skillnader. Bearbetningen och analysen resulterade i att fem huvudsakliga teman fanns; involverade professioner och verksamheter, språklig medvetenhets inverkan, det sociala samspelets betydelse, användning av translanguaging samt interkulturellt perspektiv. Respektive tema delades in i subteman för att konkretisera innebörden av resultatet. Lärarnas uppfattningar skiljde sig en del åt men de främsta likheterna som framträdde var att de uppfattade studiehandledning på modersmålet som en viktig resurs för att främja nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling och för att synliggöra elevernas kunskaper. Bildstöd nämndes som ett bra stöd för att bearbeta ämnesinnehåll. Det beskrevs som viktigt att vara observant på både ämnesspecifika begrepp och vardagsspråk som de nyanlända eleverna inte kan samt att vara observant vid olika gruppkonstellationer då nyanlända elever i heterogena grupper sällan är speciellt delaktiga. Filmer på modersmålet och användning av inläsningstjänst beskrevs som framgångsrika hjälpmedel för nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling i So-ämnena. Avslutningsvis beskrivs att lärare måste ha kunskap om vad som är gynnande för nyanlända elevers kunskapsutveckling samt vilka redskap och hjälpmedel som finns för att nyanlända elever ska utveckla sina So-kunskaper så mycket som möjligt. / There are high expectations on newly arrived pupils in school. They are supposed to develop both language and subject knowledge at the same time. This despite teachers lacking competence in how to promote newly arrived pupils’ development in language and subject knowledge at the same time. Because of this, the aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how to organize the teaching in the social orientated subjects for newly arrived pupils in 4th-6th grade. This is done by answering the following questions: Which factors in the teaching do teachers perceive promoting for newly arrived pupils developing their knowledge in the social orientated subjects? And in what ways is learning in the social orientated subjects made possible for newly arrived students? A school didactic theory and sociocultural theory form the theoretical framework of the study. Data has been collected by qualitative interviews with five teachers. All the collected data has been thematically analyzed and put together in matrices based on similarities and differences. The processing and analysis resulted in five head themes: professions and functions involved, the impact of linguistic awareness, the importance of social interaction, use of translanguaging and intercultural perspective. Each theme was divided into subthemes to concretize the meaning of the result. The teachers’ perception differed, but the most common similarity was that they perceived study guidance in the mother tongue as a useful resource to promote newly arrived pupils’ knowledge and to make the pupils’ knowledge more visible. Support from images was mentioned as great for processing content in the subject. It was described as important to be aware of both words, specific for the subject, and more ordinary words, used in the daily talk, that the newly arrived pupils are not aware of. Another factor mentioned to be aware of was group structures. This because newly arrived pupils attend to not be involved in heterogeneous groups. Films in the mother tongue and the use of Inläsningstjänst was described as successful tools for newly arrived pupils to increase their knowledge in the social orientated subjects. Lastly the importance of subject teachers’ knowledge about how to increase newly arrived pupils’ knowledge and about available resources are mentioned.

Bakgrund: Antalet äldre personer i befolkningen ökar. Många äldre i livets slutskede har ofta komorbiditet vilket ställer krav på hög kompetens hos sjuksköterskor i omvårdnadsarbetet. Det är oundvikligt att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor träffar äldre i livets slutskede inom slutenvården, men studier visar att de dock inte har tillräckligt med kunskap att vårda denna patientgrupp. Forskningen inom området är dock begränsad och så även svenska studier. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda äldre personer i livets slutskede inom slutenvård. Metod: En intervjustudie genomfördes med elva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor på tre medicinavdelningar. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys inspirerade av Elo och Kyngäs (2008). Resultat: Resultatet av studien presenterades i fyra huvudkategorier: Mötet med anhöriga, vikten av teamarbete, behovet av kunskap och vårdmötet med den döende patienten. Resultatet visade att nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor upplevde att det var svårt att bemöta anhöriga och samtala med dem om döendeprocessen. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor uttryckte att de saknade tillräcklig kunskap, tid och erfarenheter att vårda äldre i livets slutskede. En förutsättning för att den döende patienten skulle få en värdig död var ett välfungerande teamsamarbete. Slutsats: Genom mer träning med erfarna sjuksköterskor och internutbildning på avdelningarna kan nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor få bättre förutsättningar och skaffa sig erfarenhet och därmed öka sin kompetens inom vård av äldre i livets slutskede. / Background: The number of older people in the population is increasing. Many elderly people at the end of life often have comorbidity, which requires high levels of expertise among nurses in nursing work. It is inevitable that newly graduated nurses will meet the elderly at the end of life in the hospital, but studies show that they do not have enough knowledge to care for this patient group. However, research in this area is limited and so are even Swedish studies. Aim: The aim of the study is to illustrate newly graduated nurses´ experiences of caring for elderly people in the final stages of life in the hospital. Method: An interview study was conducted with eleven newly graduated nurses at three medical departments. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis inspired by Elo and Kyngäs (2008). Results: The results of the study were presented in four main categories: the meeting with family members, the importance of teamwork, the need for knowledge and the care meeting with the dying patient. The result showed that newly graduated nurses found it difficult to meet family members and talk to them about the dying process. The newly graduated nurses expressed that they lacked sufficient knowledge, time and experience to care for the elderly at the end of life. Prerequisite for the dying patient to receive a dignified death was well-functioning team collaboration. Conclusion: Newly graduated nurses can have a better opportunity to increase their skills in the care of the elderly at the end of life through more training with experienced nurses and internal education in the medical department about how to care for the elderly at the end of life.

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of the newly qualified professional nurses in midwifery section doing community service. A qualitative descriptive, interpretative phenomenological research was conducted to determine the experiences. The sample included newly qualified professional nurses doing community service. Data collection was conducted by means of unstructured interviews from ten (n=10) informants. Each interview was approximately 45 minutes. Ethical issues were considered. Hussel and Heidergadian’s data analysis steps were followed. Four (4) themes and eleven (11) sub-themes emerged from the data collected. The findings revealed that the newly qualified professional nurses were in a state of reality shock, demonstrated by challenges such as shortage of human and material resources; overcrowding; lack of support; and the placement of Midwifery Nursing Science in the curriculum has impacted negatively on midwives’ registration as professional nurses. Based on the current practical nursing education environment and further research, this study concludes by presenting its recommendations and limitations. / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Bakgrund Nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor beskriver det första året som mycket utmanande. Dåliga erfarenheter liksom avsaknad av stöd och återkoppling hindrar intensivvårdssjuksköterskan från att känna sig trygg i sin yrkesroll med följden att man lämnar sin anställning. Syfte Syftet med studien var att beskriva den nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av att arbeta på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer från nio intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Resultatet i denna studie baserades på två̊ huvudkategorier, "Att använda sin kunskap och utvecklas" och "Att arbeta i en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö". De två huvudkategorier har vardera två underkategorier; "Att erhålla klinisk erfarenhet", "Att lita på sin egen förmåga", "Att arbeta med skicklig personal" samt "Att känna kollegialt stöd". Slutsats För att uppleva sig trygg i sin yrkesroll måste den nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterska förvärva kunskap och lära sig att lita på sin egen förmåga. En god psykosocial arbetsmiljö framkommer som en betydande aspekt. Att få känna sig respekterad och vara en del av arbetsgruppen är fundamentalt. En god psykosocial arbetsmiljö främjar pedagogiska samtal och utbyte av kunskap, där nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor tillåts utvecklas under trygga omständigheter. / Background Newly trained intensive care nurses describe the first year as very challenging. Bad experiences such as lack of support and feedback prevent the intensive care nurse from feeling confident in their professional role with the result of leaving their employment. Aim The purpose of the study was to describe the newly trained intensive care nurse's experience of working in the intensive care unit Method The study is based on a qualitative method. With the help of semi-structured interviews, material was collected from nine intensive care nurses and then analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results Finally, the results of this study are based on two main categories, "Using one's knowledge and developing" and "Working in a good psychosocial work environment". The two main categories each have two subcategories. Conclusion In order to feel confident in her professional role, the newly trained intensive care nurse must acquire knowledge and learn to trust her own abilities over time. The importance of a good psychosocial work environment emerges as an important aspect in most of the interviews. To feel respected and to be part of the working group is fundamental. A good psychosocial work environment promotes pedagogical conversations and the exchange of knowledge, where newly trained intensive care nurses are allowed to develop in safe circumstances.

This aim of this study is to compare and contrast two textbooks in Swedish as a second language. The main focus is on textbooks written for newly arrived students in primary school. The aim is to see if, and how, written text and pictures worked together to provide opportunities for learning and understanding for the students. Two books were chosen, one published in 1996, Svenskbiten A1 and one from 2020 Mitt i språket A. A multimodal analysis of chosen extracts is made. The texts are discussed from a social semiotic theoretical point of view. Meaning-making according to the ideationell meta-function is one aspect from the social semiotic point theory that is used to examine the textbooks. The result from the analysis is that the two textbooks have a lot of similarities, which was expected since they have the same purpose and the same book publisher. One difference found is that the older textbook is more passive, and more repetitive than the newer book. The newer textbook contains more dialogue and contact with the reader. It is not possible to say if one of the textbooks are better than the other, it depends on the purpose of the teacher using them.