Als Stillen werden Tätigkeiten bezeichnet, bei denen der Säugling, in der Regel an der Brust der biologischen Mutter, ernährt wird. Sowohl der Einsatz als auch die Bedeutung des Stillens unterliegen historischen Konjunkturen. Aktuell stehen die Gesundheit von Säugling und stillendem Elternteil sowie die Beschreibung des Stillens als natürliche Ernährungsform einerseits und die Thematisierung des Stillens als Praxis der Re-Traditionalisierung von Elternschaft andererseits im Mittelpunkt der Auseinandersetzungen.

The main topic of the submitted diploma thesis is "Interactions between the teachers and the parents with mental disabilities". The aim was to examine how parents with mental disabilities themselves understand the interaction and how it is perceived by teachers who educate their children. The first part introduces the reader to potential prejudices against people with mental disabilities and possible risks of discrimination against them. It also introduces the reader to the sexuality and partnership of people with mental disabilities. The work does not omit an important chapter related to its focus, and that is the parenting of people with mental disabilities. Given that the relationship between teachers and parents can be better understood on the basis of their mutual communication, the last chapter of the first part deals with communication. At the same time, it does not forget to mention the communication difficulties of people with mental disabilities and the principles and strategies that will facilitate contact with these people for the intact population. The empirical part interprets the author's own qualitative research of this diploma thesis. The data were obtained by the author through interviews with teachers and through semi-structured interviews with parents with mental disabilities....

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The Convention on the rights of the child (CRC) stipulates a set of rights for all children and declares that all national legislation should be in compliance with the convention. The CRC states that the best interests of the child shall be of primary consideration in all actions concerning children; that every child has the right to protection of their family relations as well as the right to know about its parents. The purpose of this study is to investigate how well does the Swedish regulation of establishing legal parenthood comply with the child’s family oriented rights stipulated by the CRC. The study uses a critical legal dogmatic method and is analysed from a theory of the best interests of the child principle. The result shows that the Swedish law strongly protects the child’s right to know about his/her genetic origin. However, the findings illustrate that the mentioned right is often seen as synonymous for what is best for the child, and therefore leaves no space for questioning other aspects that may affect the child’s well-being. Furthermore the results demonstrate that the Swedish family law mainly protects hetero normative families where none of the parents has changed their legal gender. The further away from this norm that the child’s family is, the more complicated it is to establish legal parenthood and therefor harder to protect the child’s right to its family relations. The paper argues that the Swedish family law hence leaves little space for what could be seen as the best interest of a specific child in a specific context, and by doing so diverges from the CRC which advocates contextually when analysing what is best for the child. The paper concludes that a more flexible law where the best interests of the child can be taken into account in greater extent could secure the rights of the child more effectively.

The purpose of this literature study is to gain a deeper understanding of what the public authorities' attitudes towards parents with intellectual disabilities look like, how these parents experience these attitudes and how these attitudes exist. The study will be based on a qualitative literature study based on articles which presents interviews with people with intellectual disabilities and social workers at social services. This study is also based on articles made of quantative surveys. This strategy is done to get answers to the questions in a way where no socially vulnerable group is violated or exposed to a stressful situation. Because this group of people is considered socially, culturally and economically voulnerable. The result of this study is shown that the attitudes from public authorities towards parents with intellectual disabilities can vary. There are social workers that have stereotypical, judgemental thoughts and negative ways of speaking to these parents but there are also professionals that behave with tolerance and acceptance and with believing that these parents can be good parents with the help and service from the authorities that have the duty to help these families. This study has also shown that these attitudes sometimes come from the socio political view that these organizations are built by. For example the time limit, the policies and the organization's goals that the social workers have to follow. These factors have an effect in the investigation process and have also an effect in the assessment and decision making because it can make a life changing determination for parents with intellectual disabilities and their families.

La transition à la parentalité est exigeante en raison des nombreux changements et demandes croissantes survenant durant cette période. Lorsque les ressources des parents sont limitées ou que leurs vulnérabilités sont trop grandes pour pouvoir s’adapter au stress, leur détresse psychologique peut se répercuter sur leur relation, ce qui peut à son tour diminuer leur satisfaction conjugale. Une majorité de nouveaux parents rapporte une diminution de leur satisfaction conjugale à l’arrivée de leur premier enfant. Afin d’examiner cette problématique, plusieurs auteurs se questionnent sur les variables pouvant influencer la satisfaction conjugale lors de la transition à la parentalité. Des chercheurs suggèrent d’ailleurs que la présence attentive constitue une ressource individuelle pouvant être associée à plus de satisfaction conjugale durant la transition à la parentalité. L’objectif général de cette thèse par articles est d’évaluer le lien dyadique entre la présence attentive et la satisfaction conjugale des nouveaux parents. Dans le premier article, ce lien est évalué à un niveau global. L’objectif étant d’évaluer les liens dyadiques entre la présence attentive dispositionnelle et la satisfaction conjugale, ainsi que le rôle du stress comme processus médiateur de cette relation. Soixante-dix-huit couples de nouveaux parents (N = 156 participants ; M = 6 mois post-partum) ont participé à l’étude. Les analyses de médiation ont été réalisées avec un modèle de médiation de l'interdépendance acteur partenaire (APIMeM). Au niveau acteur, les résultats révèlent que la présence attentive dispositionnelle des individus est négativement liée à leur stress, qui à son tour est négativement lié à leur satisfaction relationnelle. En outre, bien que toutes les effets partenaires étaient dans les directions attendues, aucun effet significatif n’a été décelé. Les résultats de cette première étude élargissent les connaissances actuelles sur l'association dyadique indirecte entre la présence attentive dispositionnelle et la satisfaction conjugale durant la transition à la parentalité en mettant en évidence le fait que cette relation est médiée par le stress. Le deuxième article porte lui aussi sur l’évaluation du lien dyadique entre la présence attentive et la satisfaction conjugale. Ce lien y est exploré en mesurant deux types de présence attentive, soit la présence attentive générale et la présence attentive relationnelle. Plus encore, la présence attentive y est mesurée au quotidien et les variations intrapersonnelles sont incluses dans les analyses statistiques. Ici aussi, soixante-dix-huit couples (N = 156 participants et 1506 observations) ont pris part à cette deuxième étude. Pendant 14 jours consécutifs, les couples ont rempli des journaux quotidiens mesurant leur niveau de présence attentive générale et relationnelle ainsi que leur satisfaction relationnelle. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d'un modèle multiniveau avec partenaires distinguables (c-à-d., mère ayant porté le bébé versus partenaire). Les résultats montrent que les jours où les participants rapportent une présence attentive générale et relationnelle supérieure à leur niveau habituel, ils rapportent aussi avoir une plus grande satisfaction conjugale. Des effets partenaires positifs ont également été décelés pour les deux membres de la dyade. Plus précisément, les jours où les parents rapportent plus de présence attentive relationnelle qu’à l’habitude, leur partenaire rapporte plus de satisfaction conjugale. Les résultats issus de cette étude mettent en lumière le rôle central des variations intrapersonnelles de présence attentive dans les liens dyadiques entre la présence attentive et la satisfaction conjugale des nouveaux parents. Plus encore, cette recherche démontre comment la présence attentive relationnelle joue un rôle central dans ce lien dyadique. / The transition to parenthood is particularly demanding because of the accumulating changes and increasing demands during this period. When new parents' resources are limited, or their vulnerabilities are too significant to adapt to the increasing stressors, their distress can spill over into their relationship, negatively influencing their relationship satisfaction. Most new parents report a decrease in relationship satisfaction with the arrival of their first child. To address this issue, several authors have investigated the variables influencing relationship satisfaction during the transition to parenthood. Some point to mindfulness as a potential individual resource associated with greater relationship satisfaction during the transition to parenthood. This dissertation assessed the dyadic relationship between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction among new parents. The first study examined this relationship at a macro level. Specifically, its purpose was to assess the dyadic links between dispositional mindfulness and relationship satisfaction, and the role of stress as an indirect process in this dyadic relationship. A total of 78 new parent couples (N = 156 participants; M = 6 months postpartum) participated in the study. A mediation analysis was conducted with an actor-partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM). At the actor level, results revealed that individuals' dispositional mindfulness was negatively related to their stress, which in turn was positively linked to their relational satisfaction. Furthermore, although all associations between the individuals and their partner's variables were in the expected directions, no significant partner effects were found. The results of this initial study expand current knowledge about the indirect dyadic association between dispositional mindfulness and relationship satisfaction during the transition to parenthood by highlighting stress as an indirect process underlying this association. The second study also assessed the dyadic relationship between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Yet, it explored this dyadic link using two measures of mindfulness, namely general mindfulness and relational mindfulness. Furthermore, mindfulness was measured daily, and within-person variations in this construct were included in the statistical analyses. A total of 78 couples (N = 156 participants and 1506 observations) participated in this second study. For 14 consecutive days, couples completed daily diaries measuring their general and relational mindfulness and relationship satisfaction. Data were analyzed using a multilevel model with distinguishable partners (i.e., childbearing mother versus partner). Overall, on days when participants reported general and relational mindfulness above their usual level, they also reported greater satisfaction within their romantic relationship. Positive partner effects were also found for both dyad members. Specifically, on days when parents reported having more relational mindfulness than usual, their partners also reported greater satisfaction in their relationship. Our results expand current scientific knowledge by highlighting the central role of within-person variations and relational mindfulness in the positive dyadic link between mindfulness and relationship satisfaction among new parents.

In this essay we have chosen to study single mothers who in conjunction with their parental leave have chosen to change career direction. Through personal and previous experiences during our time at Malmö University we have come into contact with single mothers who had gone through a journey such as the one described which in form led us to question what influences this group and how guidance counsellors can guide them through these turning-points. To be able to identify the reasons for the change of career direction we have chosen to use the following questions: What factors have influenced single mothers'  who have decided to change career direction? Have single mothers' views on their career development changed in the context of parenthood? If so, how? How can career counsellors best guide single mothers in their career transitions?     We have carried out qualitative interviews with six informants who have decided to change career direction by studying or changing workplace. The theoretical framework this essay will be analysed through is based on Bourdieu's research regarding habitus, capital and fields and Hodkinson and Sparkes’ Careership Theory and its horizons of action, turning-points and periods of routine.     The results state that many single mothers, mainly those who have worked in the tourism-, restaurant- or event business previous to their parenthood find it difficult to combine those fields of work with the responsibility of being a single parent. As a result they have either tried to find jobs that fit with their new needs or they have chosen to study. The decision to study has been one with dual purposes; one being the possibility of a higher paying job, for which an education is quite important in Sweden, and the other being the freedom it gives you as the parent of a young child to shape your schedule to fit your current situation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis analyzes the relationship between Flanner House, an African American settlement house, and Planned Parenthood of Central Indiana to determine why Flanner House director Cleo Blackburn would not allow a birth control clinic to be established at the Herman G. Morgan Health Center in 1951. Juxtaposing the scholarship of African Americans and birth control with the historiography of black settlement houses leads to the conclusion that Blackburn’s refusal to add birth control to the health center’s services had little to do with the black Indianapolis community’s opinions on birth control; instead, Flanner House was confined by conservative limitations imposed on it by white funders and organizations. The thesis examines the success of Blackburn and Freeman B. Ransom, Indianapolis’s powerful black leaders, in working within the system of limitations to establish the Morgan Health Center in 1947. Ransom and Blackburn received monetary support from the United Fund, the Indianapolis Foundation, and the U.S. Children’s Bureau, which stationed one of its physicians, Walter H. Maddux, in Indianapolis. The Center also worked as a part of the Indianapolis City Board of Health’s public health program. These organizations and individuals did not support birth control at this time and would greatly influence Blackburn’s decision about providing contraceptives. In 1951, Planned Parenthood approached Blackburn about adding birth control to the services at Morgan Health Center. Blackburn refused, citing the Catholic influence on the Flanner House board. While acknowledging the anti-birth control stance of Indianapolis Catholics, the thesis focuses on other factors that contributed to Blackburn’s decision and argues that the position of Flanner House as a black organization funded by conservative white organizations had more impact than any religious sentiment; birth control would have been a liability for the Morgan Health Center as adding contraceptives could have threatened the funding the Center needed in order to serve the African American community. Finally, the position of Planned Parenthood and Flanner House as subordinate organizations operating within the limitations of Indianapolis society are compared and found to be similar.

This study was undertaken to determine the extent of aggressive behaviour exhibited by secondary school learners. Many factors were considered when investigating the problem of aggressive behaviour. The problem was traced from the theorists' perspectives and factors related to the family, school and community. An extensive literature review showed that the above factors contribute to aggressive behaviour among adolescents. In order to support or reject the findings of the literature study, quantitative (questionnaire) research and qualitative research (interviews) were conducted. The results of the quantitative research concerning learners' aggressive behaviour in secondary schools were analysed and interpreted while at the same time a deeper understanding of aggressive behaviour was revealed through qualitative research. The results of the empirical research indicated that the more negative the family climate, school climate, community climate or influence of friends are, or the more negative the emotional self-concept of the adolescent is, the more aggressive the adolescent is, and vice versa. Based on these findings recommendations for the implementation of prevention programmes were made. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Vatican II provided the Catholic Church with an opportunity for deep reflection and to align its theological teachings with modern times. This reflection resulted in a resurgence of the importance of Christian marriage and family living. Beyond Vatican II, the Christian family has been described as a ‘domestic’ church. This description defines the family founded on marriage as a cornerstone for the church and society. The Church has realised that if she has to succeed in her mission of evangelisation, she needs to strengthen the families founded on the sacrament of marriage and also to take care of broken families. The theme of a ‘domestic church’ was further explored and discussed in the 1994 Special Synod for the Bishops of Africa. This synod strongly used the image of the family as an effective tool for evangelisation in Africa. The rationale for this emphasis was that the institution of the family founded on marriage is held in high esteem in Africa and it is one of the most important custodians of cultural values. This institution, the bishops argued, can now be used as a custodian for Christian values. Hence, the family founded on marriage will become a school where these values are cherished and taught to offspring. The family founded on marriage is celebrated across the global cultural spectrum. It is through the family that the age old wisdom of ancestors is propagated. This ensures the survival and the development of the different communities. Communities develop because they are built upon strong ethical, religious and cultural values which are safeguarded by the institution of the family founded on marriage. The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is the custodian of life. Marriage is about life. Hence, the respect of human life is safeguarded by the family. The collapse of such a pivotal institution has serious implications for the community. The institution of the family founded on marriage is presented in this thesis as a turn around strategy to the challenge of moral permissiveness in our country. It is a commonly accepted theory that development can only take place where there is stability. The lack of infrastructural development in most African countries is due to lack of political stability. Instability often results in chaos and anarchy. Marriage promises stability which is rooted in the self giving of the couples. Such an environment becomes conducive for human life to be propagated, nurtured and developed. It further creates a sense of being loved and belonging to the child. These qualities are essential for proper and integral human development. Furthermore, marriage ties together the goals of parenting, namely, procreation and parenthood and they are inseparable. They prepare children for social integration.The purpose of this research is to demonstrate how the institution of the family founded on marriage can help us develop a coherent moral vision in South Africa. This turn around strategy is proposed by systematically analysing the causes and consequences of family breakdown. The thesis establishes that the institution of the family founded on marriage is undergoing a crisis. This crisis manifests itself through single-parenthood, high rate of divorce, fatherlessness, etc. The consequences of this crisis are not favourable for individuals and the society. / Philosophy & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological ethics)