A crucial step in the drug discovery and development process is the assessment of membrane permeability properties of new chemical entities and researchers are constantly searching for cost-effective, high through-put models with as high as possible predictive value. In addition, a thorough understanding of the membrane permeability pathways and metabolism mechanisms are required when evaluating drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Various in vitro methods/techniques are available to measure the rate of permeation of compounds across epithelial cell membranes to estimate oral drug absorption in humans. The aim of this study is to compare three in vitro models (i.e. excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 human cell cultures) in terms of drug permeability characteristics by means of different techniques including the Ussing type Sweetana-Grass diffusion chamber apparatus, everted sac glass apparatus and the Transwell® plate apparatus. The transport of abacavir sulphate was determined in two directions (i.e. apical-to-basolateral or AP - BL and basolateral-to-apical or BL - AP) across excised rat intestinal tissue, excised pig intestinal tissue and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The test solution was applied to the donor side and samples (200 μl) were drawn from the acceptor side at 20 min intervals for a period of 2 h. The concentration of abacavir in the samples was then measured by means of a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured before and after each transport experiment to give an indication of the integrity of the cell membranes. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and efflux ratio (ER) values were calculated and used to compare the different methods and techniques in terms of drug permeation characteristics. All three of the in vitro methods, in all of the techniques employed, showed higher transport of abacavir in the BL - AP direction than in the AP - BL direction. This indicates that all three in vitro methods had intact active efflux transporters over the entire study period. The excised rat intestinal method showed similar drug permeability characteristics in both techniques compared to that of the Caco-2 cell monolayers. In contrast, the excised pig intestinal method only showed similar drug permeability characteristics in the Sweetana-Grass diffusion apparatus when compared to the Caco-2 cell monolayers. This phenomenon can possibly be explained by the relatively large surface area of the pig tissue used in the everted sac technique where the role of physiological and other factors take effect. These factors may include the thickness of the membrane and mucus layer as well as variables such as diet, age, gender and size of the pigs obtained from the abattoir that cannot be controlled. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Lorsque la pathologie cancéreuse touche l’enfant, figure sacrée du XXIe siècle, c’est aussi le poids de représentations culturelles formant un discours social anxiogène qui pèse sur lui. Tantôt figure de victime, tantôt  figure de héros, l’enfant malade est en réalité, le plus souvent, objet sous l’emprise de l’Autre qui s’exerce par la maladie en elle-­même mais aussi par l’angoisse parentale bien légitime, ainsi que la fonction médicale et la mise en œuvre de moyens thérapeutiques nécessaires pour obtenir la guérison. Portant une attention particulière à la singularité du discours des enfants rencontrés en oncologie pédiatrique (situés entre 4 et 9 ans), et plus précisément, au processus psychique à l’œuvre dans la symbolisation et dans l’élaboration de leurs théories personnelles, subjectives autour de la maladie, nous soutenons que cette construction d’un sens, qui opère comme une tentative de guérison psychique à  partir d’une effraction du réel, définit aussi une implication du sujet dans la maladie, lui permettant ainsi de ne pas rester dans cette position d’objet. De même, lorsque ces enfants manifestent un symptôme qui fait énigme ou qu’ils éprouvent le besoin d’élucider une question, notamment dans l’après-coup des traitements intensifs, comme une sorte de point de réel qui vient fissurer ce qui a pu s’édifier comme sens autour de la maladie, nous posons alors l’hypothèse d’une modification possible de cette position subjective par le travail analytique autour de ce sens qui peut se faire et se défaire grâce à l’équivoque du signifiant, la métaphore et la métonymie, dans la perspective de définir un nouveau mode d’existence, marqué par l’expérience de la maladie, plutôt qu’empêché par celle-­ci. / A sacred figure of the 21st century, the child, when affected by a cancer pathology, is bound to carry the burden of cultural symbols and of the anxiety - inducing social discourse resulting from them. Sometimes considered a victim, sometimes a hero, an ill child is in fact an object under the influence of the Other ; a control acting through the disease itself, but also by the legitimate anguish of parents, the medical corps and the therapeutic measures that are necessary to reach the desired cure. With particular attention to the singularity of the discourse that we met in the paediatric oncology clinic (children aged 4 to 9 years old), and specifically to the psychological processes involved in the symbolization and in the development of their personal and subjective theories surrounding their condition, we believe that this development of a “signification” – acting as a psychological healing attempt following an incursion into reality – also defines the subject’s involvement in the disease, which frees them from being mere objects Furthermore, when these children show a puzzling symptom or feel the need to find the answer to a question, especially in the afterwardsness of intensive treatments – like a real point altering the constructed signification surrounding the disease – we believe that changing this objectification is possible thanks to analytical work around this signification, which can be deconstructed and reconstructed through the significant’s ambivalence, metaphors and metonymy. An attempt to define a new way of existing marked by the experience with the disease, rather than being prevented by it.

Essa dissertação tem como escopo principal a análise da natureza jurídica e do regime aplicável às opções de compra e venda de ações. Na primeira parte, foram verificados a função econômico-social e o posicionamento doutrinário, em sede de direito nacional e comparado, quanto à classificação das opções de compra ou venda, bem como seu contraste com outros instrumentos existentes, a fim de demonstrar seu caráter contratual sui generis à luz do direito pátrio. Na segunda parte, foram estudadas as principais características das opções de compra ou venda de ações, com especial enfoque nos requisitos subjetivos, objetivos e formais, a fim de determinar seu tratamento à luz no direito brasileiro. Por fim, foram objeto de investigação os efeitos práticos no âmbito societário, bem como o regime de sua tutela jurisdicional em caso de violação das obrigações (lato sensu) assumidas pelas partes. / This dissertation intends to analyze the legal nature and judicial treatment of call and put options having stocks as their underlying assets. In the first part, it was analyzed their economic and social function and doctrine, in terms of national and comparative law, regarding the classification of call and put options in general, as well as their contrast with other existing instruments, in order to demonstrate their contractual sui generis aspect under national law. In the second part, it was verified the main characteristics of call and put stock options, with particular focus on their subjective, objective and formal aspects for the purpose of determining their legal treatment under Brazilian law. Finally, their practical effects within the corporate field were object of analysis, as well as the ruling of their judicial protection upon a default of the obligations (lato sensu) assumed by the parties thereunder.

Essa dissertação tem como escopo principal a análise da natureza jurídica e do regime aplicável às opções de compra e venda de ações. Na primeira parte, foram verificados a função econômico-social e o posicionamento doutrinário, em sede de direito nacional e comparado, quanto à classificação das opções de compra ou venda, bem como seu contraste com outros instrumentos existentes, a fim de demonstrar seu caráter contratual sui generis à luz do direito pátrio. Na segunda parte, foram estudadas as principais características das opções de compra ou venda de ações, com especial enfoque nos requisitos subjetivos, objetivos e formais, a fim de determinar seu tratamento à luz no direito brasileiro. Por fim, foram objeto de investigação os efeitos práticos no âmbito societário, bem como o regime de sua tutela jurisdicional em caso de violação das obrigações (lato sensu) assumidas pelas partes. / This dissertation intends to analyze the legal nature and judicial treatment of call and put options having stocks as their underlying assets. In the first part, it was analyzed their economic and social function and doctrine, in terms of national and comparative law, regarding the classification of call and put options in general, as well as their contrast with other existing instruments, in order to demonstrate their contractual sui generis aspect under national law. In the second part, it was verified the main characteristics of call and put stock options, with particular focus on their subjective, objective and formal aspects for the purpose of determining their legal treatment under Brazilian law. Finally, their practical effects within the corporate field were object of analysis, as well as the ruling of their judicial protection upon a default of the obligations (lato sensu) assumed by the parties thereunder.

I föreliggande studie har nio socialsekreterare intervjuats i syfte att undersöka hur de ser på socialtjänstens bemötande av våldsutsatta kvinnor utan permanent uppehållstillstånd (PUT). I studien är det socialsekreterarnas föreställningar om våldsutsatta kvinnor utan PUT och den hjälp de kan få som står i centrum. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats utifrån ett intersektionellt perspektiv. I studien skildras kvinnor utan PUT som särskilt sårbara när de utsätts för våld. Denna sårbarhet kan både förstås som ett uttryck för kvinnornas våldserfarenheter och det faktum att de inte har rätt till samma stöd från socialtjänsten som andra våldsutsatta kvinnor.

Denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i att den tekniska utvecklingen påverkar hur krig genomförs idag, där strid på operativ nivå utövas med sensor- och vapensystem från någon form av plattform. Därmed kommer teknik i högre grad påverka utgången av militära operationer. Vilket gör att det är viktigt att förstå hur militärteknik påverkar operationskonst. Då operativ planering kan ses som operationalisering av operationskonst torde militär-tekniska perspektiv återfinnas i planeringsmetodbeskrivningar. För att påvisa det kausala sambandet mellan operationskonst och militärteknik formulerades hypotesen – Militärteknik omhändertas i operativ planering genom att utgöra perspektiv på operationskonstens beståndsdelar. Denna hypotes prövades sedan gentemot två svenska planeringsmetoder, utan att kunna förkastas. Därmed är hypotesen tills vidare verifierad. Även om hypotesen prövats på svenska planeringsmetoder finns det stöd för att hypotesen även är giltig för andra planeringsmetoder. Faktum är att det snarare är detaljeringsgraden på metodbeskrivningarna som avgör om hypotesens indikatorer kan återfinnas. Då operations-konst kan vara både vetenskap och konst, räcker det inte med en tydlig metodbeskrivning. Chefer och planerare måste själva omsätta underlaget till en faktisk plan. Därför är det viktigt att dessa har kunskap och vetskap om hur de ska tänka. Vilket gör att militärteknik måste vara en naturlig del av utbildningen när operationskonstens beståndsdelar diskuteras.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 565790 bytes, checksum: c9e6f3cb6a6a702d1b125d1e9109fb02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / He present study it had the objective to investigate the perception of the aged people living in institution to put in a home on the reach of the assistenciais politics the one that has right. One is about an empirical study, involving the application of the fenomenológico method through which one searched to catch the perception of 30 citizens investigated on aged and the social politics studied in the context to put in a home in Porto Velho-RO The used theoretical clipping involved a boarding on the phenomenon of the aging in the world, Brazil and the state of Rondônia, as well as an analysis of the public politics that attend the aged ones, treating since the first initiative in 1974, through would carry n.º 82/74 of the Ministry of the Providence and Assistance Social (MPAS), standing out the Constitution of 1988 as more important landmark in the delineation of these politics that had culminated with the approval of the national politics and with the Statute of the Aged one. The analyzed data had shown that the aged ones had considered the institution to put in a home investigated as being good and the given assistance as being adjusted às its necessities, even so believe that the aged situation do no Brazil is bad, therefore the family are not fulfilling its paper and that they are unaware of the public politics that guarantee its rights. The study it concludes that the state of Rondônia, through the FASER, is creating mechanisms that they aim at to guarantee the social rights of the aged population that shelters. / O presente estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a percepção das pessoas idosas vivendo em instituição asilar sobre o alcance das políticas assistenciais a que tem direito. Trata-se de um estudo empírico, envolvendo a aplicação do método fenomenológico através do qual buscou-se captar a percepção de 30 sujeitos investigados sobre o idoso e as políticas sociais estudadas no contexto asilar em Porto Velho-RO. O recorte teórico utilizado envolveu uma abordagem sobre o fenômeno do envelhecimento no mundo, no Brasil e no estado de Rondônia, bem como uma análise das políticas públicas que assistem aos idosos, tratando desde a primeira iniciativa em 1974, através da portaria n.º 82/74 do Ministério da Previdência e Assistência Social (MPAS), ressaltando a Constituição de 1988 como marco mais importante no delineamento dessas políticas que culminaram com a aprovação da política nacional e com o Estatuto do Idoso. Os dados analisados mostraram que os idosos consideraram a instituição asilar investigada como sendo boa e a assistência prestada como sendo adequada às suas necessidades, embora acreditam que a situação do idoso no Brasil é ruim, pois a família não está cumprindo o seu papel e que eles desconhecem as políticas públicas que garantem os seus direitos. O estudo conclui que o estado de Rondônia, através da FASER, está criando mecanismos que visam garantir os direitos sociais da população idosa que abriga.

Monte Carlo path simulations are common in mathematical and computational finance as a way of estimating the expected values of a quantity such as a European put option, which is functional to the solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE). The computational complexity of the standard Monte Carlo (MC) method grows quite large quickly, so in this thesis we focus on the Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method by Giles, which uses multigrid ideas to reduce the computational complexity. We use a Euler-Maruyama time discretisation for the approximation of the SDE and investigate how the convergence rate of the MLMC method improves the computational times and cost in comparison with the standard MC method. We perform a numerical analysis on the computational times and costs in order to achieve the desired accuracy and present our findings on the performance of the MLMC method on a European put option compared to the standard MC method.

Min tanke med detta arbete var att hitta nya sätt att både skriva och producera låtar på, genom att använda mig av referenslåtar som inspirationskälla. Jag fokuserade på tre olika beståndsdelar från referenslåtarna, som sedan implementerades i tre nyskapade demolåtar. I låt 1 fokuserade jag på basen roll. I låt 2 fokuserade jag på solosångens relation till körsång och i låt 3 fokuserade jag på elpianot Fender Rhodes. När jag analyserade referenslåtarna så tog jag med mig vissa principer från respektive referenslåt och implementerade i mina egna låtar. Detta resulterade i att jag bland annat upptäckte nya spelsätt, sound och produktionstekniker att inspireras av till mina tre nyskrivna demolåtar. Att jobba med referenslåtar upplevde jag var ett bra startskott för att komma igång med låtskrivarprocessen. Samtidigt kunde jag stundtals känna mig begränsad och låst till referenslåtarna. Trots detta så var det en väldigt lärorik metod som hjälpte mig at vidga mina vyer och möjliggjorde för mig att skapa tre demolåtar som jag kanske inte annars hade skrivit.

Detta examensarbete har utförts under tio veckor på uppdrag av företaget BitSim NOW. Den manuella metod som idag används för mätning av stötar inom kulstötning kan utgöra en risk för felaktiga resultat och personskador. Med hjälp av tekniska hjälpmedel kan en lösning med noggrannare mätningar och lägre risk för skador implementeras i sporten kulstötning. Denna rapport presenterar en lösning som med hjälp av artificiell intelligens identifierar kulan utifrån en filmsekvens. Därefter beräknas längden av stöten med hjälp av en formel för kastparabeln. Lösningen jämförs sedan med en metod utan artificiell intelligens för att fastställa den bästa av de två metoderna. De variablersom jämfördes var noggrannheten på stötens längd och hur bra de två olika metoderna spårade kulan. Resultatet analyserades i relation till de uppsatta målen och sattes därefter in i ett större sammanhang. / This thesis project has been done during ten weeks on behalf of the companyBitSim NOW. The current method used to measure the length of shot-puts presents a risk of inaccurate results along with the risk of injury for the measuring personnel. With the help of technical aids, a solution with more accurate measurements and a lower risk for injuries could be implemented in the sport of shot-puts. This report presents a solution using artificial intelligence to first identify the shotin video films and secondly calculate the length using mathematical formulas. Thesolution is then compared to a method that does not use artificial intelligence, to determine what method is the superior one. The parameters that were compared were the accuracy of the length and the quality of the tracking. The result was analyzed in relation to the aims of the project and then put into a larger context.