Les toponymes, comme moyens de communication, constituent une réserve de mémoire collective qui immortalise un précieux patrimoine culturel local, régional ou national. A ce titre il convient de préserver, de sauvegarder et de valoriser ce joyau culturel en le gérant pour qu’il puisse remplir pleinement sa fonction première qui est de localiser les lieux et d’orienter les individus dans leurs multiples déplacements.Cette mission dévolue à des organismes gouvernementaux ou administratifs, est conventionnellement appelée la normalisation des noms géographiques, exécutée au plan local, régional, national ou international. C’est pourquoi, la toponymie de la CUN, partie intégrante du patrimoine culturel du Niger, fait l’objet d’une étude dans cette thèse. Dans ce travail, les noms de lieux ont été mis en relation avec le peuplement progressif de Niamey ; puisqu’ils représentent des témoins privilégiés de la naissance des lieux de la ville. Ceux-ci constituent l’ensemble des entités géographiques soumises à notre analyse. Et elles se subdivisent en entités administratives, en entités géographiques artificielles (les ouvrages…), en entités géographiques naturelles (cours d’eau, collines, réserves…) et en voies de communication. Cependant, l’Odonymie a occupé une grande place dans cette recherche car l’objet de celle-ci porte sur la toponymie urbaine [Niamey étant le plus grand centre urbain du Niger]. En outre, la toponymie étant par définition une science linguistique, une étude linguistique des toponymes a été faite dans ce travail. Cette toponymie est plurilingue, elle s’exprime dans plusieurs langues nationales (zarma, hausa et fulfulde principalement) et le français. Mais l’odonymie est plus expressive dans la majorité des langues nationales du Niger à travers des toponymes qui ont une valeur plutôt symbolique que référentielle. Les noms de quartiers ou de villages ont fait dans ce travail, l’objet d’une analyse étymologique afin de compléter la structure linguistique de ces noms de lieux. / Toponyms as means of communication constitute a supply of collective memory which immortalizes a precious cultural patrimony, be it local, regional or national. In this respect, this cultural jewel ought to be preserved, protected and promoted and it can only be done by guiding it in order to allow it to fulfil its role which is to locate places and orientate people in their whereabouts. This mission, entrusted to governmental or administrative agencies, is conventionally called The Normalisation of geographical names, and is carried out at a local, regional, national or international level. That’s why the toponymy of the UCN, an integral part of the cultural patrimony of Niger, is the subject of this thesis. In this work, the places’ names have been linked to the progressive populating of Nyamey as they are privileged witnesses of the birth of the city’s places. Altogether, they constitute the geographical entities I have analysed. They are subdivided into administrative entities, artificial geographical entities [works], natural geographical entities (streams, hills, ….) and in ways of communication. However, odonomy has taken the largest part in this research as its subject is the urban toponomy (Nyamey being the largest urban centre of Niger). Moreover, toponomy being by definition a linguistic science, a linguistic study of the toponyms has been done in this work. This toponomy is multilingual , it is expressed in several national languages (mainly zarma, hausa and fulfulde) and in French. But odonymy is more expressive in the majority of the national languages of Niger through toponyms which have more of a symbolical meaning than a referential one. Neigbourhoods or villages’ names have been analysed etymologically in this work in order to complete the linguistic structure of these places’ names.

Bien qu'existante sous de multiples formes innommées et dans de nombreux pays européens, la fiducie a été introduite de manière générale en droit français en 2007. La fiducie à titre de sûreté ou de gestion se caractérise par le transfert de la propriété d'un ou plusieurs biens d'un constituant à un fiduciaire. Le fiduciaire accepte de recevoir un actif désigné dans un patrimoine d'affectation et s'engage également à remplir une mission définie pour le compte d'un bénéficiaire. Cette propriété exercée par le fiduciaire est appelée communément « propriété fiduciaire » et présente de nombreuses singularités puisque Je fiduciaire ne dispose pas des prérogatives et attributs du droit de propriété tel que défini par l'article 544 du Code civil. C'est dans ce contexte que certains auteurs se sont interrogés sur sa véritable nature et sa compatibilité avec notre système juridique. L'objet de nos travaux a été dans un premier temps d'étudier la nature de la « propriété fiduciaire » en réfléchissant sur la nature des obligations à la charge du fiduciaire, leur influence sur l'affirmation du transfert de la propriété et enfin son assimilation à la conception de la propriété, Dans un second temps, nous avons envisagé le régime de la « propriété fiduciaire ». en observant chronologiquement les trois étapes d'une fiducie : la constitution, l'exécution et le dénouement. Tout d'abord à sa constitution qui se matérialise par la création d'un patrimoine d'affectation indépendant du patrimoine personnel du fiduciaire, nous avons recherché si cette autonomie suffisait à lui reconnaitre la personnalité juridique. Puis, pendant la phase d'exécution qui comprend une mission de conservation et de gestion des actifs transférés par le fiduciaire, nous avons analysé la responsabilité engagée par le fiduciaire et étudié les possibilités de l'encadrer. Quant à la dernière étape, après avoir identifié les causes à l'origine du dénouement d'une fiducie, nous avons recherché les conséquences du retour de l'actif chez le constituant ou de son transfert auprès de tiers notamment à l'égard du fiduciaire. / Although existing in various forms in numerous European countries, the "fiducie" has only been introduced into French law in 2007. The trust acting as surety or manager is characterized by the transfer of ownership of one or several items by the creator "constituant" to the fiduciary. The fiduciary accepts to receive an asset designated in the considered patrimony and engages as well to accomplish a defined mission on behalf of the beneficiary. This ownership exercised by the fiduciary is commonly called the fiduciary property « propriété fiduciaire » and presents numerous particularities as the fiduciazy does not dispose of the prerogatives and attributes that would be found under ownership law as defined by article 544 of the Civil code. It is in this context that certain authors have questioned its true nature and its compatibility with the French legal system. The object of our work was firstly to study the nature of « propriété fiduciaire » by reflecting on the nature of the obligations incumbent upon the fiduciary, their influence on the affirmation of transfer of ownership, and indeed its assimilation to the idea of ownership. Thereafter we have considered the practical implementation of the « propriété fiduciaire » observing chronologically the three stages of the trust: its constitution, its execution and its closure. At the outset the fiducie's constitution is materialized by the constitution of its affected capital remaining independent from the fiduciary's personal property, we have researched whether this autonomy sufficed in order to recognize a separate legal personality. Thereafter, during the execution phase which fncludes the mission of conservation and management of the transferred assets by the fiduciary, we have analyzed the fiduciary's responsibilities and studied the possibilities to delimit the same. As for the final stage, after identifying the causes leading to the termination of the fiducie, we have studied the consequences of returning the asset to the creator or transferring it to a third party, particularly as regards the fiduciary.

Orientador: Maria Cristina Menezes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:04:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Philippi_CarolinaCechella_M.pdf: 2826277 bytes, checksum: ad4666351f02eefac051793b62b0400f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo a comparação de duas instituições escolaresatravés de categorias de análise, analisando a forma como suas culturasescolares se constituem no interior de cada escola. O estudo se ocupou dedocumentos da Escola Isolada Modelo (anexa à Escola Normal Carlos Gomes - Campinas, São Paulo) no período que se estende entre 1937 e 1940, e daEscola Estadual Mista Desdobrada Vargem do Cedro (São Martinho, SantaCatarina) no período entre 1933 e 1944. Para tanto tomou como fontes documentos retirados dos arquivos escolares das duas instituições, entendidos aqui como excertos de seu patrimônio histórico educativo. São eles: 6 (seis)Livros de Chamada, 1 (um) Livro de Matrícula, 1 (um) livro de Registro Escolar pertencentes a Escola Estadual Mista Desdobrada Vargem do Cedro, 2 (dois) Livros de Chamada pertencentes a Escola Isolada Modelo. Tais documentos foram tomados como fontes para pesquisa e comparados segundo as seguintes categorias: materialidade das fontes, perfil discente e escritas marginais da docente. Estes documentos foram também tomados como objeto,sendo apresentada a forma de acesso e as condições de pesquisa nos diferentes arquivos. O estudo comparado das duas instituições escolares situadas no interior do mesmo país permitiu perceber a multiplicidade das culturas escolares em seu interior, bem como os diferentes modos de ação dos sujeitos de cada escola. A preocupação em mostrar diferentes formas de agir no interior das instituições permitiu perceber limites do movimento de padronização das instituições na época. Buscando evidenciar singularidades das diferentes escolas, foi possível apontar para contornos de inventividade e autonomia dos diferentes sujeitos a ocuparem os distintos ambientes escolares / Abstract: This master's dissertation aims at comparing two educational institutionsthrough categories of analysis by analyzing how their school cultures areconstituted within each school. The study's corpus consisted of documents ofthe Escola Isolada Modelo (which is next to Escola Normal Carlos Gomes - Campinas, Brazil) from 1937 to 1940 and Escola Estadual Mista Desdobrada Vargem do Cedro (São Martinho, Santa Catarina) from 1933 to 1944.Therefore, the documents taken from both schools' archives consisted ofresources, being defined here as excerpts of their educational historicalpatrimony. Which are: six (6) Attendance Books, one (1) Enrollment Book andone (1 ) School Registration Book that belong to the Escola Estadual MistaDesdobrada Vargem do Cedro¿s records, and two (2) Attendance Books fromEscola Isolada Modelo¿s records. These documents were used as sources forresearch and were also compared in accordance with the following categories:materiality of sources, student profile and the teacher's marginal writings. Thesedocuments were also taken as object, meaning that the way they wereaccessed and the research conditions were presented in different records. Thecompared study of both educational institutions located in the same countryallowed to understand the multiplicity of school cultures as well as the different subjects' ways of behaving in each school. The concern to show different waysof behaving within the institutions allowed to comprehend the limits of the standardization movement of the institutions at the time. By disclosing theuniqueness of the different schools, it was possible to point out the inventiveness boundaries and the autonomy of different subjects when occupying different school environments / Mestrado / Filosofia e História da Educação / Mestra em Educação

La fiducie est à la fois un concept ancien et un outil moderne protéiforme, capable de remplir les fonctions les plus diverses. Introduite en 2007 en droit français, la fiducie prend de l’ampleur et il devient nécessaire de s’intéresser à une problématique essentielle : la responsabilité du fiduciaire. La fiducia romaine comme le trust anglo-saxon ont montré que l’efficacité de sa mise en œuvre était primordiale pour assurer le succès de l’institution. Pourtant, les textes relatifs à la fiducie sont largement incomplets, tant en ce qui concerne le mécanisme lui-même, que la responsabilité de son principal acteur, le fiduciaire. A cet égard, l’article 2026 du Code civil donne pour toute indication que « le fiduciaire est responsable, sur son patrimoine propre, des fautes qu'il commet dans l'exercice de sa mission ». Ambigüe et discutable, cette disposition ne révèle pas tout son sens à première lecture. L’analyse historique, comparative et exégétique des textes permet de comprendre le mécanisme de la fiducie. Un régime cohérent de responsabilité du fiduciaire – à la fois propriétaire et obligé, à la tête d’un patrimoine d’affectation – peut alors être dégagé, qui réalise l’équilibre entre les différents intérêts en présence, tout en assurant la protection du constituant et du bénéficiaire. / The trust is both an ancient concept and a modern instrument which can fulfill the most diverse functions. Introduced in France in 2007, the French fiducie is growing and it has become necessary to focus on a key issue : the liability of the French trustee. Roman fiducia and the Anglo-Saxon trust have shown that the efficiency of its implementation was crucial to the success of the institution. Yet, the rules regarding the fiducie mechanism and the liability of its main actor are largely incomplete. In this regard, Article 2026 of the French Civil code only indicates that “the trustee is responsible, on his own property, for breaches of the trust committed during the performance of its mission”. Ambiguous and debatable, this provision does not reveal its meaning at first reading. An historical, comparative and exegetical analysis entitles the reader to understand the mechanism of the French fiducie. A coherent structure of the liability of the French trustee – both owner of a separate patrimony and debtor to the settlor and the beneficiary – can be drawn, which results in a balanced system between the different interests in consideration, while ensuring the protection of the settlor and the beneficiary.

La présente contribution a pour objet d'effectuer une analyse critique de la société unipersonnelle. Une approche conceptuelle démontre qu'une théorie unitaire et cohérente de la notion de société suppose de réserver celle-ci à l'idée d'association entre deux ou plusieurs personnes. De même, en mettant l'accent sur l'utilité de la personnalité morale, celle-ci devrait être réservée aux groupements dotés d'un intérêt collectif. Dans la réalité, la société unipersonnelle n'est qu'une appellation légale consistant à introduire le patrimoine d'affectation d'une seule personne et cela sans fournir des justifications juridiques ou économiques validant sa responsabilité limitée. En outre, la société unipersonnelle n'est pas dépourvue de certaines conséquences négatives pour celui que l'on entend protéger, l'associé unique, alors qu'elle se révèle généralement peu efficace. La société unipersonnelle doit surtout être dénoncée comme une institution entraînant un divorce entre le droit et les faits. / The present contribution is to carry out a critical study of single-member limited liability Company (Sole Proprietorship Company). A conceptual approach shows that a unitarian and coherent theory of the notion of société [company] suggests to reserve it to the idea of association between two or several persons. Also, focusing on the usefulness of the legal personality, it should be reserved for groups endowed with a collective interest. In the reality, the SMC (single-member Company) is a legal denomination consisting in introducing a special purpose patrimony (autonomous patrimony by appropriation) for a single person while the legal and economics bases of limited liability are not satisfied. Moreover, the SMC is not without certain negative consequences for the one that we intend to protect, the only partner (the sole owner), while it is generally proves irrelevant. Especially, the SMC must be denounced as an institution entailing a divorce between law and practice.

[pt] O propósito desta dissertação é refletir sobre a relação de Pedro Nava com a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Assim, compõe-se de uma análise de suas memórias a partir de textos que discutem a questão do autobiográfico em literatura, para concluir pela caracterização da sua construção literária como híbrida, situada entre ficcional e autobiográfica. O exame dos originais e rascunhos e a leitura de entrevistas e artigos sobre o autor auxiliaram a abordagem. Analisa também em Pedro Nava a sua habilidade de ilustrador, o seu conhecimento de artes plásticas e a sua capacidade de documentarista, para embasar o perfil do intelectual preocupado com a preservação do patrimônio cultural do Rio de Janeiro. Utiliza elementos museais como base de comparação para o estudo, contemplando em especial a relação de Pedro Nava com os objetos e as construções urbanas enquanto suportes de memória. Aborda ainda a atuação do escritor como Presidente do Conselho de Patrimônio do Rio de Janeiro, tentando compreender, por meio da comparação, a efetividade do discurso sobre o patrimônio na atuação burocrática e na construção literária. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to reflect on the Pedro Navas`s relationship with the city of Rio de Janeiro. It analyzes his memories on the basis of texts that discuss the issue of autobiographical in literature and concludes that his literary creation may be characterized as a hybrid, half-way between fiction and autobiography. The examination of the author`s originals and drafts and the reading of his interviews and articles contributed to the approach. The dissertation also analyzes Pedro Nava`s skill as illustrator, his knowledge of art and his talent as a documentary writer, in order to substantiate the profile of the intellectual concerned with the preservation of Rio`s cultural monuments. It uses museum-like elements as a term of comparison for the study, considering especially Pedro Nava`s relationship with objects and urban buildings as aids to memory. The work also discusses the writer`s activity as chairman of Rio

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-16T15:22:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 yussefdaibertsalomaocampos.pdf: 1709122 bytes, checksum: acddad31f938f6977d33d5fa2e1d0dd3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-16T15:56:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 yussefdaibertsalomaocampos.pdf: 1709122 bytes, checksum: acddad31f938f6977d33d5fa2e1d0dd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T15:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 yussefdaibertsalomaocampos.pdf: 1709122 bytes, checksum: acddad31f938f6977d33d5fa2e1d0dd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Essa tese trata do patrimônio cultural como matéria a ser inserida no corpo constitucional da Carta de 1988, envolvido na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) brasileira de 1987 e 1988. O objetivo é o de identificar os atores envolvidos, as discussões, diretas e transversais, que se apropriaram do tema durante o processo Constituinte mais recente da história do país. É também o de entender os meandros que levaram à redação final do que hoje conhecemos como artigo 216, o mais importante da Constituição da República no que tange à conceituação do patrimônio e a designação das formas de preservação e proteção. Para isso, foram utilizadas revisões bibliográficas, pesquisa em fontes como atas de audiência e reuniões no período Constituinte, e a consulta a jornais para estruturar a tese ora apresentada. Será visto que alguns conflitos tangenciaram a discussão, mas quando o tema foi diretamente debatido, a tendência foi a de conciliação como resultado das tratativas entre as partes envolvidas. A ANC, como ambiência política, será perscrutada, no que se refere ao patrimônio, para revelar quais mediadores, agentes e reivindicações destacaram-se e como suas ações refletiram num artigo abrangente, com um conceito amplo de patrimônio cultural. A demanda por reconhecimento de culturas, identidades e memórias será considerada, todavia a sua perspectiva econômica acerca da propriedade da terra, por parte de grupos indígenas e de negros, marginalizados nas políticas públicas de até então, foi encarada como assunto de menor relevo pela ANC, em uma nítida contenção de conflitos, por um lado, e atendimento a anseios de forças políticas incisivas, de outro. / This thesis addresses the issue of cultural patrimony during the Brazilian National Constituent Assembly of 1987 and 1988, with regard to its insertion in the body of the text of the 1988 Constitution. The aim is to identify the actors involved and the direct and transversal discussions that focused on this theme during the most recent constitutional process in the history of the country. It also aims to understand the intricacies that have led to the final text of what we know today as article 216, the most important one of the Constitution of the Republic concerning the conceptualization of patrimony and the designation of means for its preservation and protection. Therefore, the present work has been built upon bibliography review, consultation to newspapers and searches through minutes of hearings and meetings held during the constitutional period. It is possible to observe that some conflicts have appeared during the discussions, but once the issue was directly debated, there was a tendency to conciliation, as a result from negotiations among the actors involved. This is a comprehensive article, with a broad concept of cultural patrimony, which investigated the National Constituent Assembly (ANC, for its acronym in Portuguese) as a political ambience, on the issue of patrimony, in order to reveal the most remarkable mediators, actors and requests, as well as the reflections of their actions. The claims for the recognition of cultures, identities and memories have been considered by the Constituent Assembly. Nevertheless, the economic perspective towards land property by groups of indigenous and black people, marginalized by public policies until then, has been treated as a less relevant issue, on one side as a clear avoidance of conflicts, on the other as an answer to incisive political forces.

As unidades de conservação da natureza são a forma mais efetiva de proteção da biodiversidade que se conhece. Legalmente as unidades de conservação podem ser divididas em dois grandes grupos: aquelas de uso sustentável e as de proteção integral ou uso indireto. Segundo o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) instituído pela Lei 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000, as Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) são consideradas unidades de conservação privadas de uso sustentável. Na Espanha, a conservação em terras privadas é denominado de Custodia del territorio e se dá por meio de parceria privada entre entidades de custódia e o proprietário, diferentemente do Brasil onde ocorre participação pública. Atualmente na Espanha, o processo de criação destas áreas é previsto pela Ley 42 de 13 de dezembro de 2007, que trata do Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad do país. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal elaborar um panorama atual da conservação em terras privadas no estado do Paraná, Brasil, comparando parcialmente com a conservação privada na Catalunha, Espanha, avaliando a efetividade da gestão destas áreas protegidas no Paraná, para que seja possível apontar possíveis melhorias nos meios de desenvolvimento e gerenciamento das RPPN, tendo em conta a atual demanda ambiental existente. Busca-se ainda entender a dinâmica da relação dessas propriedades privadas de proteção da natureza, com os diferentes órgãos de governo e assim apontar melhorias para a legislação e relação já existentes. Para atingir tal objetivo foram aplicados questionários em 132 RPPN distribuídas pelo Paraná e nove áreas protegidas privadas da Catalunha, e ainda, avaliada a efetividade do manejo aplicado às áreas paranaenses com base na adaptação de uma metodologia já existente. Desta relação atual fica clara a ausência de contato entre proprietário privado e órgãos públicos, bem com a insatisfação de parte dos proprietários de RPPN do Paraná, que criaram estas reservas privadas com expectativas diferentes do que na realidade ocorre, mostrando possivelmente a existência de falha no processo de criação das áreas. Para o caso catalão é possível perceber maior proximidade entre entidades de custódia e proprietário o que reflete em uma gestão mais efetiva destas áreas, além disso, é perceptível a maior utilização destas áreas pela população de seu entorno para atividades de lazer. Também se destaca em algumas áreas visitadas a aplicação de programas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. Avaliando a efetividade de manejo das reservas paranaenses é possível constatar que 78% das áreas estão incluídas em um manejo insatisfatório e pouco satisfatório, somando no máximo 50% da nota a ser atingida nesta análise, confirmando a ideia da dificuldade na gestão de áreas protegidas por seus proprietários. / Nature conservation units are the most effective form of biodiversity protection that is known. Legally conservation units can be divided into two large groups: those of sustainable use and those of integral protection or indirect use. According to the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) established by Law 9.985 of July 18, 2000, Private Reserves of the Natural Patrimony (RPPN) are considered private conservation units for sustainable use. In Spain, conservation in private lands is called the Custody of the Territory and occurs through a private partnership between custodians and the owner, unlike Brazil where there is public participation. Currently in Spain, the process of creating these areas is provided for by Law 42 of December 13, 2007, which deals with the country\'s Natural Heritage and Biodiversity. This research has as main objective to elaborate a current panorama of the conservation in private lands in the state of Paraná, Brazil, comparing partially with the private conservation in Catalonia, Spain, evaluating the effectiveness of the management of these protected areas in Paraná, so that it is possible to point out possible Improvements in the means of development and management of RPPN, taking into account the existing environmental demand. It also seeks to understand the dynamics of the relationship of these private nature protection properties with the different governing bodies and thus point out improvements to the already existing legislation and relationship. To achieve this objective, questionnaires were applied in 132 RPPN distributed by Paraná and nine private protected areas of Catalonia, and also evaluated the effectiveness of the management applied to the areas of Paraná based on the adaptation of an existing methodology. From this current relationship it is clear the absence of contact between private owner and public agencies, as well as the dissatisfaction of the owners of RPPN of Paraná, who created these private reserves with different expectations of what actually occurs, possibly showing the existence of a failure in the process of creating areas. For the Catalan case, it is possible to perceive a greater proximity between custodial entities and owner, which reflects in a more effective management of these areas, in addition, it is noticeable the greater use of these areas by the population of its surroundings for leisure activities. Also highlighted in some areas visited is the application of payment programs for environmental services. Evaluating the management effectiveness of the Paraná, it is possible to verify that 78% of the areas are included in an unsatisfactory and little quality management, adding a maximum of 50% of the note to be reached in this analysis, confirming the idea of the difficulty in the management of protected areas by their owners.

As leis municipais de Poços de Caldas têm influenciado decisivamente na estruturação da paisagem urbana da cidade, principalmente no que diz respeito a disciplina legal de proteção do patrimônio cultural e preservação do meio ambiente local. No presente trabalho, a influência das leis municipais na estruturação da paisagem urbana da cidade de Poços de Caldas foi analisada através da sistematização das leis de caráter patrimonial e ambiental editadas no município desde sua fundação (1872) até os dias atuais (2010). As leis foram organizadas em três períodos segundo suas características mais marcantes. Ademais, recuperou-se a evolução histórico geográfico de Poços de Caldas para melhor contextualizar as leis. O estudo foi feito tendo como suporte a categoria de análise paisagem e as teorias desenvolvidas no âmbito da Geografia do Direito. Os resultados mostram que as leis municipais participou da conformação da paisagem urbana desde os primeiros anos de ocupação e construção da cidade, regulamentando o alinhamento das ruas, a medida das calçadas, o tamanho dos lotes e a preservação de matas na área urbana. Mais recentemente, a disciplina normativa de proteção ao patrimônio tem definido o tombamento de bens e áreas consideradas de valor histórico e cultural para o município; por outro lado, as leis poços caldense vêm tornando obrigatório a delimitação de áreas verdes nos loteamentos bem como a manutenção de áreas de preservação permanente essenciais para o equilíbrio ambiental de Poços de Caldas. / The municipal laws of Poços de Caldas have decisively influenced the structuring of the urban landscape of the city, especially as regards the discipline of legal protection of cultural patrimony and preserve the local environment. In the present work, the influence of the municipal laws in the structuring of the urban landscape of the city of Poços de Caldas was analyzed through the systematization of patrimonial and environmental laws edited in the city since its foundation (1872) until today (2010). Moreover, it was recovered the history and geography of Poços de Caldas to better contextualize the laws. The study has used the category of landscape and the theories developed in Geography of Law to analyze the case of Poços. The results show that the municipal laws participated in shaping the urban landscape since the early years of occupation and construction of the city, by stipulating measurements of constructions, streets and sidewalks, and the protection of local environment. In recent days, laws have put buildings and areas under governmental trust; on the other hand, it is compulsory new constructions to have green areas.

Herança basicamente portuguesa, as festas religiosas no Brasil ganharam contornos populares, sendo de grande importância para a formação da cultura popular e para a identidade nacional. Em Ilhabela, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, a Festa de São Benedito que tem com ponto máximo a apresentação da Congada de São Benedito vem sendo realizada há mais de cento e cinquenta anos, sem nunca ter sido interrompida. Esta festa recebeu grande influência africana e não se tornou mero entretenimento, mantendo sua tradição como uma manifestação de grande religiosidade popular, onde o sagrado e o profano estão interligados em uma demonstração de fé e solidariedade que atravessa gerações e se constitui em significativo patrimônio imaterial brasileiro. Deve-se compreender que não só o governo deve atuar como co-responsável no comprometimento pela preservação e salvaguarda desse bem cultural, mas também toda a comunidade local, verdadeira detentora do saber e da qual depende a efetiva prática da transmissão para as futuras gerações. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e exploratória, buscando-se um referencial teórico para a compreensão e elucidação dos fatos, sem desprezar o registro da memória coletiva obtido através de entrevistas abertas realizadas com os detentores da festa. / Inheritance basically Portuguese, the religious parties in Brazil, earn popular profile, being very important to the popular culture development and national identity. In Ilhabela, north coast of São Paulo State, São Beneditos Party which has as a culminating point the São Beneditos Congada has being realized an hundred fifty years ago, without any interruption. This party received great African influence and didnt become a simple entertainment, keeping its tradition as a manifestation of great popular religiosity, where the sacred and the profane were connected in a faith and solidarity proof, which passes along generations and consists of a Brazilian immaterial patrimony. We must understand that not only the government must acts as the responsible under an engagement for the preservation and safeguard of this cultural resource, but also the whole local community, the truth owner of the knowledge and from whom depend the effective practice on the transmission for the future generations. This study realized a bibliographic and inquiry research, looking for a theoretic reference to the understanding and elucidation of the facts, without despising the collective memory register obtained through opened interviews made with the party owners.