Consumer behaviour when shopping online differs from their behavior when shopping in a physical store. One contributory reason is the increasing level of consumption and range of goods online. When online shopping increases it demands the payment methods to work as expected. This paper aims to evaluate and analyse the payment methods when shopping online. The paper aims to increase the knowledge of how consumers are affected by these method when shopping online. This has lead us in to our issue: In what way will consumers be affected when it comes to payment methods within shopping online. The study is based on a qualitative and quantitative research design. The empirical data is collected through focus group interviews with subsequent surveys from Swedish consumers. The study combines the theories, Technology Acceptance Model, TAM, with Task Technology Fit, TTF. TAM is based on the theory of individuals' actual reception and acceptance of a technical solution. With the help of TTF you can describe and measure how technology helps users to perform. The conclusion indicates that the payment method is crucial for the consumer, if the payment method does not meet the requirements set by the consumer, the purchase will thus be canceled. There is strong competition between different players and it is easy for the consumer to choose the online store that offers the exact payment method that is best adapted to their needs. The conclusion further shows that there is a payment method that is preferred over others, this method is Klarnas. The study also shows that safety and simplicity are issues that the consumer sees as decisive based on how they make their purchases online. Loyalty is also a factor being dealt with, a customer is not always loyal to a website if it proves to be difficult to complete the purchase. Customers prefer to make a purchase on a website that offers a payment method that another operator does not. / Konsumenters beteende vid näthandel är fluktuerande och skiljer sig från beteenden i fysiska butiker. En av de bidragande orsakerna är expanderingen av nätshopping. I samband med den ökande konsumtionen online ställs det krav på att betalningsmetoder i samband med näthandel fungerar som dom ska. Denna studie berör digitalisering inom näthandel med fokus på betalningsmetoder. Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur konsumenters köpintention påverkas av betalningsmetoder när de näthandlar. Syftet har lett oss in på frågeställningen: På vilket sätt påverkas konsumenter av betalningsmetoden inom näthandeln? Studien baseras på en flermetodsforskning, en blandning av kvalitativ samt kvantitativ forskningsdesign. Empirin är insamlad via fokusgruppsintervjuer med efterföljande enkätundersökning från svenska konsumenter. Studien kombinerar teorierna, Technology Acceptance Model, TAM med Task Technology Fit, TTF. Där TAM som bygger på teorin om individers faktiska mottagande och acceptans av teknisk lösning. Med hjälp av TTF kan man beskriva och mäta hur teknik hjälper användare att prestera. Slutsatsen tyder på att betalningsmetoden är avgörande för konsumenten, uppfyller inte betalningsmetoden de krav som ställs av konsumenten kommer köpet således att avbryts. Det råder stark konkurrens mellan olika aktörer och det är lätt för konsumenten välja den onlinebutik som erbjuder just den betalningsmetod som är bäst anpassat för hens behov. Slutsatsen visar vidare att det finns en betalningsmetod som föredras framför andra, denna metod är Klarnas. Det framgår även av studiens resultat att säkerhet och enkelhet är frågor som konsumenten ser som avgörande utifrån hur de genomför sina köp online. Lojalitet är även en faktor som behandlas, en kund är inte alltid lojal till en webbplats om det visar sig vara krångligt att genomföra köpet. Kunder väljer hellre att genomföra ett köp på en webbplats som erbjuder en betalningsmetod som en annan aktör inte gör.

Kontantanvändningen i Sverige minskar drastiskt för varje år som går, samtidigt som e-handeln ökar i stadig takt. Tidigare forskningsresultat visar att förtroende är en av de allra viktigaste förutsättningarna för framgångsrik e-handel. Andra studier har visat att en av de vanligaste anledningarna till att konsumenter avbryter sina köp i e-butiker är att de betalningsmetoder som föredras inte finns tillgängliga. Att undersöka vilka betalningsmetoder konsumenter vill använda och hur e-handlare påverkas av vilka metoder de erbjuder är det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie.Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en metodkombination för att kunna undersöka flera olika aktörer på den svenska online-klädmarknaden. Vid insamling av empiri har såväl enkäter som intervjuer och finansiell information från årsrapporter använts för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Studiens resultat tyder på att konsumenter verkar prioritera säkra betalningsmetoder vid högre transaktionsbelopp och smidiga metoder vid lägre belopp. Det verkar inte som att antalet betalningsmetoder som en e-butik erbjuder har någon nämnvärd påverkan på dess försäljning och finansiella prestation. Slutligen verkar förtroendet för tredjepartsaktörer i form av betalningsleverantörer som Klarna och Qliro ha en tydlig påverkan på förtroendet för e-butiken. / While the use of cash in Sweden is quickly decreasing, e-commerce spending is increasing at a substantial rate. Previous findings suggest that trust is an essential condition for successful e-commerce. Other studies report that one of the most common reasons why customers abandon their shopping cart online is because they were not able to pay using their preferred method of payment. The main scope of this study is to examine which payment methods are preferred by customers and how e-tailers are affected by which payment methods they provide.The study has been conducted using multiple methods of research in order to enable a comprehensive analysis of the Swedish online fashion industry. Data has been collected through surveys as well as through interviews and financial statements. The findings of the study indicate that customers seem to prefer safe payment methods when making bigger transactions, and convenient methods with lower transaction fees when making smaller payments. The number of payment methods provided by a e-tailer doesn’t seem to have a notable effect on sales or financial performance. In conclusion, the consumer’s trust in third parties, for example payment service providers like Klarna or Qliro, seems to have a distinct impact on trust in the e-tailer.

This thesis presents a framework for categorisation and risk assessment of non-traditional payment methods used for illicit purchases. The non-profit organisation Financial Coalition is working to prevent such transactions for child abusive material, and has expressed a desire to involve non- traditional payment methods in its operations. In order to do this, it has been necessary to understand the available options on this market, and what alternatives to include. An investigation of desirable properties for commercial and illicit use of payment methods was done using a qualitative approach, involving primarily interviews and online content reviewing. The findings and the framework have successfully been validated during a workshop with knowledgeable actors, as well as during a seminar presentation at the Riksdag of Sweden. On a mainly commercial basis, observations have been made that authentication and privacy in payments will be important factors henceforth. There is also a never-before-seen pace of new payment solutions trying to address this. When aligning this commercial perspective with an illicit one, four principal properties emerge that together describe the most essential aspects of payments in criminal environments: anonymity, regionality, transaction speed, and regulatory possibilities. These principal properties are segmented and combined into a framework for categorisation and risk assessment by assigning risk values to each segment. The risk assessment indicates that payment schemes offering possibilities to anonymity, a large geographical reach, fast transactions, and are based on virtual currencies, are associated with the highest risk in terms of complicating law enforcement work. It is concluded that payment service providers receiving high risk values should be approached by organisation like the Financial Coalition and thus included in the knowledge sharing that takes place. Some schemes however operate without central control functions, which complicates an inclusion. Targeting supporting functions or developing communities could thus be suitable means for such cases instead. If the suggested framework is accepted as a working tool for organisations like the Financial Coalition, more research should be put into quantifying the risk values more thoroughly. / Uppsatsen  presenterar  ett  ramverk  för  kategorisering  och  riskbedömning  av  icke-traditionella betalningsmetoder som används vid illegala köp. Samarbetsorganet Finanskoalitionen arbetar idag för att förhindra transaktioner för barnpornografiskt material, och har uttryckt ett behov av att kunna inkludera sådana icke-traditionella betalningsmetoder i sin verksamhet. För att lyckas med detta är det avgörande att förstå vilka alternativ marknaden erbjuder samt vilka typer av lösningar som bör involveras. Eftertraktade   egenskaper   hos   betalningsmetoder  för   både   kommersiell   och   illegal   handel undersöktes med en kvalitativ ansats, huvudsakligen genom intervjuer och analys av material online. Resultatet och det framtagna ramverket har framgångsrikt validerats under en workshop med inom ämnet kunniga personer samt genom en seminariepresentation i Sveriges Riksdag. För den kommersiella handeln kommer bland annat integritet och autentisering vara två betydande faktorer för betalningar framöver. Samtidigt pågår en snabb utveckling av betalningslösningar som försöker adressera dessa behov. När detta kommersiella perspektiv sammanställs med ett illegalt framträder fyra huvudsakliga egenskaper som tillsammans beskriver de viktigaste aspekterna för betalningar i kriminella miljöer: anonymitet, regionalitet, transaktionshastighet samt möjlighet för reglering. Dessa egenskaper har segmenterats och kombinerats till ett ramverk för kategorisering och riskbedömning  av  icke-traditionella  betalningsmetoder,  där  riskvärden  har  tilldelats  respektive segment. Resultatet indikerar att betalningslösningar som erbjuder anonymitet, har stor geografisk räckvidd, möjliggör snabba transaktioner samt är baserade på virtuella valutor är de lösningar med högst risk att komplicera det rättsliga arbetet, och därmed attraktiva för illegalt användande. Det har konstaterats att betalningsleverantörer med höga riskvärden bör inkluderas i organisationer likt Finanskoalitionen, och därmed få tillgång till den kunskapsspridning som sker inom ämnet. Vissa  lösningar  är  dock  uppbyggda  utan  centrala  styr-  eller  kontrollfunktioner vilket försvårar samarbetet. I dessa fall är det istället mer lämpligt att samverka med angränsande funktioner eller utvecklarnätverk.  Om  det  föreslagna  ramverket  godtas  som  arbetsverktyg  bör  vidare  studier framförallt fokusera på att kvantifiera tilldelade riskvärden mer utförligt.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-08-24T23:27:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosTeixeira.pdf: 808388 bytes, checksum: 5c98ea5b8525cdd401a8e3c5c8ccccd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-24T23:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosTeixeira.pdf: 808388 bytes, checksum: 5c98ea5b8525cdd401a8e3c5c8ccccd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo central analisar as transações de cartões de crédito da baixa renda no mercado brasileiro. O enfoque da pesquisa está no setor de pagamentos eletrônicos, denominados cartões de crédito. Esse setor tem estado em crescimento acelerado nas últimas décadas; portanto, o desafio atual se coloca em como aumentar a participação deste método de pagamento junto às classes de menor poder aquisitivo. Já podem ser vistas grandes iniciativas que estão sendo tomadas nesse sentido por empresas de atuação internacional; no entanto, o conhecimento desse público de baixa renda está mais próximo de empresas menores. As empresas nacionais, de porte menor, são responsáveis pelo fornecimento dos chamados cartões regionais, que, por sua vez, conseguem atingir o público-alvo deste trabalho com maior facilidade do que seus concorrentes de atuação internacional. Buscando compreender melhor os hábitos de pagamentos da classe baixa, o presente trabalho obteve seus dados por meio de dados de pesquisas transacionais, entrevistas e bibliografia. Portanto, a presente dissertação buscou analisar as transações capturadas pela terceira maior empresa de aceitação de cartões de crédito do país, a GetNet. Também foram entrevistados profissionais atuantes no meio que colaboraram, através de entrevistas, com sugestões para a melhoria do setor. Assim, o eixo do trabalho questiona como as pesquisas transacionais e os profissionais do mercado de cartão de crédito podem contribuir no desenvolvimento de novas oportunidades em cartões de crédito para a baixa renda. Finalmente, espera-se que, a partir desta pesquisa, será possível obter uma relação de características a serem exploradas para que se possa expandir esse mercado junto à classe de menor poder aquisitivo. / The present master’s dissertation has as central goal to analyze the credit card transactions of the low income population in the Brazilian market. The focus of the research is the electronic payments sector, named credit cards. This sector has been growing increasingly in the last decades; however the present challenge finds itself in increasing the participation in this method within the lower classes. There can be seen many initiatives being taken towards this by international companies, nonetheless the knowledge on this low income public is closer to the reality of the smaller companies. National corporations, smaller companies, are responsible for the supplying of the so called regional cards that can reach in a larger and easier scale the public approached by this paper than their international competitors. Seeking to know more of the habits of the low income population, this research obtained its data through transactional research, interviews and diverse bibliography. Therefore, it seeks to analyze transactions captured by the third largest corporation in credit card acceptance in the country of Brazil, GetNet. Also, professionals on the area were interviewed and collaborated with suggestions to the betterment of the sector. In this way, the axis of this work questions how transactional research and professionals in the credit card market may contribute in the development of new opportunities in credit cards for low income population. Finally, it is expected that with this research it will be possible to obtain characteristics that may be explored and used in favor of expanding this market within the lower class.

A incessante busca do homem pela eficiência e sofisticação dos processos por ele manejados em todas as áreas do conhecimento, aliada aos grandes avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, tem gerado importantes alterações nos meios de pagamento e na sistemática de liquidação financeira de obrigações. Com o surgimento de mecanismos mais robustos de liquidação, estamos observando a substituição dos meios de pagamento em papel e das transações isoladas entre os indivíduos pela informatização da negociação e o aumento do raio de abrangência das caixas de liquidação. Este trabalho levanta o panorama histórico das câmaras de liquidação, traçando o estado da arte dessa figura no Brasil e suas principais questões jurídicas, também verificando sua aderência às melhores práticas experimentadas em mercados desenvolvidos / Mankinds endless quest for efficiency and sophistication of the processes managed by the men in all areas of knowledge, coupled with major technological advances of recent decades, has generated important changes in payment methods and the clearing of financial obligations. With the emergence of more robust mechanisms of settlement, we are watching the replacement of paper-based payment methods and transactions between isolated individuals by the computerization of trading and the increase of the radius of coverage of the settlement institutions. This work traces the historical view of the clearing houses, outlining the state of the art of this figure in Brazil and its main legal issues, and checking if it complies with the best practices already experienced in developed markets.

<p><p>Rapporten tar upp och behandlar ämnet betalväxlar utifrån en utvecklares perspektiv. Två företag som varit i eller nära inpå processen att utveckla en webbshop har intervjuats och jämförts med utbudet hos ett antal olika betalväxlar. Intervjuerna har visat ett resultat som är mycket troligt att man som ny utvecklare kommer i kontakt med i början. Positionen kan då vara både som utvecklare eller som ägare till webbshoppen. Det gick även att konstatera att det fanns ett antal betalväxlar lämpade för olika kunskapsnivåer. Professionell hjälp i form av råd och implementation måste inte tvunget vara en nödvändighet för att man ska kunna sätta upp en relativt avancerad webbshop.</p></p> / <p><p>This report deals with online Payment Service Providers (PSPs) from the developer's point of view. Two companies that were in or in close connection to the process of developing a web shop were interviewed and compared to the suppöy of payment options at a number of different payment PSPs. The interviews has shown a result which is probable that a new developer will get in contact with in the beginning. The position could be either as a web developer or as an owner of a web shop. It was also possible to establish that there were a number of PSPs suitable for different levels of knowledge within the field. Professional help such as advices and implementation is not necessary in order to be able to set up a relatively advanced web shop.</p></p>

Den teknologiska utvecklingen har under de senaste decennierna fått en allt större betydelse i samhället. Som en naturlig följd av detta har bankernas verksamhet förändrats, bland annat genom ökat utbud av tekniska tjänster och produkter. Tidigare studier påvisar att människans beteende har förändrats i takt med samhällets utveckling och måste idag vänja sig vid att allt mer kommer att hanteras via de teknologiska distributionskanalerna. Dessutom menar forskare på att banker inte kan stanna upp med sitt förändringsarbete idag utan bör ständigt analysera hur den teknologiska utvecklingen kan tillfredsställa dess organisation samt kunder. Det vi har undersökt i denna C-uppsats är hur bankernas förändringsarbete ser ut med tanke på den teknologiska utvecklingen. Banker har tidigare inte varit snabba med att genomföra förändringar utan de har snarare varit trögrörliga. Därmed uppkom intresset att studera hur banker agerar vid den teknologiska utvecklingen. Vilka förändringar som bankerna genomför, vilka tjänster och produkter som lanseras samt vilka tjänster och produkter som tas bort. Det som är intressant är hur förändringsarbetet ser ut och om det finns skillnader och likheter mellan de olika bankerna. Syftet med vår studie är att belysa hur den teknologiska utvecklingen påverkar förändringsarbetet i olika banker och vilka skillnader och likheter som finns. Vi har använt oss av en hermeneutisk forskningsfilosofi och en kvalitativ metod. Detta valdes eftersom vi ville få en djup förståelse för hur förändringsarbetet ser ut i dagens samhälle. Beslut om förändring tas av personer som innehar en högt uppsatt position inom banker. Men för att skapa en djup förståelse för deras förändringsarbete har vi intervjuat personer som sitter med i ledningen och medarbetare. / Technological development has in recent decades become increasingly important in the community. As a natural consequence, banks' activities changed, partly through increased range of technical services and products. Previous studies indicate that human behaviour has changed as society and must now get used to more and more will be managed via the technological distribution channels. In addition, scientists believe that the banks can’t stay up with the change management today but should constantly analyse how technological developments can satisfy its organization and customers. There we have investigated in this thesis is how the banks change looks like, given the technological developments. Banks have previously not been quick to implement changes but have been rather sluggish. Thus arose the interest in studying how banks operate at the technological development. What changes that banks perform, the services and products being launched and what services and products are removed. What is interesting is how the change process looks like, and if there are differences and similarities between the different banks. The purpose of our study is to illustrate how technological developments affect the change process in different banks and what differences and similarities there are. We have used a hermeneutic research philosophy and a qualitative method. This was chosen because we wanted to get a deep understanding of how the change process looks like in today's society. The study has been limited to three banks in Southern Sweden, since a larger study would not have been possible in this short time. Decision to change taken by persons who hold a senior position within the banks. But to create a deep understanding of their changes, we have interviewed people who sit in the management and employees.

The way physicians are paid for the provision of care is a relevant aspect of health care systems. Fee-for-service (FFS) payment system has been criticized for affecting quality of care, contributing to the fragmentation of health care, and for rising costs of health care systems. Alternative payment plans (APP) have been introduced as options to the traditional FFS payment scheme. Despite the link between payment methods and behavior of physicians that has been established; there is a lack of evidence about the impact of payment systems on wellness of physicians, specifically on their perception of professional equity and daily distress of physicians. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of APP on physicians’ perceptions of professional equity and daily distress. The following questions guided this dissertation: 1) Does professional equity perceived by physicians vary among practitioners paid by FFS, APP, or blended alternatives? 2) Is the payment method associated with daily distress of medical practitioners? and 3) Are levels of professional equity, daily distress, and career satisfaction of physicians different by gender and payment methods? In 2011, a cross-sectional study was conducted with physicians practicing in the Saskatoon Health Region (SHR), the largest health authority of Saskatchewan, Canada. Physicians completed a questionnaire evaluating their perceptions of professional equity and daily distress. Analyses of variances (ANOVA) were performed to assess differences in professional equity (overall and by its fulfillment, financial, and recognition dimensions) and daily distress among physicians paid by FFS, APP, and blended schemes. As multivariable analyses, a linear regression was used to test the interaction between specialty and payment methods on the perception of professional equity, controlling for the number of patients, gender, and age group. A mixed linear regression model was built to predict daily distress, testing demographics, workload, complexity of patients, payment method, career satisfaction, and practice profile; the random component of the model considered the influence of geographic area of practice. Also, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate differences among professional equity, daily distress, and career satisfaction by payment method and gender. In total, 382 (48.1%) physicians participated in the study. Response bias was tested and found to be negligible (Appendix F). The ANOVA identified that physicians paid by APP perceived higher professional equity than those paid by FFS (p=0.005), as well as higher levels of income (p=0.03) and recognition (p=0.001) equity than those with FFS. In the multivariable analyses, a higher level of professional equity was predicted among family practitioners (FPs) paid by APP and blended schemes in comparison to those paid by FFS. Additionally, the payment method was a predictor of daily distress when adjusted by other factors. Lower levels of distress were found among physicians who had more than 75% of patients with complex conditions and were paid by APP compared to those paid by FFS and blended methods. The MANOVA identified that female physicians had poorer wellness indicators than male practitioners. Multiple comparisons identified higher levels of equity among male physicians paid by APP than those with FFS, although this benefit was not observed among female ones. In conclusion, physicians paid by APP perceived higher professional equity (fair economic rewards and appropriate recognition) in comparison to those paid by FFS. Particularly, FPs paid by APP perceived higher professional equity than those FPs paid by FFS. Additionally, the payment method was identified as an associated factor with distress; lower levels of daily distress were predicted among physicians paid by APP who see high proportions of patients with complex conditions. Notwithstanding, female physicians had poorer wellness indicators and the impact of APP on professional equity was only distinguished among males. A potential unequal impact of APP must be recognized between female and male physicians.

A incessante busca do homem pela eficiência e sofisticação dos processos por ele manejados em todas as áreas do conhecimento, aliada aos grandes avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, tem gerado importantes alterações nos meios de pagamento e na sistemática de liquidação financeira de obrigações. Com o surgimento de mecanismos mais robustos de liquidação, estamos observando a substituição dos meios de pagamento em papel e das transações isoladas entre os indivíduos pela informatização da negociação e o aumento do raio de abrangência das caixas de liquidação. Este trabalho levanta o panorama histórico das câmaras de liquidação, traçando o estado da arte dessa figura no Brasil e suas principais questões jurídicas, também verificando sua aderência às melhores práticas experimentadas em mercados desenvolvidos / Mankinds endless quest for efficiency and sophistication of the processes managed by the men in all areas of knowledge, coupled with major technological advances of recent decades, has generated important changes in payment methods and the clearing of financial obligations. With the emergence of more robust mechanisms of settlement, we are watching the replacement of paper-based payment methods and transactions between isolated individuals by the computerization of trading and the increase of the radius of coverage of the settlement institutions. This work traces the historical view of the clearing houses, outlining the state of the art of this figure in Brazil and its main legal issues, and checking if it complies with the best practices already experienced in developed markets.

Rapporten tar upp och behandlar ämnet betalväxlar utifrån en utvecklares perspektiv. Två företag som varit i eller nära inpå processen att utveckla en webbshop har intervjuats och jämförts med utbudet hos ett antal olika betalväxlar. Intervjuerna har visat ett resultat som är mycket troligt att man som ny utvecklare kommer i kontakt med i början. Positionen kan då vara både som utvecklare eller som ägare till webbshoppen. Det gick även att konstatera att det fanns ett antal betalväxlar lämpade för olika kunskapsnivåer. Professionell hjälp i form av råd och implementation måste inte tvunget vara en nödvändighet för att man ska kunna sätta upp en relativt avancerad webbshop. / This report deals with online Payment Service Providers (PSPs) from the developer's point of view. Two companies that were in or in close connection to the process of developing a web shop were interviewed and compared to the suppöy of payment options at a number of different payment PSPs. The interviews has shown a result which is probable that a new developer will get in contact with in the beginning. The position could be either as a web developer or as an owner of a web shop. It was also possible to establish that there were a number of PSPs suitable for different levels of knowledge within the field. Professional help such as advices and implementation is not necessary in order to be able to set up a relatively advanced web shop.