La protection de l’environnement est un enjeu capital de la société contemporaine. Suite à la révolution industrielle, la contamination de l’environnement a pris divers chemins pour se retrouver dans notre eau, notre atmosphère et, de manière parfois moins évidente, dans nos sols. Considérant le nombre de sites contaminés répertoriés par le ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, on peut s’interroger sur l’efficacité des dispositions prévues à la section IV.2.1 de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui prévoit des pouvoirs d’ordonnance de caractérisation et de réhabilitation pouvant viser de manière rétroactive non seulement le pollueur et celui ayant permis la contamination, mais également, dans certains cas, le gardien, à quelque titre que ce soit, du terrain. En 2003, le cadre réglementaire en matière d’ordonnances de décontamination a fait l’objet d’une réforme majeure, dont les grandes lignes sont rapportées dans la première partie de cette étude. Toutefois, l’application de ces mesures relève d’un pouvoir de nature discrétionnaire pour le ministre, cette discrétion faisant l’objet de développements dans la deuxième partie de notre mémoire. Le nombre d’ordonnances rendues par le ministre en matière de décontamination des sites est si peu élevé qu’on ne peut éviter de traiter, dans la dernière partie de notre étude, de l’éventuelle responsabilité de l’État en lien avec la contamination des sols, considérant les principes de développement durable et surtout, d’équité intergénérationnelle qui, selon nous, devraient se refléter dans l’application des pouvoirs d’ordonnance du ministre de l’Environnement. / The protection of the environment is a vital issue for modern society. Following the Industrial Revolution, the contamination of the environment found many avenues, and now can be found in the water, the atmosphere and, sometimes less obviously, in the soil. Considering the number of contaminated lands indexed by the ministère du Dévoloppement durable, l’Environnement et des Parcs, one might well wonder about the effectiveness of the measures in section IV.2.1 of the Environment Quality Act which include powers of ordering land characterization and rehabilitation retroactively over not only the polluter and whoever allows the contaminants to be emitted, but also in certain cases the one who has or has had the custody of the land, in any capacity. In 2003, the regulatory structure for remediation orders underwent a major reform, whose main features are described in the first part of this essay. However, the application of these measures derives from the minister’s discretionary power. Developments that affect this discretion are described in the second part of our study. The number of orders delivered by the minister is so low that we have to consider, in the third part of our essay, the eventual liability of the State in relation with contaminated grounds, considering the principles of sustainable development and above all of intergenerational equity which, in our view, should be reflected in the application of minister of the environment’s power to order.

La protection de l’environnement est un enjeu capital de la société contemporaine. Suite à la révolution industrielle, la contamination de l’environnement a pris divers chemins pour se retrouver dans notre eau, notre atmosphère et, de manière parfois moins évidente, dans nos sols. Considérant le nombre de sites contaminés répertoriés par le ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, on peut s’interroger sur l’efficacité des dispositions prévues à la section IV.2.1 de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui prévoit des pouvoirs d’ordonnance de caractérisation et de réhabilitation pouvant viser de manière rétroactive non seulement le pollueur et celui ayant permis la contamination, mais également, dans certains cas, le gardien, à quelque titre que ce soit, du terrain. En 2003, le cadre réglementaire en matière d’ordonnances de décontamination a fait l’objet d’une réforme majeure, dont les grandes lignes sont rapportées dans la première partie de cette étude. Toutefois, l’application de ces mesures relève d’un pouvoir de nature discrétionnaire pour le ministre, cette discrétion faisant l’objet de développements dans la deuxième partie de notre mémoire. Le nombre d’ordonnances rendues par le ministre en matière de décontamination des sites est si peu élevé qu’on ne peut éviter de traiter, dans la dernière partie de notre étude, de l’éventuelle responsabilité de l’État en lien avec la contamination des sols, considérant les principes de développement durable et surtout, d’équité intergénérationnelle qui, selon nous, devraient se refléter dans l’application des pouvoirs d’ordonnance du ministre de l’Environnement. / The protection of the environment is a vital issue for modern society. Following the Industrial Revolution, the contamination of the environment found many avenues, and now can be found in the water, the atmosphere and, sometimes less obviously, in the soil. Considering the number of contaminated lands indexed by the ministère du Dévoloppement durable, l’Environnement et des Parcs, one might well wonder about the effectiveness of the measures in section IV.2.1 of the Environment Quality Act which include powers of ordering land characterization and rehabilitation retroactively over not only the polluter and whoever allows the contaminants to be emitted, but also in certain cases the one who has or has had the custody of the land, in any capacity. In 2003, the regulatory structure for remediation orders underwent a major reform, whose main features are described in the first part of this essay. However, the application of these measures derives from the minister’s discretionary power. Developments that affect this discretion are described in the second part of our study. The number of orders delivered by the minister is so low that we have to consider, in the third part of our essay, the eventual liability of the State in relation with contaminated grounds, considering the principles of sustainable development and above all of intergenerational equity which, in our view, should be reflected in the application of minister of the environment’s power to order.

Syftet med denna uppsats är i första hand att utreda, analysera samt utvärdera den närmare innebörden av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet i 10 kap. 2 § MB och, i andra hand, om begreppet, utifrån de aktuella intressena på området är ändamålsenligt utformat. Den övergripande frågeställningen utgörs av om någon annan än den som formellt sett driver verksamheten kan omfattas av verksamhetsutövarbegreppet och därmed det dit tillhörande avhjälpandeansvaret.  I anslutning till denna mer övergripande problemställning aktualiseras flertalet andra delfrågor, varav de mest centrala kan sammanfattas enligt följande. i) Under vilka förutsättningar kan bakomliggande aktörer svara såsom verksamhetsutövare och därmed omfattas av avhjälpandeansvaret? ii) Kan Sverige, i avsaknad av en mer precis verksamhetsutövardefinition, anses leva upp till sina unionsrättsliga åtaganden? iii) Hur förhåller sig verksamhetsutövarbegreppet till ansvarsgenombrottsinstitutet iv) Föreligger det ett behov för en mer effektiv eller tydligare reglering rörande verksamhetsutövaransvaret och hur kan en sådan i sådant fall kan utformas? I förevarande uppsats aktualiseras därmed, av naturliga skäl, tre olika rättsområden; miljö-, EU- och associationsrätt men utgångspunkten är primärt miljörättslig.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-18T12:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2017-02-22T18:16:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T18:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao 17 out 2012.pdf: 43382411 bytes, checksum: 54819efd81f3a0fe4c55508efec49591 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / Com base na linha de pesquisa, analisa-se a contaminação por chumbo em Santo Amaro da Purificação na Bahia, decorrente da poluição causada pela indústria COBRAC – Companhia Brasileira de Chumbo e as conseqüências para a saúde dos trabalhadores e da população residente no entorno desta. Enfoca-se, ainda, o passivo ambiental representado por cerca de quinhentas toneladas de escória de chumbo deixadas para trás, após o fechamento da fábrica, em 1993. Aborda-se a questão da responsabilidade da empresa poluidora no sentido de reparar os danos causados ao meio ambiente, aos trabalhadores e à população, bem como, procurase demonstrar a responsabilidade subsidiária do Estado, para responder pelos prejuízos, em caso de negligência no uso dos meios legais para punir os poluidores forçando-os a repararem os danos causados. Em seguida, demonstra-se as formas de responsabilidade civil e a atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos nos casos em que atuou condenando o estado brasileiro quando este foi negligente ao deixar de punir os infratores dos direitos ínsitos à personalidade humana. Posteriormente se faz, uma análise dos processos ajuizados pelas vítimas e da resposta dada pelo Poder Judiciário e pelo Estado. Em síntese, busca-se mostrar as formas de solução postas pelo direito pátrio e internacional, no sentido de reparar os sofrimentos das vítimas pela contaminação por chumbo. / It intends to analyze cases of victims of lead contamination in Santo Amaro, Bahia, caused by the company pollution COBRAC – Brazilian Company Lead and the effects to the health of workers and living population around the Industry. Also shows the environmental damages caused by five hundred tons of lead slag, left behind after the shutdown of the industry in 1993 and its consequences for the environment and the health of the population. It addresses the responsibility of polluting company to repair the damage caused to the environment, to workers and to the population, and, at the same time, tries to demonstrate the State subsidiary responsibility to respond for those damages, in case of negligence in the use of legal means to punish polluters for the damage, forcing them to repair it. Next, shows the kinds of liability and participation of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the cases that condemned the Brazilian State, when it was negligent to punish the infractors of the human personality rights. Finally, analyzes the lawsuits brought by the lead contamination victims and what response was given by the Judiciary and the State. In synthesis, it is intended to show the ways of solutions in national and international law, in the direction to repair the sufferings of the victims of lead contamination

Depuis le sinistre du pétrolier Torrey Canyon, l'OMI a élaboré les Conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbure. Celles-ci ont mis en place les régimes d'indemnisation des dommages par pollution causés par les navires. Les victimes de la pollution peuvent agir en responsabilité contre le propriétaire du navire ou directement contre l'assureur du propriétaire du navire pour les dommages par pollution (y compris les frais de nettoyage). Selon ces conventions internationales, le propriétaire du navire est en droit de limiter sa responsabilité dont l'indemnité est calculée en fonction du tonnage du navire en cause. De plus, le fonds FIPOL, créé par la convention portant création du fonds FIPOL, prend le relais de la convention CLC lorsque l'indemnité dépasse la limitation de responsabilité prévue par cette dernière convention. Mais est-ce que ces conventions prévoient une indemnisation suffisante pour les dommages par pollution ? Et existe-t-il des conflits entre les conventions internationales ? Il est vrai que la plupart des pollutions marines de faible ampleur sont suffisamment indemnisées. Mais tel n'est pas le cas pour les pollutions majeures. De plus, les conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbures de soute n'ont pas prévu des champs d'application identiques. C'est ainsi que ces conventions internationales sont susceptibles d'être en conflit dans le cas où la pollution est causée par les substances polluantes transportées par le navire et les hydrocarbures de soute du navire en cause. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter les régimes internationaux de responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en matière de pollution marine et essaie de proposer une solution pour résoudre les conflits entre les conventions internationales / Since the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the International Maritime Organization began drafting three international conventions (CLC, HNS and bunker oil conventions) to establish civil liability for compensation for ship-source pollution damages. Claims for compensation for pollution damages (including clean-up costs) may be brought against the owner of ships which caused the damages or directly against the owner's insurer. The ship-owner is normally entitled to limit his liability to an amount which is linked to the tonnage of his ship. Furthermore, the IOPC funds which was set up in 1992 under the IOPC convention 1992 is able to compensate the victims when compensation under the CLC 1992 is not available or not adequate. But do these international regimes work well ? And are there conflicts between the International conventions ? Certainly, the most of loss resulting from oil spills from sea can be compensated by the CLC/ IOPC system. But the compensation under CLC/IOPC is not able to be enough for the major pollution events. If the CLC, HNS and bunker oil Conventions don't set up the same scopes, these International Conventions might be in conflict in case of transportation of dangerous goods or hazardous goods by sea, because the spill of the bunker oil and the hazardous goods would cause a major marine pollution. This paper gives an overview of international liability and compensation regime, and tries to give a proposal to resolve the conflicts between the international conventions

The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected." The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal. The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid. The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental management)

This study emanates from the worldwide issue of climate change, as well as the need for all nations to make an effort to reduce their carbon emissions and move towards greener economies. It delves into South Africa's current command-and-control environmental enforcement regime and highlights the pitfalls that allow major air polluters to avoid sanction of any form in many instances. This poor environmental enforcement and compliance effectively means that South Africa is unlikely to be capable of meeting targets set under international agreements. The study confirms that environmental enforcement is inadequately addressed in South Africa. This is attributable to the inherent shortcomings of command-and-control approaches, including that they are inflexible and offer few incentives for firms to modify behaviour to reduce emissions. Poor enforcement of environmental legislation results in negative externalities caused by air pollution being borne by people who did not create such pollution. The study therefore advocates the use of market-based mechanisms as an alternative to traditional command-and-control approaches to environmental enforcement. In light of the South African government's recent publication of the Draft Carbon Tax Bill, carbon taxes as a subset of market-based environmental enforcement mechanisms have the potential to better enforce the polluter pays principle. Mexico, arguably the most forward-thinking developing nation in terms of climate change mitigation, has taken numerous steps towards meeting international commitments, including the implementation of a carbon tax. While South Africa's proposed carbon tax does differ from Mexico's in some respects, the basic premise remains the same and some comparisons can be made in this regard, with accompanying lessons to be learned. Such lessons include that it is imperative that the carbon tax must be set at a high enough rate to meet international commitments whilst at the same time avoiding adverse economic effects, maintaining social welfare and stabilising economic output levels. The proposed carbon tax, while unable to achieve this on its own, is a good place to start and should be utilised in conjunction with the Draft Climate Change Bill to effectively and efficaciously bring about the required change. The proposed carbon tax undoubtedly has the potential to better hold major air polluters responsible for their CO2 and other GHG emissions. / Private Law / LL. M.

La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationale. / Looking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change.