This study aims to investigate classroom interaction from a gender perspective in Swedish subject in grade 5. The purpose of the study is to investigate if gender structures exist in the classroom of Swedish subject. Here you also include a study of the distribution of speech space and if the case is - such that there exist power structures - what problems these power structures involve and how these affect teachers. I used both qualitative and quantitative interventions combined together as a method for best effect when the methods intertwine. Four descriptive research questions have been formulated to be studied in this study. The main theory utilization in the study is the socio-cultural perspective, gender theory, power perspective and the double hidden curriculum. The quantitative methods consisted an app called Gendertimer. The Gendertimer calculates the space each gender takes, which results in how the speech space in the classroom is distributed. The qualitative methods I used in this study was 4 classroom observations and four teacher interviews in two different schools, geographically located south of Stockholm. The Gendertimer was used during all four observation sessions. The first two lessons in Swedish subject that were observed were teacher-led, while the remaining two were studentled conversations in small groups. The results showed that the majority of the four observation cases were dominated by the boys in the classrooms. During three observation cases, the boys dominated and during one observation the girls dominated. In conjunction with the observation cases and the percentage that was shown, I linked to, among other, Einarsson and Hultman's study (1984) about the so-called two-thirds rule. The rule is that the teacher takes approximately 2/3 of the total speaking in the classroom while the remaining 1/3 is given to the students. Within the students, the male gender takes about 2/3 of the speaking time and the remaining 1/3 is given to the female gender. That rule can be linked to this study.

As a starting point the society is more enlightened and has gained a greater awareness about the gender power structures and its different forms. Present research shows the continuous development into other shapes and comes into different expressions that might be unrecognised. In order to gain knowledge about the present structure of the gender power structure system, the aim of this study was to investigate framing of female and male politicians in media. The main question asked was: “are there framing differences in the portraits of the male and female politicians?” In order to achieve results articles in the biggest Swedish daily newspaper were examined. The method used was a mixed qualitative/quantitative content analysis where theory linked questions were created in order to ask these directly to the text. The results of the study showed that the framings of female versus male politicians were based on traditional gender power structures, though not to the extent the theory claims. More importantly, the result showed that the marginalization of female politicians was made by inclusion and exploiting instead of exclusion. In this way the differences between the genders were shown.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to study how race is represented in four of Försvarsmakten’s video commercials published between 2016 and 2020. Försvarsmakten is a Swedish authority that in recent years has focused on increasing gender and ethnic equality within the organization, which interests us to examine if and how their efforts are transformed in their marketing communication. Considering media’s influence on the ideals and norms that exist in our society, media representations make an interesting and important area to critically study and question. Especially as previous research has shown that ethnic minorities are underrepresented or portrayed in a stereotypical or negative way that upholds racial discrimination, both in media and in reality. The aim of this essay is therefore to study if there is a difference in the representation of white people and people of color (POC) in the selected video commercials, as well as to interpret potential underlying messages and ideologies. The theory and method that will be applied is postcolonial theory and multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA). A positive tendency is shown in the final results with both white people and POC acting in leading roles and background roles. However, there is no interaction between whites and POC in any scene, and in most cases they are represented in homogeneous groups which can indicate segregation. Further on we can distinguish a difference among the roles that the characters play. Whereas POC are portrayed as civilians in all commercials, white people are portrayed as soldiers in two of the commercials. The commercials are seen as inclusive to some extent, but they don’t fully represent an integrated and equal society from a multicultural perspective. Rather, they give the impression of focusing more on gender equality within the organization as women frequently are pictured in the commercials, even as soldiers

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning har grundat sina studier i att ett medlemskap i styrelsen är lika med att individer har denna påverkan över bolagets presterade resultat. Vidare återstår dilemmat om det går att fastställa att ett medlemskap i styrelsen, oavsett roll och person, medför att ledamöterna har inflytande.  Syfte: Studien syftar till att via utvecklingen av ett inflytandeindex förklara styrelseledamöters och styrelsegrupperingars inflytande över bolagsprestationer.  Metod: Den metod som har genomförts är en tvärsnittsstudie med en deduktiv ansats. Studiens hypoteser har formulerats med grund i resursberoendeteorin, upper echelon-teorin, teorin om tokens samt tidigare forskning. Hypoteserna syftar till att testa studiens inflytandeindex.  Slutsats: Studien finner att det konstruerade indexet kan fånga individers och gruppers inflytande i en styrelse på ett mer teoretiskt grundat sätt gentemot de traditionella måtten andel och kritisk massa. Det framkom genom indexet att styrelseledamöternas inflytande inte har någon betydelse för bolagsprestationer. / Background: Previous studies have conducted its research on the premise that a membership on the board means that you have a certain impact on the results of the company. Further on, it remains a dilemma whether it’s possible to determine if a member of the board has this impact regardless of which person it is and which role they have on the board.  Purpose: The study aims to explain the influence of board members and board groups on company performance through the development of an index of influence.  Method: The method used is a cross-sectional study with a deductive approach. The hypothesis of the study has been formulated based on resource dependence theory, the upper echelon-theory, the theory of tokens and previous studies. The purpose of the hypothesis is to test the index of influence of the study.  Conclusion: The study finds that the constructed index can capture the influence of individuals and groups on a board in a more theoretically grounded way compared to the traditional measures of proportion and critical mass. It emerged from the index that the board members' influence has no significance for company performance.

Hederskultur är ett komplext och djupt rotat fenomen som påverkar individer på många olika sätt. Denna socialpsykologiska studie använde sig av teorier om Ackulturation, Social påverkan, Sociala normer, Maktstrukturer och Social inlärning för att förstå hurhederskultur påverkar identitetsskapande hos kvinnor. Syftet med studien var att utforska kvinnors identitetsskapande i samband med hederskultur och förtryck mellan två sociokulturella världar. För att skapa en djupare förståelse för fenomenet användes en socialpsykologisk ansats. Genom användning av kvalitativ metod och tematisk analys kunde denna studie fånga de komplexa och djupt rotade upplevelserna av hederskultur och dess påverkan på individens identitet. Urvalet var sex kvinnor som intervjuades och gav upphov till en empiri som sedan jämfördes med en självbiografi av en kvinna med hederskultur i bagaget. De upplevde en stark press från den kulturella krocken, vilket skapade rädsla och begränsningar. Resultaten ger viktig information som kan användas för att skapa en bättre förståelse för hederskultur och dess effekter på individerna, samt för att utveckla effektiva åtgärder och stödstrukturer för personer som befinner sig i liknande situationer. / Honor culture is a complex and deeply-rooted phenomenon that affects individuals in various ways. This social psychological study utilized theories of acculturation, social influence, social norms, power structures, and social learning to understand how honor culture affects identity formation in women. The aim of the study was to explore women's identity formation in the context of honor culture and oppression between two sociocultural worlds. A social psychological approach was used to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Through the use of qualitative methods and thematic analysis, this study captured the complex and deeply-rooted experiences of honorculture and its impact on individual identity. The sample consisted of six women who were interviewed, and their experiences were compared with a self-biography of a woman with a background in honor culture. The results showed that all six respondents in the study shared similar feelings and experiences related to honor culture and Swedish culture. The results provide important information that can be used to create a better understanding of honor culture and its effects on individuals, as well as to develop effective interventions and support structures for individuals in similar situations.

I denna idé- och ideologianalys har vi studerat hur Aftonbladet och Expressen framställer fall där kvinnor dödats av en man de var eller har varit i en partnerrelation med. Detta med syfte att analysera hur denna typ av brottslighet porträtteras i dessa svenska nyhetsmedier och se kopplingar mellan gestaltningen och rådande maktstrukturer och attityder. Vi har utgått från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt och genusteoretiskt perspektiv där vi undersökt hur dessa artiklar porträtterar aktörerna och gärningen, samt hur detta kan kopplas till samhällets maktstrukturer och attityder. Vi har funnit att denna typ av nyhetsrapportering har starka drag av det patriarkala samhället där kvinnor underordnas män och framställs som de som bör ta ansvar för relationen. Vi ser även att män i flera fall inte fördöms för sina handlingar utan att skulden indirekt förskjuts till kvinnan. Vi menar att ett skifte av attityden i framställningen hos Aftonbladet och Expressen krävs för att en förändring i maktstrukturen och de rådande normerna ska kunna börja ske.

This study uses qualitative research consisting of six semi-structural interviews of treatment workers who, in various capacities, have worked with men who use violence against their female partners. The purpose has been to show what the treatment counselor understand to be the reasons behind the men’s violence, what kind of backgrounds and problems they believe these abusers have and, lastly, how they view the male abusers as clients. The empirical data was analyzed through four perspectives and explanatory models derived from the past thirty years of Scandinavian research on the reasons behind men’s violence against women. Connell’s theory of masculinity was used as a filter along with the four theoretical perspectives when interpreting the data. The study revealed that the respondents found no consistent group of men who abuse. The respondents brought up reasons such as possible earlier exposure to violence, fear of abandonment, jealousy, feelings of powerlessness, and failed expectations of gender roles to be some consistent causes behind the violence. In general, according to the treatment workers, the male abusers they encounter tend to struggle with their self-image and how they fulfill perceived male ideals.

Denna studie berör intersektionalitet, genus och litteraturreception. Jag ville ta reda på om 2010-talets elever urskiljer och reflekterar kring de köns- och maktstereotyper som finns i svensk 1880-talslitteratur. Undersökning ägde rum i en i åk 9 under tre lektioner. Den var konstruerad som en uppgift i det nationella provet i svenskämnets läsförståelsedel. Texterna som användes var utdrag ur August Strindbergs Fröken Julie och Victoria Benedictssons Fru Marianne. Eleverna som deltog i undersökningen urskiljer de traditionella köns- och maktstrukturerna. Undersökningen visar att flickor och pojkar uttrycker sig olika om de strukturer de urskiljer. Flickorna uttrycker sig mer kritiskt, medan pojkarna är mer accepterande i sitt resonemang. / This study involves intersectionality, gender and literary reception. I wanted to find out if secondary school pupils of the 2010s can descry th gender and power structures in Swedish literature of the 1880s and se how the reason about it. The investigation took place in a ninth grade during three lessons. It was designed to resemble the reading literacy part of the national tests in Swedish. The texts used were excerpts from August Strindberg's Miss Julie and Victoria Benedictsson's Fru Marianne. The pupils who participated in the investigation uncovered the traditional gender and power structures. The investigation shows though that girls and boys express themselves differently about the structures the find. The girls express themselves more critically while the boys are more accepting in their reasoning.

The overarching aim of this paper is to study the professional encounter in its complexity. The requirements for receiving welfare is set by the professional and it's the professionals decision if they are met in the proper manner. This makes the assessment of the clients conditions and the correctness of the assessment hence important. There are several levels which is necessary for the social worker to take into consideration. We have therefore made a socio-analysis by using a theoretical model of Johansson (2006) where he uses the Social Psychology of the encounter to create a model with four levels, which is always present in the professional encounter: structural, positional, relational, and experience level.  Our base was that the one responsible for handling these levels was the professional which led us to search for literature concerning the professional approach. Our study is formed as a qualitative case-study. Our empirical data consist of qualitative interviews with four social workers handling social allowance.The results shows that the complexity of the professional encounter requires a professional approach. Furthermore it shows a need for more reflection of all factors of the meeting in its context.  But these abilities are by no means obvious.

The aim of the study is to analyse the stories of four homosexual women with Muslim backgrounds about coming out as homosexuals, from an intersectional perspective. The experience of coming out as lesbian and the intersectionality are related to different social contexts. The homosexuality becomes a problem in connection to family and countrymen while the Muslim background becomes more of a problem in relationships. Heteronormativity and gender system appear to be cooperating systems of oppression. These women don’t describe themselves as oppressed, but potential oppression is still something that influences their lives. They strive for freedom to be themselves in all everyday situations. The quest for freedom to be able to express their sexuality risks relationships with families and girlfriends. But freedom and symbiosis don’t have to be in opposition. These women have found contexts, for example among friends, where none of the social categories are problematic and where they can experience symbiosis. They can choose certain contexts where they are allowed to express their sexuality. The experiences of coming out is analysed as linked to development in late modernity.