Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-12T16:06:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) denise - Tese.pdf: 1309461 bytes, checksum: 4cb0f468668b92f538b5e25daa61e0c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T16:06:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) denise - Tese.pdf: 1309461 bytes, checksum: 4cb0f468668b92f538b5e25daa61e0c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-02 / Este estudo compreende a análise do julgamento da Ação Penal 470 e busca explorar o aporte discursivo contemplado no respectivo Acórdão. A finalidade é demonstrar que o STF inaugurou uma nova concepção jurídico-pragmática, tanto na perspectiva teórica como metodológica, sinalizando um novo marco referencial no processo de interpretação, argumentação e decisão em crimes contra a administração pública no Brasil. Objetivou-se identificar nos votos dos Ministros em que medida as aproximações teóricas e os métodos utilizados encontraram apoio no pragmatismo jurídico. As complexidades envolvidas no discurso adotado no Acórdão permitem examinar em que limite e sob quais condições existe um liame entre as construções retórico-argumentativas e eventuais inclinações sociais e ético-políticas, relacionando-as aos postulados do pragmatismo jurídico. À luz dessa abordagem, pretende-se desvelar uma nova arquitetura teórico-argumentativa forjada pelo STF no aludido julgamento. A análise lógico-formal não foi de todo abandonada; entretanto, a percepção dos fenômenos jurídicos passa a aflorar nos discursos dos Ministros sob a tônica do pragmatismo jurídico. Ao longo de todo esse julgamento, portanto, encontramos evidências sinalizadoras da presença de uma concepção jurídico-pragmática. A corrupção é um dos principais fenômenos desestabilizadores de um Estado Constitucional de Direito. O STF parece estar cioso do papel que lhe incumbe nesta situação problemática, sobretudo no que tange ao rompimento com o tradicional convencionalismo doutrinário jurídico-penal ainda vigente, fazendo com isso emergir um novo método de investigação de fenômenos dessa natureza. Em síntese, estes novos vetores indicam a construção de um aporte teórico-argumentativo consequencialista, contextualista, enfim, com uma forte tônica jurídico-pragmática, a caracterizar o julgamento da Ação Penal 470. / This study comprises the analysis of the criminal trial about corruption in Brazil (Acão Penal 470) and seeks to explore the discursive contribution contemplated in it. The purpose is to demonstrate that the Supreme Court started a new legal and pragmatic conception, both in a methodological and theoretical perspective, signaling a new framework in the process of interpretation, reasoning and decision on crimes against the public administration in Brazil. It also aimed to identify, in the votes of the Judges, how the theoretical approaches and methods used have found support in legal pragmatism. The complexities involved in the judicial discourse allows examine where and under what conditions is there a connection between the rhetorical-augmentative constructions and eventual social and ethical-political leanings, relating them to the postulates of legal pragmatism. In light of this approach, it is intended to unveil a new theoretical-argumentative architecture forged by the Supreme Court in the trial. The logical-formal analysis was not abandoned; however, the perception of legal phenomena happens to touch on in the speeches of Judges under the core of pragmatism. Throughout this trial, therefore, we have found great evidence of the presence of a legal and pragmatic conception. Nowadays, corruption is one of the main destabilizing factors of the rule of law. The Supreme Court judges seem to be aware of it and of their roles on this problematic situation, especially with regard to the traditional thought on criminal knowledge which is present in current legal academic writing. In short, these new vectors indicate the construction of a new theoretical and argumentative framework: consequentialist, contextualist and, finally, with a strong influence of legal pragmatism.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:06:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATO MENDES ROCHA.pdf: 735741 bytes, checksum: 6559707c78ce13d85086e58b691dd7f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / In this dissertation we will defend Lewis Modal Realism (LMR), i.e., the metaphysical hypothesis about the real existence of a plurality of worlds. We will try to show the pragmatic character of Lewis arguments in support of this metaphysics of possible worlds. In this sense, we approximate Lewis (1986) and Quine (1960) and we aim to show that Lewis uses criteria for taking ontological decisions similar to those defended by Quine. These criteria are: simplicity of formulation, theoretical economy and distrust in purely intuitive criteria as only guide for Philosophy. To accomplish our intention, we divided the text in three chapters. In the first we present the philosophical benefits of LMR that demonstrate the theoretical utility of possible-worlds talk. These benefits are related to important concepts in Philosophy of Language and Epistemology, such as, Modality, Counterfactuals and a uniform treatment to Properties and Propositions. The second chapter is divided into two parts. At first we present the philosophical background we believe is related to Lewis philosophy. A neo-humean scenario and the resumption of metaphysics discussion in contemporary analytic philosophy compose this background. In the second part we present three fundamental thesis formulate by Lewis the consistence of his Modal Realism: concreteness, isolation and plenitude. In the third and latter chapter we discuss two criticism of LMR: (a) David Armstrong & Peter Forrest (1984) and (b) Susan Haack (1977). Each of these papers present criticism from distinct points of view. The first aims to identify a paradox in the metaphysics of possible worlds, and the latter focuses on semantics aspects of LMR. Finally, we show Lewis reply to objection (a) and that argument (b) could be inserted as an incredulous stare on LMR, and that it consists on a petition principi. / Nessa dissertação defenderemos o Realismo Modal de David Lewis (RML), ou seja, a hipótese metafísica acerca da existência real de uma pluralidade de mundos. A defesa que apresentaremos procura evidenciar o caráter pragmático dos argumentos a favor dessa metafísica dos mundos possíveis. Nesse sentido, aproximaremos a filosofia de David Lewis (1986) a de W. V. O. Quine (1960) e procuraremos mostrar que Lewis utiliza critérios para tomada de decisões ontológicas semelhantes aos defendidos por Quine. Esses critérios são: a simplicidade de formulação, a economia teórica e a desconfiança de critérios meramente intuitivos como guias para a Filosofia. Para cumprir nosso objetivo, estruturamos a dissertação em três capítulos. No primeiro apresentamos benefícios filosóficos do RML que demonstram a utilidade teórica do idioma dos mundos possíveis. Esses benefícios estão relacionados a noções importantes para a Filosofia da Linguagem e a Teoria do Conhecimento tais como: Modalidades, Contrafatuais, e um tratamento uniforme para Propriedades e Proposições. O segundo capítulo divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira traçamos um pano de fundo filosófico que acreditamos estar relacionado à filosofia de Lewis. Compõem esse pano de fundo: um cenário que identificamos como neo-humeano e a retomada de discussões metafísicas na Filosofia Analítica Contemporânea. Na segunda parte apresentamos três teses formuladas por Lewis para garantir a consistência e a coerência de seu Realismo Modal: a Concretude, o Isolamento e a Plenitude. No terceiro capítulo discutimos duas críticas ao RML: (a) David Armstrong & Peter Forrest (1984) e (b) Susan Haack (1977). Cada um desses artigos apresenta uma crítica diferente. A primeira procura identificar um paradoxo na metafísica dos mundos possíveis e a segunda concentra-se em aspectos semânticos do RML. Por fim, mostramos como a objeção em (a) é refutada por Lewis e como o argumento em (b) poderia se inserir no grupo de críticas que Lewis classifica como um olhar incrédulo sobre o RML. Por isso, concluímos que esse olhar consiste em uma petição de princípio.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho aborda a filosofia pragmÃtica e sua capacidade histÃrica de recomposiÃÃo no meio educacional. ApÃs alguns anos de refluxo, o pragmatismo ressurge na forma de um neopragmatismo e se adequa ao contexto, ao mesmo tempo em que impÃe seus princÃpios à educaÃÃo contemporÃnea. Nessa direÃÃo, O Banco Mundial aparece como instituiÃÃo fundamental na consecuÃÃo de um novo modelo educativo, especialmente para os paÃses pobres ou âem desenvolvimentoâ. No intento de atingir nossos propÃsitos investigativos, analisamos a concepÃÃo de sociedade subjacente à filosofia polÃtica de John Dewey (1859-1952), intelectual democrata dos Estados Unidos e o mais notÃvel filÃsofo pragmÃtico na educaÃÃo. Nesse sentido, analisamos criticamente seu compromisso com a democracia liberal, como tambÃm seu papel de intelectual influente em seu paÃs e no mundo. Da mesma forma, examinamos a concepÃÃo de sociedade veiculada por Richard Rorty (1931-2007), principal responsÃvel pelo ressurgimento do pragmatismo, como tambÃm o seu maior difusor. Ao reeditar o pragmatismo, Rorty lhe atribui caracterÃsticas pÃs-modernas e questiona o debate filosÃfico de PlatÃo a Hegel, como tambÃm o marxismo e a filosofia analÃtica, para ele, sistemas filosÃficos dominados pela metafÃsica. Em sua proposta antiteÃrica e antifilosÃfica, Rorty propÃe a constituiÃÃo de conversaÃÃes criativas, nas quais as relaÃÃes intersubjetivas criem novos vocabulÃrios e esses passem a resolver seus problemas cotidianos utilizando cada vez mais e melhor, os jogos de linguagem propÃcios a cada situaÃÃo particular. Para Rorty, o aperfeiÃoamento da sociedade, da qual toma como modelo a democracia norte-americana, passa pelo uso dos jogos de linguagem, como forma de justificar crenÃas e jamais como meio de encontrar a verdade. Assim, para o autor neopragmÃtico, a mudanÃa social nÃo se relaciona mais Ãs grandes narrativas, como por exemplo, ao marxismo, que para o referido autor, perdeu seu sentido histÃrico. Na contracorrente da abordagem neo(pragmÃtica) e sob a orientaÃÃo de Marx e de seus adeptos, compreendemos a presenÃa do (neo) pragmatismo como parte da atual crise do capital e de sua necessidade em responder aos graves problemas hoje vivenciados pela humanidade, problemas esses criados pelo prÃprio capital. Como filosofia nascida junto com a construÃÃo do impÃrio norte-americano, o (neo)pragmatismo se firma atualmente como aporte do estilo de vida americano, revelando-se, portanto, muito conservador. Assim, realizamos a crÃtica ao neo(pragmatismo) pela via crÃtica da ontologia do ser social e tomando o trabalho como categoria ontolÃgica central na constituiÃÃo da vida humana e tambÃm como elemento essencial da emancipaÃÃo da humanidade. / The present thesis looks into pragmatic philosophy and its historical ability for subsistence in the field of education. After some years of decline, pragmatism has reemerged in the form of neopragmatism, adjusted to a new context and imposing its principles upon contemporary education. The World Bank has been of crucial importance in the establishment of a new educational model, destined especially for the poor or âdevelopingâ countries. We analyzed the notion of society which underlies the political philosophy of John Dewey (1859-1952), an American Democrat and intellectual and perhaps the most influential pragmatic philosopher in education. We provide a critical analysis of his commitment to liberal democracy as well as his role as an influential intellectual in his country and elsewhere. Likewise, we examine the notion of society held by Richard Rorty (1931), the main advocate and driving force of the reemergence of pragmatism. In his redefinition of the phenomenon, Rorty attributes post-modern characteristics to pragmatism and questions the philosophical debate from Plato to Hegel, along with Marxism and analytical philosophy, which he considers to be philosophical systems dominated by metaphysics. In his antitheoretical and antiphilosophical outlook, Rorty proposes to hold creative conversations in which intersubjective relationships generate new words capable of solving everyday problems through enhanced use of language games suitable for each situation. Rorty believes that the improvement of society, for which he takes North American democracy as a model, requires the use of language games as a way of justifying beliefs, but not the purpose of reaching truth. Thus, to this neopragmatic thinker, social change should no longer rely on the great narratives, such as Marxism, which he thinks has lost its historical relevance. In contrast to the (neo)pragmatic approach and under the guidance of Marx and his followers, we see the presence of (neo)pragmatism as part of todayâs capital crisis and urgent need to deal with humanityâs huge problems―problems generated by capital itself. Since (neo)pragmatism emerged in concert with the establishment of the United States, it has always been an essential support of the American, conservative way of life. Thus, we offer a critique of (neo)pragmatism through the ontology of the social being and considering work as a central ontological category of human life and essential element of human emancipation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:10:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO.pdf: 2766356 bytes, checksum: b1618ac0dfea3fe659ec4d8fdd24cbc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-30 / The fetish of the pedagogy of competence in professional education derives from a research line in Education, Labor, and Social Movements of the College of Education of the Graduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Goiás. In this work we investigate the curriculum of two institutions in professional education from the point of view of the pedagogy of competence, aiming at the understanding and identification of their constitutive elements. The approach was based on the review and analysis of literature and official documents, as well as the institutions under consideration. We analyzed the pedagogical proposal adopted by these institutions in terms of the technical courses they offer by the study of course plans and interviews with coordinators, instructors and students. We could observe an intimate connection between professional education and the immediate need of the market. This research demonstrates that the idea of pedagogy of competence is constructed from parameters that come from the philosophy of pragmatism, which, in turn, favors subjects related to production practice in detriment to the political and social characters of labor. By moving its teaching ethodology in a pragmatic way to a mere utilitarianism, this pedagogy creates an illusion because it advertises the discourse of employability which leads students to believe that, just by acquiring the competences for the production practice, they become employable. The consideration of qualification as the sole requirement for employability hides economical, political, and social factors that affect this question. The concept of unitary school of Gramsci (1979) is pointed out as an alternative to the current education targeted to labor, and is able to think of professional education from the perspective of the philosophy of praxis, in favor of an integral formation of the worker. / O fetiche da pedagogia da competência na educação profissional resulta de uma pesquisa ligada à Linha de Pesquisa Educação, Trabalho e Movimentos Sociais da Faculdade de Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Esta pesquisa analisou a proposta curricular de duas instituições de educação profissional do ponto de vista da pedagogia da competência, visando compreender e expor os elementos constitutivos desta. A aproximação com o objeto de estudo deu-se por meio da revisão de literatura, de consultas a documentos e publicações sobre o assunto e, ainda, pela análise das duas instituições de educação profissional pesquisadas. Nessas instituições, analisaram-se as propostas pedagógicas adotadas nos cursos técnicos através do estudo dos planos de cursos e entrevistas com coordenadores, corpo docente e alunos, nas quais se observou uma íntima ligação da educação profissional com o imediatismo do mercado. A pesquisa demonstrou que a pedagogia da competência constrói sua proposta de ensino a partir dos parâmetros da filosofia do pragmatismo, privilegiando conteúdos referentes à prática produtiva, em detrimento de conteúdos de caráter político e social do trabalho. Ao direcionar pragmaticamente sua metodologia de ensino para fins meramente utilitários, esta pedagogia cria uma ilusão, pois anuncia o discurso da empregabilidade e leva o aluno a crer que, ao adquirir competências para a prática do trabalho, este se tornaria empregável. Ao se considerar a qualificação como o único requisito para a empregabilidade, ocultam-se os fatores econômicos, políticos e sociais que interferem nesta questão. Aponta-se a concepção de escola unitária de Gramsci (1979) como uma alternativa à atual educação para o trabalho, capaz de pensar a educação profissional sob o viés da filosofia da práxis, em prol de uma formação integral do trabalhador.

I juli 2016 kom det nya kunskapskravet om att elever i slutet av årskurs 1 ska kunna läsa meningar i enkla, bekanta och elevnära texter genom att använda ljudningsstrategi och helordsläsning på ett delvis fungerande sätt. Vi har i vår studie undersökt vilka strategier för ljudningsstrategi och helordsläsning som några olika läromedel innehåller. Syftet har varit att se vilken progression mellan strategierna som läromedlen med tillhörande lärarhandledningar följer och att se om det finns några likheter eller skillnader avseende detta. Syftet har också varit att ta reda på hur läromedelsförfattarna anser att läsundervisningen ska bedrivas i samband med ljudningsstrategi och helordsläsning. Genom en kvalitativ analys med kvantitativa inslag undersöktes fyra läromedel med tillhörande lärarhandledningar. Samtliga läromedel vi analyserat har enligt vår bedömning ett innehåll som innebär att användning av dem bör göra att eleverna når det nya kunskapskravet. De underliggande strategierna för ljudningsstrategi och helordsläsning i läromedlen är visuell, fonologisk, ortografisk och ordavkodning. Läromedlen liknar varandra och det finns en progression mellan strategierna, även om den ser olika ut. Det kan bero på att det inte finns ett entydigt svar på frågan vilket sätt som är bäst när det gäller att lära ut läsning. Det är tvärtom en ständigt pågående diskussion. När det gäller läromedlens uppgifter är en övervägande majoritet teoretiska men det finns även förslag på praktiska uppgifter, vilket talar för att författarna anser att det är viktigt att det teoretiska varvas med mer lekfulla praktiska övningar.

Ce travail visera à analyser la pensée politique du théologien et politologue américain Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971), et plus particulièrement la façon dont le Pragmatisme a pu influencer son oeuvre. Critique à l’égard de l’idéalisme libéral de John Dewey (1859-1952), et plus spécifiquement à l’encontre de l’optimisme dont faisait preuve le pragmatisme politique vis-à-vis de la nature de l’homme, Niebuhr n’arriva pourtant pas à échapper à l’influence du pragmatisme, d’où le sujet de ce travail de recherche : les influences du Pragmatisme politique, celui de John Dewey plus particulièrement, sur l’oeuvre de Reinhold Niebuhr et sur son réalisme chrétien. Cette thèse rassemblera les grandes oeuvres des deux penseurs pour comparer la pensée politique de chacun. Selon Niebuhr, la pensée de Dewey n’était qu’une continuation de l’idéalisme des Lumières ; Dewey restait figé dans un optimisme injustifié à propos de la vision globalement bonne de la nature humaine. Néanmoins, malgré cette critique, Niebuhr fut influencé par ce dernier. L’objectif de cette thèse est de souligner ces influences sur le travail de Niebuhr afin de montrer que la pensée niebuhrienne est un prolongement de la pensée pragmatiste de Dewey, démontré par le Pragmatisme chrétien, et que Niebuhr fait partie du courant de pensée libérale malgré lui. Au mépris des différences fondamentales entre les deux hommes, nous allons donc tenter de démontrer que Niebuhr s’inscrit dans une tradition intellectuelle typiquement américaine, le Pragmatisme étant considéré comme le seul mouvement philosophique authentiquement américain, afin de parvenir à une plus grande connaissance de ces deux penseurs majeurs, mais, aussi, du paysage politique américain. / This work aims to analyze the political thought of the American theologian and political scientist Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971). More specifically, it will analyze the way in which Pragmatism was able to influence Niebuhr’s writings. Critical towards the liberal idealism of John Dewey (1859-1952), Niebuhr’s Christian realism was a counter against the optimism that political Pragmatism demonstrated in regards to the nature of man. Despite these criticisms, Niebuhr was unable to escape Pragmatism’s influence. This influence is the reason for this research: how political Pragmatism, specifically that of John Dewey was able to have an impact on Reinhold Niebuhr’s works and his Christian realism. This thesis will study the major works of these two thinkers in order to compare the political thought of each thinker. Younger than Dewey, Niebuhr had for a long time considered Dewey’s thought as nothing more than an idealized and outdated continuation of Enlightenment optimism which was incapable of accurately analyzing the contemporary world. Nevertheless, Niebuhr was influenced by Dewey. This thesis’s goal is to highlight the influences of Pragmatism in Niebuhr’s works in order to show that Niebuhrian thought is a continuation of Dewey’s pragmatic thought, specifically through the notions of Christian Pragmatism and therefore, fits within an overall framework of American Liberalism. In spite of the fundamental differences in thought, we are going to attempt to show that Niebuhr was a part of the typically American intellectual tradition, that is to say, Pragmatism; considered to be a uniquely American philosophical movement. It will be analyzed in order to achieve a greater understanding of these important thinkers, but also, of America’s political landscape.

L’efficience organisationnelle résulte d’une myriade de microdécisions prises au plus près possible du lieu et du temps d’où émerge la perturbation contextuelle. Le Toyota Production System, au niveau du management, ou l’essor d’Apple Corporation, au niveau des outils pratiques de productivité individuelle, témoignent de cette évolution où la pensée n’est plus séparée de l’action. A preuve, les itinéraires des principaux acteurs de la révolution numérique : les fondateurs de Linux, de Yahoo!, de Wikipédia, d’Amazon.com, de Google ou de Facebook. Ils ne sont pas partis d’une théorie apprise sur les bancs d’une institution scolaire. Procédant par essais et par erreurs, ils n’ont jamais séparé la pensée de l’action. On retrouve ce pragmatisme vertueux en Bavière, Flandre, Ecosse, Euzkadi, Catalogne, Lombardie, Vénétie… Ces régions jouissent du même type d’autonomie – y compris et surtout au niveau culturel - que les Länders allemands ou les cantons helvétiques. La France jacobine a suivi la voie inverse : éradiquer les langues régionales et minoritaires c’est-à-dire les systèmes de signes demeurés au contact sensoriel des choses. Or aujourd’hui, la montée en puissance de la complexité, en saturant la puissance significative du concept, crée les conditions du retour du signe. A l’heure d’Internet, de la transition énergétique et de la nouvelle phase de la mondialisation qui obligent à penser global pour mieux agir local, le retour du signe est inévitable. Il devrait favoriser des modes de production autonome de sens autorisant les organisations et territoires à s’adapter aux mutations d’un contexte devenu imprévisible. / Organizational efficiency is the result of a myriad of micro decisions taken as close as possible from the place and time at which contextual interference emerges. The Toyota Production System, on the management level, and the boom of the Apple Corporation, on the level of the intuitive tools for personal productivity, demonstrate this evolution where thought and action are no more segregated. Proof is the path taken by the main actors of the digital revolution : the founders of Linux, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon.com, Google or Facebook. It did not begin from a classroom theory, but by a trial and error approach that never disconnected the mind from the act.This virtuous pragmatism is also found in Bavaria, Flanders, Scotland, Euskadi, Catalonia, Lombardy, Veneto ... Indeed, these regions have an autonomy - including and particularly at the cultural level - similar to that of the German Länder or the Swiss cantons. On the contrary, Jacobin France followed the opposite path: the eradication of regional and minority languages in which sensory contact with things remained in the sign systems.But today, the rise of complexity, even saturating the significant power of the concept itself, brings the conditions for the return of the sign.

L'ambition de cette thèse est de faire dialoguer deux pensées philosophiques qui au premier abord semblent radicalement différentes : la première phase, essentiellement américaine, du mouvement pragmatiste, et d'autre part, un penseur atypique, qui présente la particularité de se détourner de la quasi-totalité de la tradition philosophique antérieure. Par leur inscription géographique, par leur manière de procéder, ces deux pensées semblent appartenir à des mondes radicalement disjoints.Que pourraient se dire nos deux philosophes-« psychologues », Nietzsche et William James au sujet de la philosophie elle-même ? Leurs paroles pourraient-elles se croiser quelque part dans un univers philosophique âgé de plus de deux millénaires ? Ces deux philosophes, l'un inventeur du terme du « bon européen » et l'autre, considéré comme le philosophe américain par excellence et en même temps le plus européen des philosophes américains, ont-ils quelques mots à partager ? Que peut-il y avoir en commun chez ces deux philosophes, sauf à être considérés par Mussolini comme ses maîtres de philosophie à côté de Sorel ?Et enfin, dans quelle mesure peut-on parler d'un pragmatisme nietzschéen ? Ya-t-il des éléments dans la pensée de Nietzsche nous permettant de faire un rapprochement entre sa pensée et le pragmatisme jamesien ? Si la réponse à la question est positive, jusqu'où peuvent aller les similarités de leurs positions philosophiques ? C'est à ces questions que nous essayons de répondre dans cette étude. / The object of this thesis is to open a dialogue between two philosophical thoughts, which, at first glance, seem to be fundamentally different in many respects: on the one hand, the earlier period of pragmatist movement mainly represented by William James; and on the other,an atypical philosopher who has the distinction of turning away from all the previous philosophical tradition, Friedrich Nietzsche. The central questions of these two philosophers and their way of practicing philosophy represent two philosophical worlds radically different. However, several philosophers and authors have already drawn some interesting analogies between Nietzsche and James without debating the issue in depth. What could say our two “psychologists” philosophers, Nietzsche and James about philosophy itself? Their words might they intersect somewhere in a philosophical universe older than two millennia? These two philosophers, one the inventor of the term "good European" and the other, considered as the American philosopher par excellence and also the most European of American philosophers; do they have a few words to share? What can there be in common between these two philosophers, except to be considered by Mussolini as his philosophical masters alongside Sorel?And finally, to what extent one can speak of a Nietzscheanpragmatism? These are some of the questions that we address in this thesis in order to initiate the debate between Nietzsche and James.

The main subject of this essay is the problem of the relationship between sensation and perceptual beliefs in terms of their justification. Wilfrid Sellars and his Empiricism & The Philosophie of Mind are central for this essay. Sellars criticizes the theory of fundamentalism and sense data theory by pointing to the Myth of the Given. The perceptual beliefs could not be basic and self-justifying. Such a hierarchical structure is implausible, because we need a lot of other concepts for understanding and forming the perceptual beliefs. The justification has to be placed in the space of reason, when we are able to be responsible for our beliefs, to give reason, to understand the objections and react to them. This debate is not examined only in terms of an isolated, static subject. On the contrary, this subject is embedded to a dynamic social structure. Sellars' position contains three main elements: normativity, intersubjektivity and holism. All these elements will be more closely examined and placed in a broader context. Finally, I will present a critical view on Sellars' position on the basis of three questions: 1, to what extent is plausible the prior character of "It is" talk to "It looks" talk 2, to what extent can we talk about the non - inferential beliefs 3, to what extent is Sellars'...

Concept of pragmatic pedagogy is based on the education by experience, which is essential for an individual's development and for the directing of the individual's abilities. Art provides a form of specific experience based on which you can cultivate cognitive and emotional conditions of value judgments and thus contribute to the moral development of a child. The processes of experiencing, interpreting and evaluating the work of art are based on everyday experience and it relates to both the unique requirements of an individual and the conditions of a certain socio-cultural environment in which he lives.