Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1174759 bytes, checksum: 778d87d4c6f43c56cc05fd53bd31db04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation deals with the regulation of the brazilian canalized natural gas distribuition and the consequences that a expansion service has on the optimal results. The first part is a institucional analysis of the natural gas distribuition, identifying the role of regulation on it. The second one is a brief survey about some the monopoly theory and the justification to intervention on these markets, the different structures and incentives schemes that exist. The third and main part is a regulation model, of principal-agent type, where incentive compatibility and expansion service restrictions are added, modifying the optimal results. The last one concludes with the analyses of the results obtained / Esta dissertação trata da questão da regulação do setor de distribuição de gás natural canalizado no Brasil e as implicações que uma política de expansão dos serviços tem na regulação ótima. A primeira parte faz uma análise institucional do setor de distribuição de gás natural, identificando o papel da regulação no mesmo. A segunda parte é uma breve resenha sobre parte da teoria do monopólio e da justificativa para intervenção nestes mercados, dos tipos de tarifas existentes e de esquemas de incentivos na regulação. A terceira parte, central neste trabalho, é constituída por um modelo de regulação, do tipo principal-agente, onde restrições de compatibilidade de incentivo e de expansão dos serviços são impostas ao modelo, alterando os resultados da regulação ótima. A última parte conclui com uma análise dos resultados obtidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1404460 bytes, checksum: 2aebc176fa1794f822b88f505af727ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian government has initiated a policy to support the biodiesel production, developed through the National Programme of Use and Production of Biodiesel (PNPB), which will finally integrate agricultural families into fuel supply. The objective of the research is to analyse the contractual relations which are being formed between Brazil Ecodiesel and agricultural families, especially producers of mammon in the North East region, within the range of PNPB. The logic of the Principal-Agent of Moral Hazard was used to analyse the contract, attempting to solve the problem of asymmetry existing in such a connection and discussing, if the contract encourages families, producers of mammon, and affects the production. The results infer that agricultural families feel attracted to participate in contract and its design at first sight is appropriate to stimulate the efforts. However, other factors besides the contract, for example, questions in structural characteristics of agriculture, can influence that the connection would not be favourable for the parties involved and farmers will end up consolidation of a productive bio diesel network. / O governo brasileiro deu início a uma política de apoio à produção do biodiesel, desenvolvida por meio do Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel (PNPB), que tem por finalidade integrar os agricultores familiares à oferta de biocombustíveis. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar as relações contratuais que se formaram entre a empresa Brasil Ecodiesel e os agricultores familiares, em especial os produtores de mamona da região Nordeste, no âmbito do PNPB. Para analisar o contrato foi utilizada a lógica da abordagem Principal-Agente com Moral Hazard, atentando-se para o problema de assimetria de informação existente em tal relação, e discutido se o contrato incentiva os produtores familiares de mamona a se esforçarem na produção. Os resultados inferem que os agricultores familiares sentem-se atraídos a participar do contrato e que o desenho do contrato em primeira vista é adequado para estimular o esforço do mesmo. Porém, outros fatores além do contrato, como por exemplo, as características estruturais do setor agrícola em questão, podem influenciar para que a relação não seja favorável para as partes e esses agricultores acabarem por não se consolidar na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel.

速食食品不但在我們的生活中扮演重要的角色，在台灣，其亦是最重要的餐飲產業之一。文獻上有關於加盟總部與加盟商之間的決策背後的模型，各個因子如何影響彼此，最後加盟總部與加盟商皆能極大化他們的效用，達到一個最適加盟的平衡點。然而，未看到有使用校準分析(Calibration)的方式回推出無法觀察到變數之合理區間的文獻。本研究使用此方法及台灣麥當勞的資料來解開加盟與否決策背後模型的面紗。在最基本的經濟模型中，我們發現加盟商努力的重要性增加時會導致加盟率的下降。再者，都會區的加盟商風險趨避程度以及市場風險較非都會區高。為了針對麥當勞總部的市場策略，延續上個模型的設定，我們在生產函數中另外加入健康食品的產品線以建設出較細緻的第二種模型。此延伸模型相較於第一個模型能解釋更多資料。我們亦觀察到當健康食品佔麥當勞產能提高時，模型的適配度會下降。此現象可解釋為在其他條件不變下，當麥當勞在菜單內加入更多比重的健康食品時，加盟商與加盟主的獲利將低於現階段的水準。 關鍵字: 速食產業，委託代理理論，校準分析，加盟 / Fast food restaurants play an important role in our daily life; they are also one of the most important restaurant business types in Taiwan. The literature posits and examines models behind how franchisors and franchisees reach their franchising decisions, and how different factors affect optimal franchising rates. On that basis, they derive the optimal franchising rates, at which both franchisors and franchisees can maximize their utility. However, there is no literature on determining the reasonable range of variables in the model that we cannot observe in the real world. This study takes the initiative to unveil the model behind the franchising decision with proxies of variables by calibrating a basic economic model using data from McDonald’s Taiwan. Our finding are that a higher importance level of effort results in a higher optimal franchising rate, and the level of franchisees’ risk aversion and the market risk in metropolitan areas are higher than in non-metropolitan areas. In accordance with McDonald’s Taiwan’s strategy in the past years, we construct a more detailed model to capture the characteristics more accurately by adding a healthy food product line into the production function. The extended model can explain the real-world data better than the previous model. On the strategy side, we find that if healthy products account for a higher proportion of the production capacity, the model fitness level drops. In other words, the profit for both the franchisor and franchisees decreases when McDonald’s Taiwan introduces more healthy food to the menu. Key Words: fast-food industry, principal-agent model, calibration, franchising

博士（商学） / 乙第395号 / 63p / 一橋大学

In response to the changing financial environment both internally and externally, the government endeavored to pass the Financial Holding Company Act, which is intended to provide an environment conducive to financial integrations. According to the Principal-Agent theory, agency problems tend to take place when misalignment occurs between an ultimate owner’s cash flow rights and voting power. It is of interest whether the financial holding company structure actually increases or decreases such misalignment. The shareholdings of the Hong family of SinoPac Holdings is the subject of this research, and the essence of the research is to examine the Hong family’s shareholding and their actual control based on the one-share-one-vote principle before and after the holding company structure. The findings conclude that the misalignment between the Hong family’s ownership and control in fact increases under the holding company structure, which is generally viewed as a negative sign of corporate governance. Notwithstanding, the Hong family has adopted some measures to strengthen corporate governance despite the widening misalignment.

Background: On January 3, 2018, the discussed MiFID II directive was implemented. The proponents argue that MiFID II increases transparency and benefits the end customers. The critics argue that smaller players are driven out from the market and that companies lose coverage. Although a year has passed, there are few studies on how financial players perceive the effects and how research, that in theory contributes to reduce information asymmetry on the financial market, is affected. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how the Buy and Sell side of equity analysis experience the aftermath of MiFID II one year after the implementation, and what continued impact the directive is expected to have in the long run. This study will more specifically study how equity research, operations, the market and its players got effected by MiFID II. Method: In order to answer the purpose of this study a qualitative method is being used. Moreover, the study has an abductive approach and a case study design in which eight semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to answer the research questions and capture the phenomenological perspective. Conclusion: The study shows that the biggest change that the Buy and Sell side observe MiFID II has had is the unbundling cost of research and execution. This change has led to a decrease in demand, a fall in prices and a decrease in the overall quality of analyzes. The Buy side has reduced the number of counterparties, while the Sell side experienced reduced revenues. / Bakgrund Den 3 januari 2018 infördes det omdiskuterade MiFID II direktivet. Förespråkarna menar att MiFID II ökar transparensen och gynnar slutkunderna. Kritikerna menar att mindre aktörer slås ut och att bolag tappar bevakning. Trots att ett år passerat finns få studier av hur finansiella aktörer såsom fondförvaltare och aktieanalytiker upplever MiFID II:s följder, samt hur aktieanalyser, som i teorin bidrar till att minska informationsasymmetrin på den finansiella marknaden, påverkats. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur köp- och säljsidan av aktieanalyser aktieanalyser upplever att MiFID II har haft för följder ett år efter implementeringen, samt hur MiFID II förväntas ha för fortsatt påverkan på sikt. Mer specifikt ämnar studien att undersöka hur verksamheten, marknaden, aktörerna och aktieanalyser påverkats. Metod För att besvara studiens syfte används en kvalitativ metod. Vidare har studien en abduktiv ansats och en fallstudiedesign, där åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes för att kunna besvara studiens forskningsfrågor och fånga studiens fenomenologiska perspektiv. Slutsats Studien visar att den största förändringen som respondenterna på köp- och säljsidan upplever att MiFID II haft är uppdelningen av kostnaden för analys och exekvering. Denna förändring har bland annat lett till att efterfrågan minskat, priset sjunkit och den generella kvalitén på analyserna minskat. Köpsidan har dragit ned på antal parter och säljsidan upplever problem medminskade intäkter.

Wir befassen uns mit Gleichgewichtsproblemen, die bei dem Zusammentreffen von Märkten und Marktteilnehmern entstehen, zuerst in einem Modell mit konkurrierenden Märkten mit Feedback und asymmetrischer Information und dann mit strategisch interagierenden Händlern. Zudem untersuchen wir spezielle Richtungsableitung im Kontext des pfadweisen Malliavinkalküls. Im ersten Kapitel analysieren wir ein Prinzipal-Agenten-Problem mit einem monopolistischen Dealer, der mit einem Crossing-Netzwerk (CN) um den Handel mit Agenten mit privater Information konkurriert. Wir untersuchen die gewinnmaximierenden Angebote des Dealers für unterschiedliche Outside-Optionen und formulieren hinreichende Bedingungen für die Existenz und Eindeutigkeit einer optimalen Lösung. In unserem Modell ist die Einführung des CN für die Agenten vorteilhaft und ein Gleichgewichtspreis existiert. Im zweiten Kapitel analysieren wir den Einfluss vergleichender Leistungsbewertung von Händlern auf die Preisfindung im Marktgleichgewicht. Ein Derivat soll einen markträumenden Preis bekommen unter Beachtung der strategisch handelnden Agenten. Das Risiko eines Händlers setzt sich aus dem eigenen Risikoprofil und dem Erfolg des Handelns relativ zum durchschnittlichen Handelserfolg aller zusammen und er wird durch eine BSDE gemessen. Wir bestimmen einen repräsentativen Agenten und zeigen so die Existenz und Eindeutigkeit eines Gleichgewichtspreises. Weiterhin können wir diesen charakterisieren und im Spezialfall von entropischen Risikomaßen konkret berechnen. In diesem Spezialfall führen wir auch eine Parameteranalyse durch. Das dritte Kapitel verknüpft klassischen und pfadweisen Malliavinkalkül. Wir definieren und analysieren pfadweise Richtungsableitungen mit Hilfe von Perturbationen mit Cameron-Martin-Funktionen, mit (Hölder-)stetigen Funktionen, mit unstetigen Funktionen und mit Maßen. Somit sind sowohl die klassische Malliavin-Ableitung als auch Dupires vertikale Ableitung als Spezialfälle enthalten. / We analyze equilibrium problems arising from interacting markets and market participants, first competing markets with feedback and asymmetric information, then strategically interacting traders; moreover we analyze a new notion of a pathwise directional derivative in the context of pathwise Malliavin calculus. The first chapter analyzes a principal-agent game in which a monopolistic profit-maximizing dealer competes with a crossing network (CN) for trading with privately informed agents. We analyze the structure of the dealer’s offered pricing schedules for different outside options. We give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the dealer’s problem and show that in our setting the introduction of the CN is beneficial for the agents. Additionally, we discuss existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium price for the feedback between dealer and CN. In the second chapter we analyze the impact of performance concerns on a problem of equilibrium pricing. A derivative is priced such that the market clears, given strategically behaving agents. Their risk stems from a risky position in the future and the relative trading gains compared to all other agents. The risk measure of each agent is specified by a BSDE. In spite of the strategic interaction, we are able to apply a representative agent approach to obtain existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium market price of external risk. In the special case of entropic risk measures, we perform a parameter analysis. The third chapter provides a link between classical and pathwise Malliavin calculus. We define and analyze pathwise directional derivatives via perturbations with Cameron-Martin functions, (Hölder-)continuous functions, discontinuous functions and measures, thereby including both the traditional Malliavin derivative and the vertical derivative from Dupire’s work.

企業併購的成敗，基本上應視其併購的策略性目標是否達成，然而策略性的目標往往只能從收購後整體的營運績效或投資收益來進行評估。事實上，企業併購即是一種投資活動，投資後的環境變化事先即難以掌握，如何有效的預防企業併購的風險問題，尤為進行併購規劃時重要的課題。本文嘗試以「代理問題」來解釋企業併購完成後的「雙方道德風險問題」，希望利用支付方式的財務規劃，有效的對企業併購完成後的道德風險作防範。 本文的主要目的在於，利用訊息理論中的代理模型（principal-agent model），研究企業併購雙方在「資訊不對稱」下，利用「雙方道德風險模型」（double-sided moral hazard model）的建立，規劃最適的支付方式設計，並對模型最適支付方式契約特性與影響因素作分析。設定企業併購的買方公司（the bidder）為所有人角色，目標公司（the target）為代理人角色，並且雙方公司皆為「風險趨避」的態度，以期望效用極大作為決策依據。買方公司基於「風險分散(risk- sharing)」與「契約誘因(incentives)」的考量，設計一種最適的「簡單線性支付方式」契約型態，綜合部分現金與部分股票支付的「混合性支付方式」，進行併購投資的要約行動。 模型的結果，買方公司所提出的最適目標公司持股比例，為雙方的風險趨避係數、公司價值的變異風險，以及雙方努力投入的成本係數所決定。並且進一步求出最適的努力水準，與最適現金支付金額，設計最適的股票與現金支付比例，以作為企業併購支付方式財務規劃的建議。 分析最適支付契約的比較靜態結果。在其他條件不變之下，(1) 若買方公司風險趨避態度增加時，買方公司將提高目標公司持股比例的契約設計，增加契約誘因強度，以避免承擔過多企業併購的不確定風險；(2) 當公司價值估計變異風險增加（外在不確定風險增加），若買方公司的風險趨避係數大於目標公司的風險趨避係數時，買方公司將增加目標公司持股比例作為要約；(3) 若買方公司的努力成本增加時，買方公司愈不願意付出努力水準，傾向於提高誘因機制給目標公司增加目標公司的持股比例作要約。 修正訊息結構的假設，引入契約中加入「承諾付出一定努力」的條款，加入「買方承諾」條款時，雙方道德風險的最適契約設計可以簡化為單方道德風險模型。加入「雙方承諾」的條款時，模型則可簡化成以「完全訊息」沒有道德風險問題的方式來分析。比較三個方面的差異：(1) 誘因強度大小的比較：在單方道德風險下，最適目標公司持股比例契約，將大於雙方道德風險模型下設計的最適契約；雙方道德模型則需視彼此道德風險問題的抵換，誘因強度不一定大於完全訊息模型。(2) 比較靜態結果比較：就影響方向而言，風險趨避係數變動，對不同訊息設計影響方向皆相同；外生誤差風險變動時，單方道德風險的影響則確定為負；至於努力成本的影響方向則不變。就影響大小而言，雙方道德風險模型誘因強度敏感性則恆小於單方道德風險模型的影響；與完全訊息的敏感程度大小則不一定。(3) 雙方期望效用總和比較：在雙方道德風險模型下，最適契約符合契約雙方期望效用確定等值極大的條件。 修正風險趨避特性的假設，探討風險中立假設下，最適的簡單線性支付契約適用性的問題。可得在風險中立情況下，只有雙方道德風險模型，混合性支付方式線性契約的誘因機制仍存在。最後，利用「制度性的比較靜態分析」，歸納出企業併購雙方道德風險問題下，當外生變數變動時，「完全現金支付」與「混合性支付方式」的選擇取捨。

[pt] A estrutura de contratos de Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP) tem como característica o compartilhamento de riscos do projeto entre o governo e investidor. PPPs têm longo prazo de maturação, volumes elevados de investimentos iniciais e incerteza quanto às receitas. O comportamento futuro de agentes públicos e privados pode transmitir um risco adicional, tornando projetos pouco atrativos quando informações relevantes não ficam evidentes em um contrato. A teoria dos jogos tem sido um instrumento amplamente utilizado para trazer soluções analíticas quando o problema de assimetria de informação está presente. Portanto, este trabalho utiliza os conceitos de teóricos de mecanismos compatíveis com incentivos para PPPs objetivando: (i) aprimoramento de falhas contratuais ex-post via condições ex-ante ; (ii) aprimorar um modelo de jogo de renegociação de PPPs, mostrando como o comportamento oportunista pode ser evitado. Analisa-se o processo de concessão do Complexo Maracanã, como caso ilustrativo via uso de proposições, lemas e teoremas, mostrando que o edital do Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro é sub-ótimo do ponto de vista da Teoria de Desenho de Mecanismos. / [en] The Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) contract structure is characterized by the sharing of project risks between the government and the investor. PPPs have long maturation maturities, high initial investment volumes and revenue uncertainty. The future behavior of public and private agents may carry an additional risk, making projects unattractive when relevant information is not evident in a contract. Game theory has been a widely used instrument to provide analytical solutions when the problem of information asymmetry is present. Therefore, this thesis uses the concepts of mechanism theorists compatible with incentives for PPPs, aiming: (i) improvement of ex-ante and ex-post contractual failures; (ii) to improve a PPP renegotiation game model, showing how opportunistic behavior can be avoided. It analyzes the concession process of the Maracanã Complex as illustrative case via use of propositions, lemmas and theorems, showing that the State Government s announcement of Rio de Janeiro is sub-optimal from the point of view of the mechanisms of Design Theory.

VOVES, Petr. Úloha Světové zdravotnické organizace v případu epidemie viru eboly na území západní Afriky v roce 2014. Praha, 2017. 95 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií. Katedra mezinárodních vztahů. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. Irah Kučerová, Ph.D. Abstract The M.A. thesis deals with the World Health Organization's response to the outbreak of the ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2014. The spread of the disease is mapped from its very beginning at the end of December 2013 until the creation of UNMEER in September 2014, which was the first international medical mission ever created by UN Security Council. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the particular problems, which limit WHO's role in a timely and effective response to the public health threats of international concern (PHEIC) under the reformed International Health Regulations (IHR). The response of WHO representatives to the spread of the disease is evaluated taking into account the available material and competence capacities of the organization as well as its previous practice in this field. The specific misconduct of WHO representatives is explained in the context of longstanding WHO's problems, which are mainly linked to the vertical fragmentation...