Gydytojo civilinė atsakomybė yra specifinė, jai taikomi aukštesni veiklos standartai, kadangi nuo gydytojo veiksmų kokybės priklauso kito asmens sveikata, o itin dažnai ir gyvybė. Gydytojų profesinė atsakomybė atsiranda tiktai esant tam tikriems juridiniams faktams: neteisėtumui, kaltei, žalai ir priežastiniam ryšiui tarp neteisėtų veiksmų ir atsiradusios žalos. Šie juridiniai faktai gydytojų profesinę atsakomybę sukelia esant jų visų sudėčiai. Gydytojo veiksmai yra teisėti, kuomet atitinka atidaus, dėmesingo, rūpestingo, kvalifikuoto gydytojo standartą, todėl sprendžiant klausimą dėl gydytojo profesinės atsakomybės, būtina atsakyti į klausimą, ar tikrai medicinos paslaugo buvo teikiamos dedant maksimalias atidumo, rūpestingumo, dėmesingumo, atsargumo pastangas. Gydytojui pažeidus sveikatos priežiūros kokybės ir priimtinumo reikalavimus, asmens sveikatos konfidencialumą pacientui galima reikalauti turtinės, o taip pat ir neturtinės žalos atlyginimo. Taip pat išimtinais atvejais neturtinės žalos atlyginimo gali reikalauti ir artimieji. Aptariant, teisės aktus ir Lietuvos teismų praktiką, galima daryti išvadą, kad gydytojas savo veiksmais gali pažeisti įvairias pacientų teises. Viena iš teisių yra paciento informavimo - pacientas turi būti neribojant informacijos pilnai supažindinamas su diagnoze, gydymu, komplikacijomis ir kitomis pacientui svarbiomis aplinkybėmis, išskyrus tuos atvejus, kuomet pacientas pats raštiškai atsisako teisės žinoti informaciją apie savo sveikatą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Doctor’s civil responsibility is specific and it aligns with higher standards because people’s health and often life depends on the quality of the doctor’s actions. A doctor’s professional responsibility appears only when certain legal factors are present: unlawfulness, fault, damage and a cause relationship between unlawfulness of actions and the damage. Doctor’s actions are lawful when they comply with attentive, caring, and qualified doctor’s standard. That’s why it is important to answer the question whether the medical treatment was given with maximum effort of attention, caring, and caution while evaluating doctor’s professional responsibility. Patients can seek for compensation of the material or nonmaterial damage when doctors violate the quality and appropriateness of medical care as well as the confidentiality of the patient’s health. The relatives of the patient in certain cases can also seek for the compensation of nonmaterial damage. While discussing lawful acts and Lithuanian court practice it is possible to make a conclusion that a doctor’s actions can violate various patient’s rights. One of the rights is informing the patient – patients have to be informed without any limitations about their diagnosis, treatment, complications, and other important circumstances, except those cases when a patient in a written manner refuses to receive the information about his/her health. Informing the patient is an essential requirement, without this requirement the patient’s... [to full text]

This master‘s final paper analyses special educators‘ competence and professional purposefulness, defines their professional roles in comprehensive schools and reveals their professional motivation factors. The author takes the attitude that the effectiveness of special education depends not only on educator‘s professional expertise and qualification, but also on his or her professional purposefulness (motivation) that determines the quality of educational interaction (professional behaviour).

Kiekvienas visuomenės narys turi bendro pobūdžio pareigą elgtis rūpestingai, atidžiai ir savo veikla nedaryti žalos kitiems, tačiau tam tikru profesijų atstovams (advokatams, gydytojams, auditoriams ir t. t.) dėl jų veiklos specifikos yra taikomi didesni atsargumo, rūpestingumo standartai. Advokato profesinės civilinės atsakomybės atveju atsakovas yra neteisėtais veiksmais kitiems žalos padaręs advokatas arba privatus juridinis asmuo (pavyzdžiui profesinė advokatų bendrija, advokatų firma ir pan.), jeigu advokatai įkūrę tokį asmenį. Ieškovu gali būti tiek klientas, tiek ir tretysis asmuo, kurio su advokatu nesieja sutartiniai santykiai. Nuo ieškovo priklausys, ar bus taikomos sutartinės civilinės atsakomybės, ar deliktinės atsakomybės taisyklės. Advokatų profesinei civilinei atsakomybei atsirasti reikalinga visų bendrųjų civilinės atsakomybės sąlygų – neteisėtų veiksmų, kaltės, žalos ir priežastinio ryšio – visumos. Priklausomai nuo konkrečios valstybės teisinės sistemos, gali skirtis jų įrodinėjimo naštos paskirstymas. Kai kuriose valstybėse, pavyzdžiui, JAV visas sąlygas turi įrodyti ieškovas, kitose, pavyzdžiui Lietuvoje, neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys turi būti įrodyti ieškovo, o advokato kaltė yra preziumuojama, t. y. ją nuginčyti turi atsakovas. Advokato veiksmai gali būti pripažinti neteisėtais, jeigu jis turi pareigą atitinkamoje situacijoje elgtis atitinkamu būdu, tačiau pažeidžia ją. Advokatų pareigos gali būti įtvirtintos teisės aktuose, etikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Every member in a society has a general duty of care, duty to act closely, to cause no damages to others. But some groups of the professionals (attorney, doctor, auditor, etc.) because of the specific of their jobs must exercise reasonable skill and care. The defendant of the professional attorney’s liability case is a negligent attorney who committed the damage, or a private legal entity, if it is established. The plaintiff may be both attorney’s client and non-client, who suffered the damage. The plaintiff determines which either contract law or tort law must be applied. It must be proved the attorney’s duty of care, the breach of that duty, attorney’s negligence, fault, plaintiff’s suffered damages and a causal link between the damages and negligence to find attorney guilty in a professional liability case. The burdens of alleging and proving may vary – in some countries (for example USA) all the conditions must be proved by plaintiff, in others (Lithuania) the fault is presumed. The attorney’s duties may be found in the rule of law, contract between attorney and the client and in the legal ethics requirements. Practice of law is driven by ethical considerations, legal ethics provides the context in which the law is practiced and every jurisdiction has its own ethics code which qualified and skilled attorney must follow. The attorney’s fault evidence insufficient careful and cautious conduct. It must be compared with the standard of care of the average diligent attorney... [to full text]

Founding the society of knowledge Lithuanian educational system changes in essence. The ways of content conveyance are changing, the active learning methods that induce independence and collaboration are ingrafted. The system for especially talented children and young people is being established and developed. The practice of independent development and possibilities to educate students of different abilities and needs are effectively improving. The new goals for teachers are determined. A teacher should be a coordinator of education, a creator of new possibilities in education system, an adviser, a partner, a mediator between students and modern sources of information. The teachers have to develop their competence using learning resources at their workplace and perceive learning possibilities in everyday situations. The teachers who are working at the modern school should be able to work as a team learning and working together, looking for new decisions, causing the interest in work of their colleagues, making an atmosphere of learning and collaborating, looking for more effective teaching and learning ways. The competence becomes more relevant for teachers on solving questions of education management and changing. The modern teacher needs new abilities. The improvement of teaching is very often related to teacher’s knowledge, to the application of innovations in teaching practice, to the improvement of teaching methods aiming producing optimal school subject results... [to full text]

When Lithuania became the part of the Europian Union market, it has to compete with increasing competition of the international market. The following elements: work qualification, material investment, skills of marketing and management, scientific research papers determine work productivity and competitive advantages of the country. In such conditions Lithuanian companies can compete in the international market but this depends from the company staff, how they manage to use their knowledge, qualification and creativity. If we want not to be behind with the world tendencies in the state and company level, it is important to understand human resources and to develop them. Unemployment problem is one of the biggest world economical and social problems.Increasing busyness promotes economic growth and increasing work income of people guarantees stability of the country and welfare of the people.That is why big and effective busyness is one of the most important social political aims of the state, which can be successfully solved by decreasing unemployment by creating new work places. Talking about the improvement of vocational training system it is planned to optimise vocational institutions, create training quality sponsorship system, to give the evaluation of the qualification to institutions which represent competetive employers, develop distance training, integrate into the market groups (unemployed people, young people without profession or people who only start their... [to full text]

Magistro darbo objektas – etinių gairių diegimas Lietuvos bibliotekose, pasirinktas dėl profesinės etikos problemų aktualumo bei vis didėjančios etikos reikšmės šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje. Darbo tikslas – atskleisti etikos reikšmę Lietuvos bibliotekų veikloje ir išanalizuoti, kaip bibliotekininkai suvokia etikos problemų svarbą. Naudojantis dokumentų ir duomenų analizės, sisteminimo metodais, bei atlikus empirinį tyrimą daromos išvados, kad iki šiol etikos diegimas bibliotekose nebuvo sistemingas procesas, o etikos diegimas nėra prioritetinis. / The subject matter of the Master’s Thesis is the implementation of guidelines for ethics in libraries of Lithuania. Such subject matter has been chosen because of the relevance of problems related to professional ethics and ever-increasing significance of ethics in modern society. The purpose of the Thesis is to disclose the meaning of ethics in activities of the Lithuanian libraries and to analyse the perception by librarians of the importance of ethics-related problems. The survey results have disclosed that the respondents, the largest number of whom is professionals with a long length of service, do not have an adequate perception of the importance and relevancy of professional ethics in their work.

Summary Unseeing and weak-eyed women occupational reinstatement: model construction. In the master work there is reaching to highlight a reinstatement procedure’s importance for unseeing and weak-eyed women social integration fortune. There in this work is a new view to occupational reinstatement model do not analyze the model’s constituents but unclosing interaction between separate links importance and model’s influence to seeing disabled women social integration process. According to the problem of the research, subject and object’s phrasing, there is risen an aim of the research – accounting Lithuania’s socio-cultural and socio-educational experience, to identify the luck factor seeing disabled women social integration to the work market and unclosing their content and evaluating the expression. There were realized the following research’s tasks: observed and theoretically reasoned reinstatement of the unseeing and weak-eyed women, there is done a research of seeing disabled women integration into work market, the material has been processed statistically and qualitatively, set and evaluated substantial seeing disabled women integration to the work market factor of the success and given the recommendations how to improve seeing disabled women integration to the work market. The methodological reason is made of various theoretical assumptions in the master work: 1) contemporary professional training (constant individuality education, the whole life learning)... [to full text]

Darbe atlikta teorinė pedagogo profesinių kompetencijų, pedagogo profesinio kryptingumo analizė. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – atskleisti specialiųjų pedagogų kompetencijų ir profesinės motyvacijos ypatumus. Interviu metodu buvo siekiama papildyti gautus tyrimo rezultatus, atskleidžiant mokyklos vadovų požiūrį į specialiųjų pedagogų motyvavimą, jo formas bei svarbiausias profesines kompetencijas, jų tobulinimo galimybes. Tyrime dalyvavo 77 specialieji pedagogai, dirbantys bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose. Taip pat 14 bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų vadovų (pavaduotojų ugdymui). Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjama specialiųjų pedagogų nuomonė apie jų profesinės veiklos ypatumus ir kompetencijas, profesinės veiklos motyvavimą. Taip pat bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų vadovų nuomonė apie specialiųjų pedagogų profesinės motyvacijos ypatumus ir kompetencijas. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Tyrimo duomenimis dauguma specialiųjų pedagogų svarbiausiomis profesinėmis kompetencijomis laiko gebėjimą bendrauti ir bendradarbiauti specialistų ir tėvų komandoje, taip pat dalintis žiniomis ir patirtimi. Daugiau nei septintadalis specialiųjų pedagogų teigia, kad svarbiausia yra gebėti parengti individualaus ugdymosi programą, padėti specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių vaikams mokytis. Tiek pat pedagogų teigė, kad svarbiausia yra suprantamai teikti mokomąją medžiagą bet kurių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčiam vaikui. 2. Daugiau nei pusė specialiųjų pedagogų, dirbančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary In the paper, we have done theoretical analysis of professional expertise and professional single-mindedness of a pedagogue. By the method of questionnaire, there has been done the research, which aim was to reveal peculiarities of expertise and professional motivation of special pedagogues. By the method of interview, we tried to supplement the obtained results of the research by revealing attitude of headmasters towards motivation of special pedagogues, its forms and main professional competencies and possibilities of their development. 77 special pedagogues working in comprehensive schools and also 14 headmasters (assistant managers for education affairs) of comprehensive schools participated in the research. In the empirical part, we analysed the opinion of pedagogues about peculiarities of their professional activity and expertise, and motivation of the professional activity. There is also the analysis of the opinion of headmasters of comprehensive schools about the peculiarities of special pedagogues’ professional motivation and expertise. Main Conclusions of the Empirical Research: 1. Under the research data, the majority of special pedagogues ability to communicate and collaborate in a team of specialists and parents and also to share knowledge and experience consider to be the main professional expertise. More than one seventh part of the special pedagogues state that the most important thing is to be able to prepare a scheme of individual learning, and... [to full text]

Le manque des connaissances, de la dimension morale et des acquis professionnels force le travailleur social se défier de ses efforts et de la qualité de la formation professionnelle. Donc, on a pour le but le dévoilement des particularités d‘activité professionnelle du travailleur social tant que l‘analyse des inconformités de la formation et des besoins professionnels. Pour parvenir au but on doit baser théoriquement le fond de l‘activité professionnelle du travail social, examiner la compétence professionnelle en aspect théorique et pratique et faire des études approfondies des rapports entre la formation professionnelle et les besoins pratiques du travailleur social.

Professional expression of technology teacher’s is important in nowadays society and educational system, especially when new educational paradigm is becoming stronger. The teacher of technology has to help pupils to understand the value of present time life: to set pupils’ sights on country’s production and use policy, individual usage culture, healthy living, ability to develop creatively the national ethnic cultural traditions and their integration into work and housekeeping, and also to educate individual and social ecological culture. All these things are parts of technology teacher’s professional expression. The actual pedagogical problem has to be solved in this context. The main aim of master thesis is to find the main features of the technologies teachers’ professional expression. According to conceptions and researchers provided by other authors, the main objects were to find and convey the main features of the technologies teachers’ professional expression, to create example of technologies teachers’ professionalism model. During the preparation of master thesis Lithuanian educational laws and bills, according to which educational and others professions work is regularized, were studied. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for setting tendencies of technologies teachers’ professional expression. The statistical importance of new results was found too. The research helped to find the main features of technologies teachers’ professional expression:... [to full text]