Elever i svensk grundskola verkar läsa allt mindre, både i skolan och på fritiden. Forskning och PISA- resultat visar att läsintresse och läsförmåga går hand i hand och kan skapa den s.k. Matteuseffekten eller läsklyfta som kan uppstå när läsförmågan styr elevers läsmotivation, hur mycket de läser och utvecklas som läsare. Tidigare forskning visar att olika faktorer inverkar på en elevs läsmotivation, läsintresse och attityder till läsning. Många inom forskningsfältet menar att skolans insatser behöver riktas mot att stärka både läsförmågan och läsmotivationen, särskilt för elever i lässvårigheter. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur några speciallärare i grundskolans tidigare år beskriver att de arbetar för att motivera elever i lässvårigheter att lästräna samt öka läsintresset och skapa positiva attityder till läsning. Studiens resultat visar att speciallärarna beskriver att de motiverar eleverna att lästräna under lekfulla former, olika anpassningar beskrivs, t.ex. texter på rätt nivå, val kring läsning, realistiska utmaningar och tydliga mål som gynnsamma faktorer för ökad läsmotivation. Att eleverna ges möjlighet att lyckas och tro på sin egen förmåga och bli medbestämmande beskrivs kunna öka motivationen, samt att eleverna ser på sig själva som läsare, oavsett om de har lässvårigheter eller inte. Detta genom att skilja på lästräning och lustläsning för att stärka elevernas läsintresse och attityder till läsning. Ett brett utbud av texter beskrivs stärka elevernas läsintresse och en del i speciallärarens arbete för att skapa läsmotivation beskrivs handla om samarbete med bl.a. lärarkollegiet som också kan behöva motiveras och ges stöd, uppmuntran och vägledning. Diskussion förs bl.a. kring att synen på vem som ska jobba med läsmotivation och läsfrämjande arbete tydligare kan behöva uttalas samt att samordnade insatser kan bidra till ökad läsning och stärkt läsengagemang och gynna läsmotivationen. Studien förväntas bidra med några speciallärares beskrivningar av sin förståelse av läsmotivation, läsintresse och attityder till läsning när det kommer till elever i lässvårigheter.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur pedagoger arbetar med att förebygga elevers läs- och skrivsvårigheter genom digitala verktyg inom F-3 och ämnet svenska. Forskningsfrågorna handlar om hur pedagogerna som medverkar i studien tolkar fenomenet läs- och skrivsvårigheter, samt på vilka sätt de arbetar för att främja inlärningen med digitala verktyg och vilka möjligheter respektive svårigheter de möter i undervisningen med stöd av digitala verktyg. Resultatet vilar på intervjuer med fyra verksamma pedagoger som dagligen arbetar med digitala verktyg i läs- och skrivundervisningen. Deras uttalanden har analyserats för att finna kärnan i praktiker med digitala verktyg som främjar läs- och skrivutvecklingen hos elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Det teoretiska ramverk som studien vilar på är det sociokulturella perspektivet, då digitala verktyg är kommunikationsverktyg. Då studien även behandlar specialpedagogiska aspekter används specialpedagogiska perspektiv för att synliggöra elevers behov. Resultatet visar på att de digitala verktygen främjar läs- och skrivutvecklingen hos elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Detta genom att de digitala verktygen tillåter anpassningar som ej är möjliga i den traditionella läs- och skrivundervisningen. Användandet av digitala verktyg skapar även motivation hos eleverna då arbetet ses som något lustfyllt. / The purpose of this study is to explore how teachers work when counteracting pupils’ reading and writing difficulties through digital tools, in elementary school, and in the Swedish subject. The research questions process how the teachers that participate in the study interpret the phenomenon of difficulties of reading and writing, how they work with promoting learning through digital tools and what possibilities and difficulties they encounter in this type of education. The result is based on interviews with four active teachers who work with digital tools in reading and writing education daily. Their statements have been analyzed to find the core of what promotes learning to read and write for students that have reading and writing difficulties when using digital tools. The theoretical framework the study is based on is the socio-cultural perspective, because of the digital tool being a communication tool. As the study also processes special education aspects, the special education perspectives are used to make the needs of pupils´ visible. The result shows that the digital tools promote reading and writing skills for students with reading and writing difficulties. This is because the digital tools allow adaptations that would not be possible in traditional reading and writing instruction. The digital tools also create motivation for students because the work is seen as something pleasurable.

This study was designed with two goals in mind. The first goal was to describe the formal and practical knowledge of intensive reading intervention teachers related to beginning reading instruction with at-risk first graders. A second goal was to understand any potential relationships between intensive reading teachers’ practical knowledge and formal knowledge. These two goals framed the study’s three research questions. To answer these three questions, the study was conducted in two phases. Phase one included 32 participants, all of whom worked in the role of a K-2 intensive reading intervention teacher. Each of these 32 participants completed a background questionnaire and a paper/pencil Teacher Knowledge Assessment (TKA). The TKA measured participants’ formal knowledge of beginning reading concepts. Participants’ scores on the TKA were then rank-ordered from lowest to highest to help guide the selection of phase two participants. Eight teachers in all participated in phase two of the study dedicated to the study of teachers’ practical knowledge of reading. Participants’ practical knowledge of reading was explored through three activities including a semi-structured interview, a concept-mapping activity and a videotaped reading lesson. Data analysis revealed several important findings. Intensive reading intervention teachers in this study’s sample differed in their formal knowledge of reading, measured by the TKA, and in their practical knowledge of reading, explored through interviews, concept-maps and reading lessons. The TKA revealed that study participants’ held more formal knowledge of concepts related to phonology and phonics and less formal knowledge of concepts related to morphology and syllable types. Related to practical knowledge, data analysis revealed that the teachers in this sample differed in their knowledge of beginning reading with subject-matter knowledge iv accounting for most of the differences. These gaps in subject-matter knowledge also impacted this sample of teachers’ use of instructional strategies and purposes of instruction. Data analysis also revealed insight into the relationships between this sample of teachers’ formal and practical reading knowledge. In this sample, intensive reading intervention teachers with more formal knowledge of reading concepts as measured on the TKA demonstrated more evidence of these concepts within their instruction provided to at-risk first grade readers. The participants in this sample who had less formal knowledge of beginning reading as measured by the TKA demonstrated less evidence of these concepts within their instruction provided to at-risk first grade readers. Participants with less formal knowledge did accurately calibrate their knowledge of the concepts tested on the TKA but did not equate the lower scores to their practical knowledge and overall teaching efficacy. The findings from this study added several important contributions to the literature on teacher knowledge and beginning reading instruction. First, the study was unique in its focus on intensive reading intervention teachers, thus contributing new findings related to a specialized group of teachers. Secondly, this study contributed descriptions of teachers’ practical knowledge with regards to beginning reading instruction. These descriptions are relatively absent in the current literature on teacher knowledge. Thirdly, the results from this study supported earlier findings in favor of a specialized body of subject-matter knowledge, especially related to beginning reading skills and concepts. Finally, the results contributed insight into the relationships between teachers’ formal reading knowledge and practical reading knowledge

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Reading is one of the most important skills (although a complex cognitive activity) a learner has to master during the early years of schooling. The reading process involves elements of a learner’s psychological, physical, linguistic, cognitive, emotional and social worlds. Despite the fact that all learners have to be able to read, there is an increasing awareness among professionals of the developmental and educational implications of reading difficulties with school-going learners world wide. Reading is a critical tool for the mastery of all other subjects a learner will meet and one of the best predictors of long-term learning achievement. Therefore, the need for support must be considered a priority area. After a thorough investigation and literary study, it is evident that the effective identification of learning difficulties needs a thorough understanding. Educators must realise that a given learner, who responds favourably to one instructional system, may respond very unfavourably to another, because learners are all unique individuals. To be able to combine speech sounds in a way that recipients can understand the message, learners have to be ready to develop an understanding of phonology, morphology and syntax, therefore maturation must always precede learning and, in the context of this study, emergent literacy must precede reading. Maturation is characterised by a fixed order of progression wherein the pace may vary, but not the sequence. The creative use of language is entirely dependent on the ability to assemble simple building blocks of sound into the complex structure we call sentences.It is widely accepted that music may be used to promote language development and the most crucial aspect in both music and language development is the perception of sound and the core in music and language are the ability to listen. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of music and related activities as part of an intervention strategy to improve reading skills, such as phonics, of learners who have reading difficulties. The researcher proved that a wellplanned intervention method and learning strategy through music activities may be used to develop the reading skills in learners who have reading difficulties. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Literature indicates that there is a national outcry about learners who read below the required levels and that poor matriculation results are, in part, due to the low levels of learners’ reading skills. The focus of this study is reading difficulties experienced by learners in the Foundation Phase in inclusive schools in Makapanstad. The researcher used a qualitative method for the study. The case study research design was adopted for the study. Three schools in Makapanstad were sampled for the study. Empirical investigation was conducted through literature study, observations, interviews and document analysis. There is a worldwide concern with regard to learners’ low reading levels. The study explores the extensive models, methods and theories on reading, the strategies that could be used to teach reading in the Foundation Phase to alleviate or improve reading difficulties experienced by learners, as well as the findings and recommendations towards minimising the reading difficulties in primary schools. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Enligt PISAs undersökning (Skolverket, 20I3) uppvisar svenska elever idag sämre prestationer i läsförståelse och matematik. Många påverkansfaktorer är omdiskuterade men varken lässvårigheter eller matematiksvårigheter har berörts. I relation till detta upprättas en litteraturstudie med syftet att undersöka huruvida lässvårigheter samverkar med matematiksvårigheter och hur det påverkar matematikprestationer. Resultatet av studien visar att lässvårigheter inte alltid påverkar matematiskprestationer. Somliga elever uppvisar svårigheter medan andra inte gör det, dock synliggörs kombinationen läs- och matematiksvårigheter oftare än svårigheterna var för sig. Slutsatser som dragits är att det behövs mer forskning på området för att undersöka hur det kommer sig att en bråkdel av elever i lässvårigheter inte uppvisar svårigheter i matematik, medan andra elever gör det och varför läs- och matematiksvårigheter uppvisas oftare i en kombinerad form. / According to the PISA research (Skolverket, 2013), Swedish students today show weaker presentations in reading comprehension and mathematics. Many factors have been discussed but neither of reading difficulties or mathematic difficulties has been concerned. According to this, a literature review will be established with the purpose to examine how reading difficulties co-operate with mathematic difficulties and how it may impact on mathematic achievements. The result shows that reading difficulties not always have an impact on mathematic achievements. Some students tend to show weaknesses while others do not; however the combined reading- and mathematic difficulties are shown more often compared to the difficulties on their own. Conclusions that have been made are that more research needs to investigate why only a minority of students with reading difficulties show weaknesses in mathematics, while other do not and why the combined reading- and mathematic difficulties are shown more often.

Thepurpose of my study is to investigate pedagogues experience of working methodsto promote linguistic phonological development in pre-school children whoselanguage development is weak. The aim is further tohighlight the obstacles and opportunities that the pedagogues in the studyconsider to aggravate and stimulate the work of language development inchildren with weak phonological awareness and how the organization's designaffects the teachers 'work in this area. Today's society places highdemands on reading and writing skills for citizens who, in turn, place highdemands and good knowledge of reading and writing lessons for all educators andteachers. Through qualitative semistructured interviews, I interviewed fiveeducator active pre-school class. The five teaching educators are from fivedifferent schools in four municipalities. The results of the study have shownthat all educators work conscious language development with language games,more or less systematically and organized. The Bornholm model is the screeningmaterial and exercises used most frequently. The biggest obstacles theeducators need to deal with is the absence of colleagues. Then the planningtime that everyone considers necessary to provide quality education is lost.Factors that promote linguistic work on phonological awareness are commoncompetence development and collaboration in the work team. In my limited study,I have gained insight into how language development works in the municipalities.I have also received good examples of language development, fun working method andmethods.

Reading is one of the most important skills (although a complex cognitive activity) a learner has to master during the early years of schooling. The reading process involves elements of a learner’s psychological, physical, linguistic, cognitive, emotional and social worlds. Despite the fact that all learners have to be able to read, there is an increasing awareness among professionals of the developmental and educational implications of reading difficulties with school-going learners world wide. Reading is a critical tool for the mastery of all other subjects a learner will meet and one of the best predictors of long-term learning achievement. Therefore, the need for support must be considered a priority area. After a thorough investigation and literary study, it is evident that the effective identification of learning difficulties needs a thorough understanding. Educators must realise that a given learner, who responds favourably to one instructional system, may respond very unfavourably to another, because learners are all unique individuals. To be able to combine speech sounds in a way that recipients can understand the message, learners have to be ready to develop an understanding of phonology, morphology and syntax, therefore maturation must always precede learning and, in the context of this study, emergent literacy must precede reading. Maturation is characterised by a fixed order of progression wherein the pace may vary, but not the sequence. The creative use of language is entirely dependent on the ability to assemble simple building blocks of sound into the complex structure we call sentences.It is widely accepted that music may be used to promote language development and the most crucial aspect in both music and language development is the perception of sound and the core in music and language are the ability to listen. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of music and related activities as part of an intervention strategy to improve reading skills, such as phonics, of learners who have reading difficulties. The researcher proved that a wellplanned intervention method and learning strategy through music activities may be used to develop the reading skills in learners who have reading difficulties. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Denna studie har syftat till att undersöka hur arbetet med läs- och skrivsvårigheter ser ut inom utbildningen sfi, svenska för invandrare. Studien beskriver pedagogernas arbete för att identifierar olika typer av läs- och skrivsvårigheter hos elever. Studien beskriver också de hinder som finns i arbetet med eleverna i behov av specialpedagogiskt stöd på både individ- och organisationsnivå. Det framkommer att en stor utmaning för lärarna är att utreda om orsaken till dessa svårigheter beror på läs- och skrivsvårigheter eller är en konsekvens av att lära ett nytt språk som vuxen. Därutöver beskriver studien vad pedagogerna själva ser som möjliga lösningar för att förbättra arbetet med dessa frågor. Kvalitativa intervjuer med fem pedagoger verksamma på sfi genomfördes – fyra lärare med specialpedagogisk kompetens och en andraspråkslärare. Både kommunal verksamhet och utbildningsföretag finns representerade i undersökningen. Analysen av det empiriskt insamlade materialet grundar sig i ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Resultaten visar att det råder osäkerhet hos pedagogerna hur man går tillväga för att utreda läs- och skrivsvårigheter och dyslexi hos elever på sfi. Pedagogerna uppger att de saknar både kunskap och relevant testmaterial för denna grupp av elever. Det saknas en övergripande plan från Skolverket för hur man arbetar med dessa frågor. Studien visar också att möjligheten att få specialpedagogiskt stöd ser olika ut beroende på utbildningsanordnande huvudmans prioriteringar. Det innebär att elever riskerar att inte få det stöd de har rätt till. Detta delvis beroende på att skrivningar gällande särskilt stöd i viss mån är otydliga och lämnar utrymme för tolkning. / The aim of this study is to explore and describe work with immigrants with reading and writing difficulties in sfi, Swedish for immigrants. The study describes teachers work to identify different types of reading and writing difficulties among their pupils. The study also describes obstacles working with these individuals in need of special education on both a personal and organizational level. It becomes clear that a big challenge for the teachers is to define if the cause of their difficulties lies in reading and writing problems or merely is a consequence of learning a new language as an adult. Furthermore it is also described what the educators themselves see as possible solutions to improve the work on these issues.   The study is based on qualitative interviews with five teachers working in sfi – four with special education training and one second language teacher. Both municipal and private schools are represented in the study. Empirical analysis of the collected material is based on a special education perspective.   The results show that there is uncertainty among the teachers on how to assess reading and writing difficulties and dyslexia in individuals in sfi. Teachers report that they lack both knowledge and relevant test materials for this group of pupils. There is no comprehensive plan or guide line from Skolverket on how to deal with this.   The study also shows that the possibility of getting special education support is unequal between schools depending on economic priorities. This means that some pupils may not get the support they are entitled to. In part due to the fact that the curriculum is unclear regarding how special assistance can be done which leaves room for interpretation.