Tesis por compendio / [ES] El mercado y las transacciones comerciales se desarrollan en la actualidad en un entorno cada vez más dinámico y cambiante, que obliga a las empresas a adaptarse a expectativas cada vez más específicas y exigentes por parte de los clientes, y a una competencia feroz por mantener y ampliar la ventaja competitiva para poder subsistir. La fidelización de los clientes, y el establecimiento de relaciones comerciales duraderas con ellos a largo plazo es una de las formas más eficientes a través de las cuales las empresas pueden conseguir estos objetivos. Para ello es fundamental tener la mejor información posible sobre los clientes, así como establecer estrategias coherentes para la gestión de las relaciones con ellos. Poner al cliente como foco y centro de toda la cadena de valor de las empresas asegura que, desde la toma de requerimientos para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes, hasta la provisión de bienes y servicios que satisfagan dichas necesidades, pasando por todas las etapas de su proceso productivo, están diseñadas y orientadas a conseguir la máxima satisfacción del cliente y con ello su fidelidad y una relación comercial duradera y beneficiosa. Las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) son clave para cualquier estrategia dirigida a la consecución de estos objetivos, tanto por su potencia en el manejo de la información valiosa de gestión empresarial, como por el cambio cultural que introducen en las empresas que adoptan estos sistemas en su camino hacia la transformación digital. En las últimas dos décadas ha crecido especialmente el interés por una de estas tecnologías, en concreto los sistemas Customer Relationship Management (CRM), cuyo ámbito de trabajo es la gestión de las relaciones con los clientes. CRM nace en los años 70 con el objetivo de automatizar la fuerza de ventas de las empresas, es decir, sistematizar e informatizar los procesos comerciales en tres áreas: ventas, marketing, y servicios. El objetivo primero de CRM era que toda acción emprendida por cualquiera de los agentes de la empresa, en cualquiera de estas tres áreas de gestión de relaciones con los clientes, estuviera registrada y accesible para el resto de los agentes clave de la empresa. Con CRM se conseguía unificar y tener de forma coherente y consistente toda la información de gestión de relaciones con los clientes. El dinamismo y competitividad de los mercados, alentado por la globalización y el acceso a información y mercados diversos y dispersos, ha movido a las empresas a buscar estrategias de gestión que hagan sostenibles en el tiempo sus ventajas competitivas. CRM se ha mostrado como una de estas herramientas más valiosas, aportando expectativas no solo de beneficios de explotación actual por su gestión de la información relacionada con la gestión del conocimiento sobre los clientes, sino también de beneficios a futuro por su directo impacto en los procesos de innovación. Una vez definidos cuales son los beneficios esperados por parte de las empresas que deciden implementar sistemas CRM, se plantea la cuestión de saber en qué condiciones estos beneficios se suelen dar en la realidad. El presente trabajo de investigación ha pretendido comprobar cuáles son las condiciones que pueden hacer que el uso CRM por parte de las empresas venga acompañado consecuentemente de mejoras en los resultados empresariales, de modo que las conclusiones ayuden a las empresas a tomar sus decisiones sobre su adopción de dichos sistemas CRM. La conclusión general del estudio es la confirmación de que una buena cultura de gestión de la relación con los clientes ("customer relationship management") es clave para tener un buen resultado empresarial, ya que está en línea con las teorías modernas del marketing relacional que se enfocan en la gestión centrada en el cliente. A esta relevancia de la cultura de gestión centrada en el cliente, se agrega que el uso de tecnologías CRM puede y de / [CA] El mercat i les transaccions comercials es desenvolupen en l'actualitat en un entorn cada vegada més dinàmic i canviant, que obliga les empreses a adaptar-se a expectatives cada vegada més específiques i exigents per part dels clients, i a una competència feroç per mantindre i ampliar l'avantatge competitiu per a poder subsistir. La fidelització dels clients, i l'establiment de relacions comercials duradores amb ells a llarg termini és una de les formes més eficients a través de les quals les empreses poden aconseguir aquests objectius. Per a això és fonamental tindre la millor informació possible sobre els clients, així com establir estratègies coherents per a la gestió de les relacions amb ells. Posar al client com a focus i centre de tota la cadena de valor de les empreses assegura que, des de la presa de requeriments per a satisfer les necessitats dels clients, fins a la provisió de béns i serveis que satisfan aquestes necessitats, passant per totes les etapes del seu procés productiu, estan dissenyades i orientades a aconseguir la màxima satisfacció del client i amb això la seua fidelitat i una relació comercial duradora i beneficiosa. Les Tecnologies d'Informació i Comunicació (TIC) són clau per a qualsevol estratègia dirigida a la consecució d'aquests objectius, tant per la seua potència en el maneig de la informació valuosa de gestió empresarial, com pel canvi cultural que introdueixen en les empreses que adopten aquests sistemes en el seu camí cap a la transformació digital. En les últimes dues dècades ha crescut especialment l'interés per una d'aquestes tecnologies, en concret els sistemes Customer Relationship Management (CRM), l'àmbit de treball del qual és la gestió de les relacions amb els clients. CRM naix en els anys 70 amb l'objectiu d'automatitzar la força de vendes de les empreses, és a dir, sistematitzar i informatitzar els processos comercials en tres àrees: vendes, màrqueting, i serveis. L'objectiu primer de CRM era que tota acció empresa per qualsevol dels agents de l'empresa, en qualsevol d'aquestes tres àrees de gestió de relacions amb els clients, estiguera registrada i accessible per a la resta d'agents clau de l'empresa. Amb CRM s'aconseguia unificar i tindre de manera coherent i consistent tota la informació de gestió de relacions amb els clients. El dinamisme i competitivitat dels mercats, encoratjat per la globalització i l'accés a informació i mercats diversos i dispersos, ha mogut a les empreses a buscar estratègies de gestió que facen sostenibles en el temps els seus avantatges competitius. CRM s'ha mostrat com una d'aquestes eines més valuoses, aportant expectatives no sols de beneficis d'explotació actual per la seua gestió de la informació relacionada amb la gestió del coneixement sobre els clients, sinó també de beneficis a futur pel seu directe impacte en els processos d'innovació. Una vegada definits quals són els beneficis esperats per part de les empreses que decideixen implementar sistemes CRM, es planteja la qüestió de saber sota quines condicions aquests beneficis se solen donar en la realitat. El present treball de recerca ha pretés comprovar quines són les condicions que poden fer que l'ús CRM per part de les empreses vinga acompanyat conseqüentment de millores en els resultats empresarials, de manera que les conclusions ajuden les empreses a prendre les seues decisions sobre la seua adopció d'aquests sistemes CRM. La conclusió general de l'estudi és la confirmació que una bona cultura de gestió de la relació amb els clients ("customer relationship management") és clau per a tindre un bon resultat empresarial, ja que està en línia amb les teories modernes del màrqueting relacional que s'enfoquen en la gestió centrada en el client. A aquesta rellevància de la cultura de gestió centrada en el client, s'agrega que l'ús de tecnologies CRM pot i deu ajudar a millorar l'acompliment de l'empresa. / [EN] The market and commercial transactions are currently developing in an increasingly dynamic and changing environment, which forces companies to adapt to increasingly specific and demanding expectations from customers, and to a fierce competition to maintain and expand the competitive advantage in order to survive. The loyalty of customers, and the establishment of lasting business relationships with them in the long term is one of the most efficient ways through which companies can achieve these objectives. For this purpose, it is essential to have the best possible information about customers, as well as to establish coherent strategies for managing relationships with them. Putting the client as the focus and center of the entire value chain of companies ensures that, from the study of requirements to satisfy the needs of clients, to the provision of goods and services that satisfy said needs, passing through all stages of its production process, are designed and oriented to achieve maximum customer satisfaction and with it their loyalty and a lasting and beneficial business relationship. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are key to any strategy aimed at achieving these objectives, both because of their power in handling valuable business management information, and because of the cultural change they introduce in companies that adopt these systems on their way to digital transformation. In the last two decades, interest in one of these technologies has grown especially, specifically the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, whose scope of work is the management of customer relationships. CRM was born in the 70s with the aim of automating the sales force of companies, that is, to systematize and computerize business processes in three areas: sales, marketing, and services. The first objective of CRM was that any action taken by any of the company's agents, in any of these three areas of customer relationship management, be registered and accessible to the rest of the company's key agents. With CRM it was possible to unify and have in a coherent and consistent way all the information on customer relationship management. The dynamism and competitiveness of the markets, encouraged by globalization and access to information and diverse and dispersed markets, has prompted companies to seek management strategies that make their competitive advantages sustainable over time. CRM has proven to be one of these most valuable tools, providing expectations not only of current operating benefits due to its management of information related to customer knowledge management, but also future benefits due to its direct impact on processes of innovation. Once the expected benefits of companies that decide to implement CRM systems have been defined, the question arises of knowing under what conditions these benefits usually occur in reality. The present research work has tried to verify which are the conditions that can make the use of CRM by companies consequently accompanied by improvements in business results, so that the conclusions help companies make their decisions about their adoption of such CRM systems. The general conclusion of the study is the confirmation that a good culture of customer relationship management ("customer relationship management") is key to having a good business result, as it is in line with modern theories of relationship marketing that they focus on customer-centric management. To this relevance of the customer-centric management culture, it is added that the use of CRM technologies can and should help improve company performance. An adequate innovation strategy appears as the ideal complement to the strategies for the use of culture and CRM technologies in order to improve business results. / Guerola Navarro, V. (2021). Impacto del grado de implementación del Customer Relationship Management (CRM) y la Estrategia de Innovación en los resultados empresariales. Aplicación al sector vitivinícola español [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166614 / Compendio

In the context of complying with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), this study looks at how stakeholder relationships and brand image are affected by sustainability communication from energy companies. Key people from Swedish energy companies have been interviewed and the results show that businesses place a high priority on incorporating social and environmental concerns into their daily operations. Clear CSR communication strengthens brand reputation by improving interaction with internal and external stakeholders, even in the face of economic difficulties. More restrictive laws, like the Green Claim directive, force businesses to enhance their environmental performance and communicate differently, which boosts their credibility. But there are still issues, such as resource limitations and administrative responsibilities. It is believed that these changes are essential to building customer confidence and achieving environmental objectives. The research highlights the intricate relationship that shapes the strategies of energy companies between CSR, stakeholder involvement, and regulatory compliance. In a market that is changing quickly, it highlights how crucial it is to maintain long-term sustainability and stakeholder trust through open communication and proactive regulatory change adaption.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine consumers’ perceptions of loyalty programmes offered by cosmetic retailers in Durban and on the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast, South Africa. A broad and in-depth literature review of loyalty programmes as tools for retaining consumers, as well as the different types of loyalty programmes currently available in South Africa, was conducted. An empirical study was conducted by using an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from consumers who were members of cosmetic retailers’ loyalty programmes. A quantitative approach was followed in order to satisfy the research objectives of the study. Loyalty programmes are an integral part of many retail businesses as they allow retailers to reward returning consumers with (amongst others) discounts or special promotional offers when the loyalty programme is used at the point of sale. The rapid advancements in technology has also enabled retailers to maintain databases containing valuable information on consumers’ spending patterns, which informs retailers about products consumers prefer buying. Retailers all over the world have been using loyalty programmes to retain existing consumers by rewarding loyalty and win over new consumers. Although many South African retailers have introduced loyalty programmes into their businesses, consumers’ perceptions of loyalty programmes offered by cosmetic retailers have not been investigated here. The results of this research study indicate that consumers perceived loyalty programmes as easy to use at the point of sale when making purchases. Consumers also felt that loyalty programmes helped them to save money through the redemption of vouchers or points. Overall, consumers were satisfied as members of cosmetic retailers’ loyalty programmes. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Millennials are not as committed to charity as the generations before them. Millennials have also been proven very difficult to attract, which is problematic since Millennials are the future donors’ charity organizations must depend on. The purpose of this study is therefore to identify possible patterns, relationships and opportunities that would make Millennials donate to charity. The study presents the current situation of charity on the Swedish market, which follows by an introduction for how non-profit promote themselves and do their marketing. This leads to the research question: How should charity organizations promote themselves to get Millennials to become loyal? This study applies a qualitative research strategy. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with five representatives from five different charity organizations. All five organizations work with international projects.   The result shows that the five organizations have knowledge about how to market to attract and engage Millennials, but they do not apply this knowledge. The result presents four paradoxes. We consider that the perception of these paradoxes, as well as responding to them, determines the charity organizations outcomes and overall ability to attract Millennials. The result also shows that to engage with Millennials and create long-lasting relationships, charity organizations marketing must be innovative, cool, and creative with repetitive messages. Charity organizations also must use the communication channels that Millennials engage with. The result has given rise to the "Interactional Model for Targeting Millennials", which is built on 11 key factors that charity organizations must apply to establish, develop and maintain a relationship with Millennials.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T12:07:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - MARYANNE AKEMI SAKAI.pdf: 1800094 bytes, checksum: 4cb5c8618e0dbdbec0c30d59dc1f6b16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T12:08:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - MARYANNE AKEMI SAKAI.pdf: 1800094 bytes, checksum: 4cb5c8618e0dbdbec0c30d59dc1f6b16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T12:11:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - MARYANNE AKEMI SAKAI.pdf: 1800094 bytes, checksum: 4cb5c8618e0dbdbec0c30d59dc1f6b16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T12:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - MARYANNE AKEMI SAKAI.pdf: 1800094 bytes, checksum: 4cb5c8618e0dbdbec0c30d59dc1f6b16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Companies have a wide range of information from their customers, such as their registration and last purchase data. For a service provider in a market like Pet Shops, know your customer and know what the variables are. which most impact on your purchases is of paramount importance. The study gain additional gains when improving the purchasing model through variables consumer attitudes. The RFM analysis (frequency, frequency and monetary value) contributed clients to be grouped according to frequency, frequency and value transaction. The methodology was complemented with semi-structured interviews, 140 respondents, and multivariate linear regression models. The object of the study was the Pet Shop located in São Paulo. Five regression models were used to verify the incremental gains with the incorporation of attitudinal variables. The model that obtained R2 (68.13%) was the one that considered as a response variable the mean value of transaction of the year 2017 and as explanatory variables the quintiles of recency, frequency, of value, in addition to incomplete higher education, pet be considered as a child or as a member family, amount of other pets and cluster of clients that need to be remembered. As As a result of the research, it is noted that the perception of the family vis-a-vis the pet prevailing in the decision to purchase services and products, making variables such as distance from the residence to the Pet Shop or household income become secondary when determining the attitudinal variables that most influence the purchase decision. Understand each client and how it relates to the pet allows you to increase your transaction value because the client seeks above all the welfare of your pet. / As empresas possuem uma grande variedade de informação de seus clientes, como seu cadastro e dados de últimas compras. Para uma empresa prestadora de serviços presente em um mercado pulverizado como o de Pet Shops, conhecer o seu cliente e saber quais são as variáveis que mais impactam em suas compras é de suma importância. O estudo verifica se é possível auferir ganhos adicionais quando se aprimora o modelo de compras por meio de variáveis atitudinais do consumidor. A análise RFM (recência, frequência e valor monetário) contribuiu para que os clientes fossem agrupados conforme os padrões de recência, frequência e valor de transação. A metodologia foi complementada com entrevistas semiestruturadas, survey com 140 respondentes, e modelos de regressão linear multivariada. O objeto do estudo foi a loja de Pet Shop localizada em São Paulo. Foram conduzidos 5 modelos de regressão para se verificar os ganhos incrementais com a incorporação de variáveis atitudinais. O modelo que obteve o R2 mais alto (68,13%) foi aquele que contemplava como variável resposta o valor médio de transação do ano de 2017 e como variáveis explicativas os quintis da recência, da frequência, do valor, além de ensino superior incompleto, pet ser considerado como filho ou como membro da família, quantidade de outros pets e cluster de clientes que precisam ser lembrados. Como resultado da pesquisa, nota-se que a percepção da família frente ao pet exerce papel preponderante na decisão de compra de serviços e produtos, fazendo com que variáveis como distância da residência ao Pet Shop ou renda domiciliar tornem-se secundárias ao se determinar as variáveis atitudinais que mais influenciam na decisão de compra. Entender cada cliente e como ele se relaciona com o pet permite aumentar o seu valor de transação, pois o cliente busca acima de tudo o bem-estar de seu pet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia C P Adam.pdf: 2155435 bytes, checksum: 5d82929f5fd349752620c5bc2f78066d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-16 / The proposal of the present work is the presentation of a case study of fund raising with alumni from two Brazilian Higher Education Institutions, the FGV-EAESP and the Mackenzie; analyzed through the lens of relationship marketing. The referenced presentation resulted from the practical experience of these two institutions, making it possible to prove the importance of the relationship of these institutions to their alumni, representing much more than a source of sustainability. It signifies the continuity of the institutions, since the main purpose of the relationship is to keep strong the bonds of the alumni with their alma mater. For that, interviews with the leaders and fundraisers of the two institutions have been performed, with the intention to elucidate how the fundraising process with the alumni started, the techniques of making solicitations, and the results. The problem of the research follows from the question: how can relationship marketing contribute to fundraising with alumni of these institutions? Starting from the analysis of the fund raising developed by the two institutions with their alumni, it arrives at the central point of work, which is the analysis of the influence and the interposition of the relationship in relation to the results obtained from the fund raising. The approach of Relationship Marketing is appropriated to fund raising in non profit institutions and its relevance is essential in this research to understand the cases described and explain the successes realized. It is concluded that the tools of relationship marketing have been partially applied in the two institutions and resulted in success in fund raising, as can be confirmed in the respective financial results. The most important aspect is the commitment to keeping the relationship, by means of communication, information technology, and involvement. However, the alternation of power in the governing body of both institutions interrupts the leadership of fund raising, a fundamental factor for the success of this type of action with alumni. Without the maintenance and the continuity of the relationship with the alumni, the fund raising sector loses position in strategic planning, becoming weakened or completely abandoned / A proposta do presente trabalho é a apresentação de um estudo de caso de captação de recursos com ex-alunos de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior brasileiras, a FGV-EAESP e o Mackenzie; analisado sob a ótica do marketing de relacionamento. Esta pesquisa é resultado da experiência prática dessas duas instituições, e possibilita comprovar a importância do relacionamento dessas instituições com os seus ex-alunos, que representa, além de uma fonte de sustentabilidade, a continuidade das instituições, visto que a principal finalidade do relacionamento é manter aquecidos os vínculos dos ex-alunos com sua alma mater. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com os líderes e captadores de recursos das duas instituições, com o intuito de elucidar como se iniciou o processo de captação de recursos com os ex-alunos, as técnicas de solicitação e os resultados obtidos. O problema da referida pesquisa parte da seguinte questão: como o marketing de relacionamento pode contribuir para a captação de recursos com ex-alunos dessas instituições? Partindo da análise da captação de recursos desenvolvida pelas duas instituições com seus ex-alunos, chega-se ao ponto central do trabalho, que é a análise da influência e da interposição do relacionamento em relação aos resultados obtidos pela captação de recursos. O enfoque do Marketing de Relacionamento é apropriado para a captação de recursos em Instituições sem Fins Lucrativos e a sua relevância é fundamental nesta pesquisa para se compreender os casos relatados e explicar os sucessos obtidos. Como conclusão, pode-se afirmar que as ferramentas de marketing de relacionamento foram aplicadas parcialmente nas duas instituições e obtiveram sucesso na captação de recursos, conforme se pode constatar nos respectivos resultados financeiros. O aspecto mais importante é o compromisso em manter o relacionamento, por meio da comunicação, da tecnologia da informação e de ações de envolvimento. Contudo, a alternância de poder no corpo diretivo de ambas as instituições interrompe a liderança da captação de recursos, fator primordial para o sucesso deste tipo de ação com ex-alunos. Sem a manutenção e a continuidade do relacionamento com o ex-aluno, o setor de captação de recursos perde posição no planejamento estratégico tornando-se enfraquecido ou mesmo levado ao completo abandono

Text in both English and Afrikaans / Since the early 2000s, the tourism industry in South Africa has experienced phenomenal change and, concomitantly, the hospitality industry has also seen significant growth. This growth has been driven by factors such as the increased demand for hospitality in both the leisure and the business markets. The hotel industry has immensely been benefited. The Tourism Business Index’s report released quarterly by the Tourism Business Council of South Africa, indicating that the revenue received from each available room in the hotel sector increased significantly from 2009. Tourism research has revealed that, globally, the hospitality industry is among the largest employers of labour. The hospitality industry, especially the hotel sector, works hand in hand with tourism. Tourists traveling to a destination require accommodation which is generally provided by hotels. If the tourist is to have a good experience, it is vital that the tourist organisation and the hotel communicate so as to exchange information. Integrated marketing communication (IMC) has been described as a concept that many organisations adopt in order both to coordinate the operation of the organisation effectively and to increase the bottom line. In IMC, also creates synergy within an organisation and paves the way for consistent messages to be sent out to the organisation’s target audience. The aim of this study was to analyse the use of IMC by the View Boutique Hotel in Johannesburg, South Africa. To analyse the IMC at the hotel, in-depth interviews were conducted with both marketing staff and guests. In the aspect of planned messages, the outcome of the study revealed that the hotel uses marketing communication tools on a limited scale and, that to ensure message consistency the manager handles all external communication activities. However, the study also showed that ensuring message consistency should be the responsibility of everyone employed in the hotel. With regard to the product messages, the study showed that guests were negatively disposed towards the food, beverages, entertainment and recreation offered by the hotel. However, the service messages of the study indicated that the hotel’s service quality was good and that the staff were responsive to the needs of the guests. In respect of unplanned messages, the study showed that the hotel was receiving limited coverage from the media and that word of mouth communication was an effective tool in the hotel’s communication toolbox. On the whole, thus, it may be said that the study underscores the centrality of IMC as an instrument for creating and nurturing the relations between the hotel and its quests. It is anticipated that the outcome of this study should provide hotels such as the View Boutique Hotel with guidance in regard to utilising IMC to its full potential to make sure that there is message consistency and also to optimise communication impact. / Sedert die vroeë 2000's het die toerismebedryf in Suid-Afrika 'n merkwaardige verandering ondergaan, en daarmee saam het die gasvryheidsbedryf aansienlike groei getoon. Hierdie groei is aangevuur deur faktore soos die toenemende vraag na gasvryheid in die ontspannings- en sakemark. Die hotelbedryf het baie hierby gebaat. Volgens die besigheidsindeks vir toerisme wat kwartaalliks deur die Toerismebesigheidsraad van Suid-Afrika vrygestel word, het die inkomste uit elke beskikbare kamer in die hotelbedryf sedert 2009 aansienlik toegeneem. Navorsing oor toerisme het getoon dat die gasvryheidsbedryf wêreldwyd die meeste werk verskaf. Die gasvryheidsbedryf, en veral die hotelbedryf, gaan hand aan hand met toerisme. Toeriste wat na 'n bestemming reis het akkommodasie nodig wat oor die algemeen deur hotelle gebied word. Om te verseker dat toeriste positiewe belewenisse het, is dit kritiek dat toeriste-organisasies en hotelle kommunikeer om inligting uit te ruil. Geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie word beskryf as 'n konsep wat baie organisasies aanneem om die bedryf van die organisasie effektief te koördineer en die netto wins te verhoog. Geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie skep medewerking in 'n organisasie en baan die weg vir konsekwente boodskappe wat aan die organisasie se teikengehoor uitgedra word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die gebruik van geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie by die View Boutique Hotel in Johannesburg, Suid-Afrika, te ondersoek. In die ondersoek van die geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie by die hotel is diepgaande onderhoude met bemarkingspersoneel en gaste gevoer. Ten opsigte van beplande kommunikasie het die studie bevind dat die hotel bemarkingskommunikasie-instrumente op beperkte skaal gebruik, en om te verseker dat die kommunikasie konsekwent is, hanteer die bestuurder alle eksterne kommunikasie-aktiwiteite. Die studie het egter ook getoon dat dit elke werknemer by die hotel se verantwoordelikheid is om konsekwente kommunikasie te verseker. Met verwysing na produkkommunikasie het die studie getoon dat die gaste negatief ingestel was oor die kos, drankies, vermaaklikheid en ontspanning wat by die hotel aangebied is. Die studie het egter bevind dat die diens by die hotel goed was en dat die personeel goed op die gaste se behoeftes gereageer het. Met betrekking tot ix onbeplande kommunikasie het die studie getoon dat die hotel beperkte dekking in die media geniet en dat mondelinge kommunikasie 'n doeltreffende instrument in die hotel se arsenaal is. Oor die algemeen kan daar gesê word dat die studie die sentraliteit van geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie onderskryf as instrument vir die skep en uitbou van verhoudings tussen die hotel en sy gaste. Die resultate van hierdie studie behoort aan hotelle soos die View Boutique Hotel riglyne te bied oor hoe geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie ten volle benut kan word om konsekwente kommunikasie te verseker, en om die impak van kommunikasie te optimeer. / Communication Science / M.A.(Psychology)

顧客關係管理（Customer Relationship Management，縮寫為CRM）是近來十分熱門的觀念，而關係行銷是此觀念在行銷上的實際應用。關係行銷的理論認為如果企業能蒐集顧客的詳盡資訊，並據此開發出個人化的行銷計劃，就可以有效地提昇顧客的滿意度，使其成為企業的忠實客戶，為企業帶來長期性的收益。 　　在行銷活動中，售後服務是維持顧客滿意度的重要環節。本研究以售後服務中的產品常見問題集（Frequently Asked Questions，縮寫為FAQ）為主題，實作一個FAQ導覽與維護的雛型系統。使用者可以在系統的協助下，瀏覽與產品有關的FAQ，若找不到想要的資訊，則可以提出新的問題，要求公司為其解答。 　　本系統運用代理人程式的觀念，協助FAQ導覽與新問題處理工作的遂行，並利用社群討論的方式，為顧客提出的新問題尋求解答。為了讓企業重視FAQ的維護工作，本研究試圖將FAQ的維護責任與公司的客服體制作初步的結合，其作法是將新問題的處理責任加諸於公司的員工，並由公司主管監督其工作進度。藉由這些努力，本研究希望塑造出一個良好的FAQ服務環境，使得顧客與企業能互蒙其利。 / Customer relationship management (CRM) has become a very popular concept recently. Relationship marketing is one of its application in marketing area. The relationship marketing theory claims that collecting detailed information about customers and developing customized marketing plans for individual customers can improve customer satisfaction and loyalty significantly, and organizations will benefit from this strategy in the long term. 　　Post-sale service (or after-sale service) is a vital part of marketing activities for maintaining customers' satisfaction. This study focuses on product FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) in the post-sale service category and implements a prototype system which would allow FAQ navigation and maintenance on the Internet. Users can browse product-related FAQs with assistance from the system. If they cannot find satisfying information, they could issue new requests, and the organization would then resolve them. 　　The system applies software agents to assist the process of FAQ navigation and answering of new questions. Customers' requests can also be solved by a community-discussion approach. To force organizations to pay more attention to post-sale service, this study tries to incorporate FAQ maintenance into customer services by requiring employees to answer any raised questions, and allowing the managers to monitor the performance of those employees. Through such efforts, this study establishes a FAQ service environment and creates a win-win situation for both customers and organizations.

近年來電子商店已成為一種新興的零售通路，在美國有人預估未來幾年內，其市場規模將佔美國零售市場的6~8%(Rosen & Howard,2000)。這種，伴隨著Internet發展而快速成長的電子商務，逐漸的改變了人類的生活習慣，也創造了新的商業行為以及經濟模式，並成為近年來企業經營的熱門話題。 　　買賣雙方關係管理一直是企業經營之成功關鍵因素，忠誠的顧客可說是企業獲利的直接來源，多數學者認為行銷學的焦點已由過去傳統交易行銷轉移到今日注重建立並維持與顧客關係的關係行銷，這種被視為行銷新典範的關係行銷，其主要目的在提昇顧客的忠誠度及滿意度，建立良好的顧客凝聚力。 　　本文旨在精緻化Crosby, et al.(1990)所提實體環境之關係品質模式，並在原模式中納入「網路安全性」、「產品失驗(disconfirmation)」、「資產專屬性」等外生變數。企圖由交易成本(Williamson,1975)、關係品質(Crosby, et al.,1990)及科技接受模式(Davis,1989)觀點，來解釋及預測Internet消費者對電子商店關係品質（滿意度、信任）及忠誠度的心理歷程，進而建立具有理論基礎的電子商店關係品質之因果模式。 　　本研究架構包括前因變數（e.g.產品／服務品質、互動強度、網路安全性、產品失驗、資產專屬性）、中介變數（滿意度及信任）、結果變數（e.g.顧客忠誠度、未來互動）三層徑路關係。本理論架構廣納科技面（網路安全、人機介面易用性）、策略面（資產專屬性）、行銷面（互動強度）、產品面（產品失驗）、心理面（網路實用性、隱私權、信任、滿意度）等5大類影響關係品質及忠誠度之因素。 　　本研究同時採用定性及定量方法，來交互驗証結果。 　　定量部份，採隨機問卷抽樣台灣、香港、印度、大陸、美國共3231名Internet使用者的消費行為。分探索性及驗証性兩階段資料分析，前者以效度及信度來篩選量表題目，後者使用LISREL統計工具進行電子商店關係品質之結構性分析，以找出Internet關係品質（滿意度、信任）的前因及後果（e.g.顧客忠誠度、未來互動意願）。定量分析結果發現：(1)本研究B2C電子商店之關係品質模式獲得支持；(2)加強電子商店網站實用性、產品失驗、互動強度，及網路安全性，可提升關係品質；(3)網路安全防範仍是台灣電子商務發展的一項重要工作；(4)電子商店的服務品質、資產專屬性及關係滿意度，可提高顧客忠誠度以及商家的獲利；(5)關係品質的提升，可建立忠誠顧客，強化雙方未來互動。 　　定性分析方面，本研究訪談國內28家網路券商主管，輔以次級資料（網商內容分析、期刊雜誌、證交所網站等）搜集佐證，結果發現：網站服務品質愈佳、網站交易安全性及互動性愈高，不但可有效提升顧客的信任及滿意度（關係品質），且顧客忠誠也愈高。因此加強網站互動機制、網頁內容的客製化、優惠商品（手續費折扣）、及網站資產專屬性（知識專屬性、時間專屬性），都是券商套牢顧客的好方法。根據研究結果，本研究得到結論如下：(1)網路下單具有多項優勢，在台灣證券市場相當具有發展潛力。(2)網路證券由價格競爭走向商品／服務品質導向。(3)證券商品／服務走向多元化及國際化，朝網路金融服務中心發展。(4)網路券商在客製化服務方面較傳統券商可提供更佳服務。(5)網站加強核心資源的創新及累積，建立難以模仿的資產專屬性，提升顧客忠誠度。(6)網際網路是關係行銷的利器。(7)安全仍是網路證券業發展的障礙因素。 / Recently, The Electronic Store has become an up-and-coming retail channel. In America, some people estimate its market scale will hold six to eight percent of the American retail market in the oncoming years. Such kind of Electronic Commerce that increased rapidly by accompanying the development of Internet has gradually changed human living habits. In addition, Electronic Commerce has created a new commercial behavior and a new economic model. Furthermore, it has become one of the most popular issues in enterprises lately. 　　The relational management between buyers and sellers is always the key point for enterprises to run a business successfully. Loyal customers have affinitive connections for them to gain profits as well. Most of the scholars mention that the focal point on marketing has transferred from the traditional transaction in the past to relationship marketing that stresses on constructing and maintaining the good enterprise-customer relationship nowadays. The main purpose of relationship marketing regarding as novel mode for selling is to increase customer loyalties and satisfactions, and also to promote fine customer concentrations 　　For this content, the keynote is to refine the relationship quality model of physical environment, and adopt extraneous variable of net security, product disconfirmation, asset specificity that are from the original model. Additionally, we attempt to use concepts of Transaction Cost (Williamson, 1975), Relationship Quality (Crosby, et al., 1990), and TRA (Theory of Reasoned Action) (Davis, 1989) to explain and predict Internet customers'' psychological process for satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in Relationship Quality of Electronic Store, and then, to build up cause and effect pattern of Relationship Quality of Electronic Store that is provided with theoretical basis. 　　The research structure consists of three-path relations. It is including (1) Ancestor Variables (ex. products, services qualities, contact intensities, Internet securities, product disconfirmations, and asset specificities) and (2) Intervening Variables (such as satisfactions and trusts), and (3) Consequent Variables, (ex. customer loyalties, and future interactions). Meanwhile, the width of this theory focuses on six main reasons of influencing the Relationship Quality and customer loyalty, such as technologies (Internet securities, user interfaces, and eases of uses), strategies (asset specificities), marketings (contact intensities), products (product disconfirmations), psychologies (Internet usefulnesses, privacies, trusts, and satisfactions), and domestic cultures. 　　According to this research, it simultaneously adopts two ways of the Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis to verify its result. 　　For Quantitative Analysis, it takes randomly survey samples which amounts to 3,231 consumers from Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, China, and America to know the psychographics of internet users. In this part, it''s divided into two steps in information analysis. One is the Explorative, and the other one is the Confirmatory. The former one adopts validity and reliability to shift scale item; the later one uses statistic tools, called" LISREL" to carry out structural analysis in the Relationship Quality Model of Electronic Store, and confirms to find out the cause and effect (Customer loyalty and further interaction) of the Relationship Quality (Satisfaction and trust). Through the result of Quantitative Analysis, we can find out: 1) The research, called "B2C Electronic Store" the Relationship Quality Model is able to obtain the support; 2) When strengthening Electronic Store''s internet usefulness, product disconfirmation, contact intensity, and internet security, it can promote the Relationship Quality well; 3) For the development of Electronic Commerce in Taiwan, the internet security precaution still takes as a serious problem to solve; 4) Stressing on Electronic Store''s service quality, asset specificity and relationship satisfaction can increase customer loyalty and enterprise''s profit; 5) Increasing Relationship Quality can posses loyal customer, and further enhance bilateral future interaction. 　　For the Qualitative Analysis, we interview 28 on-line broker firms in Taiwan, and collect the secondary information (web content of online-broker analysis, periodical magazine, and stock exchange website), as a result, we find out that the better the website''s service quality, the greater transition security and interaction. For this research, it can not only effectively increase the customer trust and satisfaction (the relationship quality), but also build up the high customer loyalty. Hence, it is a good way for brokers to underpin the amounts of customers by uplifting the website interactive mechanism, customized website contents, off-price merchandize (fee discounts), website asset specificities (knowledge and time specificity). Base on the result in this research, we conclude that: (1) An order from the website has varieties of advantages, so it''s equipped the capability of development in Taiwan stock market; (2) Website bond has moved toward merchandize or service quality instead of price competition; (3) Bond merchandize and service has become diversified and global pattern, and it faces toward the Service Center of Online-banking form; (4) Due to the customized service, current online-broker can provide better service than traditional one; (5) For the invention of strengthening core resource, it can have their own asset specificity that is hard to imitate, and promote customer loyalty; (6) Internet is a good toll for the Relationship Marketing; (7) Security is still the main obstacle for the internet stock market development.

<p>Background: The theater market has matured – supply now exceeds demand. Government funds are on a decrease, replaced by other means of financing. The city of Stockholm will be introducing a bonus system that will benefit independent theater groups that succeed to increase their revenue and attendance. Hence, the audience will play an even greater role, a tendency some free theater groups come to terms with by interacting with the audience to create value.</p><p>Thesis statement: What factors lead to the long-term survival of the independent theater groups, allowing them to benefit from the imminent bonus system?</p><p>Purpose: To analyze and evaluate the marketing strategies of the independent theater groups, in reference to their capability of long-term survival through value creation along with the audience, thereby increasing attendance and ticket revenue.</p><p>Methodology: The study combines quantitative and qualitative approaches and methods. Interviews were conducted with the producers at three independent theater groups in the city of Stockholm. The questionnaire was answered by 90 members of the independent theater group audience.</p><p>Areas of theory: Value creation, marketing communication and customer characteristics.</p><p>Results: There is a lack of coherence between the marketing strategies of the independent theater groups and the characteristics of the audience. Hence, the independent theater groups are currently facing poor conditions for long-term survival through growth in audience and revenue. However, if the strategies are adjusted to the audience’s inclination to participate in the value creation, the conditions may improve.</p><p>Conclusions: The important factors leading to long-term survival of the independent theater groups, thereby increasing audience participation and ticket revenue, are: ”Co-production of values”, ”Enabling” and ”Word of mouth”. Co-production of value must however not apply to the artistry, since the audience seems to guard artistic freedom.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Teatermarknaden har mognat – utbud övergår efterfrågan. Bidragen minskar till förmån för en breddad finansiering. Ett bonussystem ska införas i Stockholms stad, vilket kommer att gynna fria teatergrupper som ökar sina intäkter och sitt publikantal. Publiken spelar således en allt viktigare roll och vissa fria teatergrupper försöker hantera detta genom att värdeskapa i interaktion med publiken.</p><p>Problemformulering: Vilka faktorer är viktiga för att fria teatergrupper ska överleva långsiktigt och sedermera gynnas av det förestående bonussystemet?</p><p>Syfte: Att analysera och utvärdera fria teatergruppers marknadsföringsstrategier med avseende på deras förutsättningar att överleva långsiktigt genom att värdeskapa med publiken och på så sätt öka sitt publikantal och sina biljettintäkter.</p><p>Metod: Studien kombinerar kvantitativa och kvalitativa ansatser och metoder. Intervjuer har genomförts med producenterna för tre fria teatergrupper i Stockholms stad och enkätundersökningar har genomförts med totalt 90 personer i de fria teatergruppernas publik.</p><p>Teoriområden: Värdeskapande, marknadskommunikation och kundegenskaper.</p><p>Resultat: Studien visar att de fria teatergruppernas publik är villig att skapa värde tillsammans med teatergrupperna. Såtillvida har de fria teatergrupperna goda förutsättningar att överleva långsiktigt genom att värdeskapa med sin publik. Det råder dock brist på överensstämmelse mellan de fria teatergruppernas strategier och publikens egenskaper. För att uppnå långsiktig överlevnad genom att öka sitt publikantal och sina biljettintäkter måste de fria teatergrupperna anpassa sina strategier till publikens vilja att deltaga i värdeskapandet.</p><p>Slutsats: De faktorer som är viktiga för att de fria teatergrupperna ska överleva långsiktigt och sedermera gynnas av det förestående bonussystemet är ”samproduktion av värde”, ”möjliggörande” och ”word-of-mouth”. Samproduktionen av värde bör dock inte gälla den konstnärliga verksamheten, då publiken tycks värna den konstnärliga friheten.</p>