Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / PropÃe uma reflexÃo sobre as representaÃÃes que o professor tem da escrita e do ensino da escrita, verificando atà que ponto estas representaÃÃes influenciam as orientaÃÃes didÃticas propostas pelos professores para o ensino da escrita em sala de aula. Utiliza como procedimento metodolÃgico a perspectiva dos relatos de vida de nove professores de PortuguÃs do Ensino Fundamental II (7Â), de escolas da rede pÃblica estadual, que atuam na cidade de Teresina-PiauÃ. Considera como suporte teÃrico o conceito de representaÃÃo social tal qual desenvolvido pelo pesquisador Serge Moscovici e seus colaboradores, bem como as teorias da linguagem e as diferentes concepÃÃes de lÃngua e texto produzidas no interior da LingÃÃstica. Levando em conta que a relaÃÃo com todo objeto de conhecimento nÃo se dà num vazio, antes encontra-se ancorada em uma dada realidade social, busca uma aproximaÃÃo dos estudos atuais sobre o letramento. Mostra com a anÃlise dos dados que, embora os relatos dos professores entrevistados tenham revelado a reproduÃÃo de antigas prÃticas de ensino, eles tambÃm revelam atos desses docentes que demonstram a preocupaÃÃo e tentativa de eles mesmos introduzirem outras prÃticas que apontam para a direÃÃo de uma outra representaÃÃo do ato de escrever e de ensinar a escrever. / Proposes a reflection on the representations that the teacher has the writing and the teaching of writing, noting the extent to which these representations influence the guidelines proposed by teachers teaching to the teaching of writing in classroom. Methodological procedure used as the perspective of the reported life of nine teachers of Portuguese in Elementary School (7th), the network of state public schools, which operate in the city of Teresina, PiauÃ. Considered to support the theoretical concept of social representation as is done by researcher Serge Moscovici and his collaborators, as well as theories of language and the different conceptions of language and texts produced within the linguistics. Taking into account that the relationship with any object of knowledge is not in a vacuum, but is anchored in a particular social reality, seeking an approximation of the current studies on literacy. Shows the analysis of data that, although the reports of the teachers interviewed have been playing the old practice of teaching, they also show acts of those teachers who demonstrate the concern and attempt to introduce themselves to other practices that indicate the direction of another representation of the writing and teaching to write.

The purpose of “Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez: A Case Study of Social Media as an Agenda Setting Tool in the U.S. House of Representatives” is to explore the impact of a politician’s social media presence on agenda setting in Congress. It was born out of the research question, “how do freshman members of the House of Representatives seek power and influence in their first term?” I answer this using Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez as a case study, as she is a current freshman legislator with undeniable power and influence. I studied Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s tweets from two time periods: the month leading up to her election and her second month in office. I categorized and counted each tweet into 4 categories that yielded quantifiable results. Subsequently, I did a textual analysis of certain tweets from the two periods and explained their relevance to her shift in content and success as a public figure. I found that since being elected, the proportion of Rep. Ocasio-Cortez tweets about National issues increased by four times more than during her primary. Additionally, after being elected, her tweets about her District were proportionally one-fourth of they were during her primary campaign. I interpret this finding as Rep. Ocasio-Cortez’s efforts to influence the national agenda, a task rarely taken on by a freshman Representative. I also found that she had nearly doubled the proportion of tweets that fall under the Extraneous category, utilizing personal anecdotes, inspirational messages, feminist actions and insights, and calls for progressive leadership that connect with her audience and set her apart from strictly policy-oriented politician Twitter accounts. Altogether, I have analyzed Rep. Ocasio-Cortez’s Twitter presence and believe it to be a key element of her success in agenda setting as a freshman Congress member.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology) )--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

1 augusti 2011 upphävdes Arbetsmiljöverkets dispens för uttag av extra mertid och extra övertid. Istället är det nu upp till arbetsgivaren att bedöma ifall det finns särskilda skäl för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid samt att bedöma att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt. Skyddsombuden får nu som ett led i regleringen möjlighet att göra framställningar till arbetsgivaren om det behövs för att säkerställa att arbetstidslagen följs. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på vilka omständigheter och situationer, som krävs för att en arbetsgivare ska kunna ta ut extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen beskriver den gällande rätten för uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Syftet har också varit att redogöra för hur skyddsombudens befogenheter har påverkats av de nya reglerna kring uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid. Uppsatsen har baserats på en rättsdogmatisk metod, vilket innebär att den har haft sin utgångspunkt utifrån olika befintliga rättskällor. Uppsatsen har varit avgränsad till att endast beröra den ändring som skett i arbetstidslagen och berör inte nödfallsövertid, studerande skyddsombud eller elevskyddsombud. Slutsatser som har dragits är att särskilda skäl för att göra uttag av extra övertid och extra mertid, kan vara tillfälliga arbetsanhopningar som varit omöjliga att förutse, oförutsedda sjukdomsfall eller förlust av spetskompetens som inte gått att ersätta omedelbart. Bedömningen att situationen inte går att lösa på annat rimligt sätt, ska göras i varje enskilt fall. Arbetsgivaren ska se över möjligheter som att rekrytera personal, hyra in personal eller utföra organisatoriska åtgärder för att lösa situationen. Skyddsombuden har sedan tidigare möjlighet att kontrollera arbetstidsfrågor, men endast rätt att agera, då det innebär en risk ur ett arbetsmiljöperspektiv. Nu har det rätt att agera vid minsta övertramp av extra övertid och extra mertid samt möjlighet att begära att arbetsgivaren ska vidta åtgärder.  Ändringen i arbetstidslagen ger skyddsombuden en begränsad rätt att agera, eftersom regeln kan avtalas bort genom kollektivavtal. Den nya regleringen i arbetstidslagen innebär en mindre ökning av skyddsombudens befogenheter. / On August 1, 2011 the Swedish Work Environment Authority repealed their exemption for the take out of extra overtime and extra additional time. It is now up to the employer to determine if there are special reasons for the employee to take out extra overtime and extra additional time and to decide whether the situation has not been able to be solved in any other reasonable way. Currently the safety representatives of the company get the possibility to make suggestions to the employer if needed, to ensure that the Act regulating the working time is enforced. The main purpose of this paper was to determine the circumstances and situations that require an employer to be able to charge extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper describes the established law for the collection of extra overtime and extra additional time. The purpose has also been to explain how the safety representatives’ authority has been affected by the new regulations around the extra overtime and extra additional time. The paper is based on the law of dogmatic approach, which means that it is based on various existing sources of law. The paper has been limited to only concern the change that has occurred in the Act regulating the working time and shall not affect emergency overtime and student safety representatives. The conclusions that has been drawn, is that the special reasons for taking out extra overtime and extra additional time, may be temporary situations of higher workload that were impossible to predict, unforeseen illness or loss of front edge competence that is not possible to replace immediately. In each specific case, an assessment shall been made, to determine that the situation hasn’t been able to be resolved in any other reasonable way. The employer shall review the possibility of recruiting new employees, hire employees from a temporary work agency or implementing organizational arrangements to resolve the situation. The safety representatives already have the authority to control issues regarding working time, but only the authority to act when the working time has developed in to a working environment problem. Now they have the right to act at the slightest infractions of extra overtime and extra additional overtime and the possibility to ask the employer to take action. The amendment to the Act, regulating the working time, provides the safety representatives with a limited right to act, because the rules can be negotiated through collective labor agreements. The new regulations in the Act, regulating the working time, results in a small increase of the safety representatives’ authority.

This essay is questioning if the state as an unsecured creditor in a bankruptcy proceeding, according to the principle of equal treatment, has the same rights as the other unsecured creditors. The principle of equal treatment means that creditors with unsecured claims are supposed to have mutually equal rights to dividends in a bankruptcy. In the Swedish bankruptcy law from 1987 there are recycling rules which means that some legal actions taken by the bankrupt debtor before the bankruptcy can be recycled to the bankruptcy estate. These rules do not apply on taxes. This essay analyzes whether the state should have this advantage or not. Another issue that’s discussed in this essay is whether or not the opinion of the Court of Appeal that a right of recourse on a claim for a paid Governmental wage guarantee exists before a bankruptcy should be established by the Supreme Court. This essay also analyzes if the rule which statutes that a company representative can become personally liable for the company tax debts should be abolished or not, since this rule means that the taxes on a larger scale than other claims are paid before the bankruptcy.

Darbo tikslas - Įvertinti šeimos gydytojų požiūrį į farmacijos kompanijų medicinos atstovų teikiamą informaciją apie vaistus ir nustatyti, kaip ta informacija pasitelkiama, skiriant vaistus pacientams. Tyrimo metodika. 2008 m. balandžio – gruodžio mėnesiais, buvo apklausti Kauno mieso šeimos gydytojai dirbantys viešosiose ir privačiose įstaigose. Buvo išdalintos 229 anketos, atsakė – 133 respondentai (atsakas – 58, 1 proc.). Anketiniai duomenys analizuoti naudojant statistinę duomenų analizės programą SPSS 13.0. Statistinis duomenų reikšmingumas tikrintas pagal Chi kvadrato kriterijų, laisvės laipsnių skaičių ir statistinį reikšmingumą (p). Hipotezė apie dviejų nepriklausomų imčių vidurkių lygybę buvo tikrinama naudojant Mann – Whitney testą. Rezultatai. Dažniausiai šeimos gydytojai informaciją apie vaistus sužino medicinos atstovų individualių vizitų metu. Efektyviausi būdai informacijai apie vaistus sužinoti yra konferencijos, individualūs medicinos atstovų vizitai, bei specialisto vedamos apvalaus stalo prezentacijos. Lankančių šeimos gydytojus medicinos atstovų profesija dažniausiai yra gydytojai ir farmacininkai. Beveik trys ketvirtadaliai (72,2 proc.) šeimos gydytojų pastebi skirtingų profesijų medicinos atstovų kompetencijos skirtumus ir geriausiai vertina gydytojų bei farmacininkų kompetenciją pateikiant informaciją apie vaistus. Didžioji dalis (71,4 proc.) šeimos gydytojų bendravimą su medicinos atstovais vertina kaip dalykinį, jų nuomone, bendraujant su medicinos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study. To evaluate general practitioners view on how pharmaceutical companies present information about medicines and to determine how this information is used by doctors while prescribing them for patients. Methods. The general practitioners, who worked in private and public health centers in Kaunas city, were anonymously questioned from April to December in 2008. In total, 229 questionnaires were distributed, 133 of which were answered and returned back (the response rate was 58%). Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using the SPSS v. 13.0 software package. The associations between the variables were tested by Chi squared test. The hypothesis about the differences between means of two independent samples was evaluated using a criterion of Mann-Whitney test. Results. General practitioners most often get information about medicines from personal visits of medical representatives. The most effective ways of finding out the information about medicines are conferences, personal visits of medical representatives and round table meetings lead by specialists. General practitioners were most often visited by medical representatives who have doctor’s or pharmacist‘s qualifications. Almost three quaters (72.2%) of general practitioners have noticed different competence in qualification of medical representatives and those who had doctor‘s or pharmacist‘s qualification were evaluated best in providing the information about medicines. The greater part (71... [to full text]

Įmonės, įmonės dalies, verslo ar jo dalies perdavimas – šiandienos verslo kasdienybė. Nagrinėjamas ekonominis reiškinys turi socialinę pusę ir darbe nagrinėjamas darbo teisės prasme. Preziumuojama, jog įmonės, verslo ar jų dalių perdavimo atveju gali pasikeisti darbuotjų teisių apimtis, todėl Bendrijos teisės aktų leidėjui tenka užduotis nustatyti perdavimo sąvoką, pateikti jos požymius, o valstybėms narėms – tinkamai perkelti Direktyvą 77/187/EEB dėl valstybių narių įstatymų, skirtų darbuotojų teisių apsaugai įmonės, įmonės dalies, verslo ar verslo dalies perdavimo atveju, suderinimo bei ją keičiančią direktyvas ir konsoliduotąjį direktyvos tekstą. Vadovaujantis prezumpcija, jog įmonės, įmonės dalies, verslo ar jo dalies perdavimas pakeičia darbuotojų teisinį statusą, darbe keliami klausimai: kaip ir ar tinkamai Direktyvoje 77/187/EEB bei Europo Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje apibūdinamos „įmonės, verslo, jų dalies perdavimo“, „darbuotojų atstovų“, „informavimo ir konsultavimo procedūrų“ sąvokos ir kaip nuostatos įgyvendinamos bei kaip atsižvelgiama į Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktiką valstybėse narėse; nagrinėjami darbuotojų atstovavimo teoriniai bei praktiniai pagrindai bei skirtingos tokio atstovavimo formos; siekiama atsakyti į klausimą, ar Europos Bendrijos bei nacionalinių Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių teisinio reguliavimo modeliai darbuotojų atstovavimo ir dalyvavimo informavimo ir konsultavimo procedūrose pakankamai užtikrina darbuotojų kolektyvinių bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Transfers of undertakings of their parts are today‘s business reality. Despite the fact that this economic concept can be interpreted from many perspectives, this work approaches it from a labour law point of view. In order to safeguard employees‘ rights in the transfer of undertakings situation, the Council directive 77/187/EEC was adopted. Based on the assumption that transfers of undertakings change legal status of employees, the following issues are raised and discussed in this work: how „transfer of undertakings“, „employee representatives“, „information and consultation procedures“ are defined in the Directive 77/187/EEC and case law of EU courts and whether such definitions are clear cut and properly implemented in the national laws of EU member states; theoretical and practical grounds for employees‘ representation and its‘ forms; whether EU model and models of separate EU member of information and consultation secures the continuity of rights of employee representatives in transfer of undertakings situation. It is concluded that the above mentioned definitions still raise practical problems, models of implementation differ from state to state.

Internationally, as well as locally, the trend is for companies to use call centres as their preferred method of service delivery. The increase in the use of call centres as a service delivery mechanism thus provides many more employment opportunities. Within call centres, service is primarily delivered by frontline employees referred to as customer service representatives (CSRs). While nothing seems to stop the growth of call centres and the increase of employment opportunities within them, working in call centres is not necessarily experienced as pleasant. Working in a call centre is frequently seen as stressful and the work in such a centre can foster burnout. Burnout is considered to be a pathogenic construct. The first purpose of this study was to describe and investigate the contribution of six central characteristics (antecedents) of call centre work environments and their influence on burnout, affective commitment and turnover intentions. These characteristics were work overload; electronic performance monitoring; lack of career and promotion opportunities, lack of skill variety and emotional labour. An incidental sample of customer service representatives (N=146) was obtained from the inbound service call centre of a large financial company. AU six independent variables were found to be significantly related to the experience of burnout, affective commitment and turnover intentions. Multiple regression analysis made it possible to establish that work overload, lack of career and promotion opportunities and skill variety, and emotional labour were the most important predictors of burnout, whereas lack of career and promotion opportunities was the most significant predictors of both affective commitment and turnover intentions. Burnout had a direct effect on turnover intentions and was not mediated by affective commitment. One antecedent that is often associated with the development of burnout is daily hassles, but daily hassles as an antecedent of burnout in call centres has not been studied before. The second purpose of this study was to develop a short Call Centre Daily Hassle Diagnostic Questionnaire that could be used to identify the most common daily hassles that call centre agents experience in their working lives, both within the work environment and within their day-to-day personal lives, and to determine the relationship between it and burnout. A cross-sectional survey research design was used with an accidental sample (N=394) taken from a service and sales call centre. An exploratory factor analysis of the data resulted in a six-factor model of daily hassles within call centres that significantly predicted exhaustion. The factors were daily demands, continuous change, co-worker hassles, demotivating work environment, transportation hassles and inner concerns. In the third part of this research thesis there is a shift away from the pathogenic paradigm towards a more salutogenic/fortigenic paradigm. Very little previous research has been done on adult resilience. The purpose of the third study was to explore the concept of adult resilience and to identify and describe the protective and vulnerability factors that play a role in adult resilience. Through the use of an exploratory factor analysis, eight factors were identified that played a role in adult resilience. They were Confidence and Optimism, Positive Reinterpretation, Facing Adversity, Support, Determination, Negative Rumination, Religion and Helplessness. Based on the findings of this research, some practical recommendations were made for the management of call centres to reduce the development of burnout and turnover intentions, on how to utilise the Hassle-based Diagnostic Scale and on how to apply the Adult Resilience Indicator in the training and development of resilience. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology) )--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Internationally, as well as locally, the trend is for companies to use call centres as their preferred method of service delivery. The increase in the use of call centres as a service delivery mechanism thus provides many more employment opportunities. Within call centres, service is primarily delivered by frontline employees referred to as customer service representatives (CSRs). While nothing seems to stop the growth of call centres and the increase of employment opportunities within them, working in call centres is not necessarily experienced as pleasant. Working in a call centre is frequently seen as stressful and the work in such a centre can foster burnout. Burnout is considered to be a pathogenic construct. The first purpose of this study was to describe and investigate the contribution of six central characteristics (antecedents) of call centre work environments and their influence on burnout, affective commitment and turnover intentions. These characteristics were work overload; electronic performance monitoring; lack of career and promotion opportunities, lack of skill variety and emotional labour. An incidental sample of customer service representatives (N=146) was obtained from the inbound service call centre of a large financial company. AU six independent variables were found to be significantly related to the experience of burnout, affective commitment and turnover intentions. Multiple regression analysis made it possible to establish that work overload, lack of career and promotion opportunities and skill variety, and emotional labour were the most important predictors of burnout, whereas lack of career and promotion opportunities was the most significant predictors of both affective commitment and turnover intentions. Burnout had a direct effect on turnover intentions and was not mediated by affective commitment. One antecedent that is often associated with the development of burnout is daily hassles, but daily hassles as an antecedent of burnout in call centres has not been studied before. The second purpose of this study was to develop a short Call Centre Daily Hassle Diagnostic Questionnaire that could be used to identify the most common daily hassles that call centre agents experience in their working lives, both within the work environment and within their day-to-day personal lives, and to determine the relationship between it and burnout. A cross-sectional survey research design was used with an accidental sample (N=394) taken from a service and sales call centre. An exploratory factor analysis of the data resulted in a six-factor model of daily hassles within call centres that significantly predicted exhaustion. The factors were daily demands, continuous change, co-worker hassles, demotivating work environment, transportation hassles and inner concerns. In the third part of this research thesis there is a shift away from the pathogenic paradigm towards a more salutogenic/fortigenic paradigm. Very little previous research has been done on adult resilience. The purpose of the third study was to explore the concept of adult resilience and to identify and describe the protective and vulnerability factors that play a role in adult resilience. Through the use of an exploratory factor analysis, eight factors were identified that played a role in adult resilience. They were Confidence and Optimism, Positive Reinterpretation, Facing Adversity, Support, Determination, Negative Rumination, Religion and Helplessness. Based on the findings of this research, some practical recommendations were made for the management of call centres to reduce the development of burnout and turnover intentions, on how to utilise the Hassle-based Diagnostic Scale and on how to apply the Adult Resilience Indicator in the training and development of resilience. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology) )--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

La tesi analitza el grau de control polític a que foren sotmeses les institucions catalanes (Diputació del General i Consell de Cent de Barcelona), per part de la monarquia, després de la Guerra dels Segadors. Des del reial decret de 1654 fins l’any 1705 en que s’inicià la Guerra de Successió. L’estudi de les relacions entre les institucions catalanes i les reials al llarg del període esmentat focalitza l’esforç investigador i les principals aportacions de la tesis doctoral. Se centra especialment en els períodes de crisis polítiques i socials com la Revolta del Barretines (1689-1690) o la Guerra dels Nou Anys (1689-1697), i com van ser afrontades per les institucions catalanes, en el marc del complex panorama de guerra permanent amb França. / The thesis examines the degree of political control the catalan institutions were submited to (Diputació del General de Catalunya and Consell de Cent de Barcelona), by the monarchy, after the War of 1640-1652. From the royal decree of 1654 to year 1705 in which began The War of the Spanish Succession. The study of relations between catalan institutions and the royal ones over this period, focuses the research efforts and major contributions of the dissertation. It is especially based on the periods of political and social crises such as the Revolt of the Barretines (1689-1690) and the Nine Years War (1689-1697), and how the catalan institutions confronted them, as part of the complex and permanent scene of war with France.