El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar si la variación salarial es un factor que induce a los trabajadores del mercado laboral peruano a movilizarse de una ocupación a otra. Para ello, se ha realizado el análisis de la movilidad ocupacional a nivel agregado y específico, utilizando la base de datos ENAHO Panel concerniente al periodo 2014–2018. La metodología utilizada en esta investigación se centra en los modelos de elección discreta, Logit y Probit. Los resultados obtenidos bajo esta metodología muestran que, a nivel agregado, si un trabajador determina que, al cambiar de ocupación, puede obtener un incremento en su salario, entonces la probabilidad de movilizarse se incrementa. Sin embargo, esta relación no se mantiene cuando se analiza transiciones específicas, como es el caso de la movilización de la ocupación empleador a trabajador independiente. / The objective of this work is to identify if the salary variation is a factor that induces workers in the Peruvian labor market to move from one occupation to another. For this, an analysis of occupational mobility has been carried out at an aggregate and specific level, using the database of the ENAHO Panel for the period 2014-2018. The methodology used in this research focuses on discrete choice models, Logit and Probit. The results obtained under this methodology show that, at the aggregate level, if a worker determines that, by changing occupation, he can obtain an increase in his salary, then the probability of mobilizing increases. However, this relationship does not hold when analyzing specific transitions, such as the mobilization of the occupation from employer to self-employed worker. / Trabajo de investigación

Sjökaptensstudenterna på Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar genomgår praktik under sammanlagt 12 månader i form av fartygsförlagd utbildning indelad i tre olika perioder under deras fyraåriga utbildning. Praktiken ger studenterna möjligheten att lära sig yrket på ett praktisk sätt och inte bara från läroboken. Praktikfartyg tas fram med hjälp av institutet SUI (Sjöfartens utbildnings institut) och ger tillgång till en olika mängd av fartygstyper. Sjökaptensstudenterna får möjligheten att välja sina praktikplatser genom att önska sig ett fartyg som de vill utföra sin praktik på, detta ger däremot ingen garanti på att de kommer få just det fartyg de önskat då det finns många studenter och få fartyg. Studenterna får ett samtal av SUI när det är dags för dem att välja fartyg, detta sker slumpmässigt och utgår från de studenter som klargjort flest kurser. Processen för många anses vara stressig då de inte får mycket tid på sig att välja. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer sjökaptensstudenterna upplever väger in vid deras val av praktikplater för att öka chansen till en bra praktik, samt hur studenterna känner angående allt i efterhand. För att ta reda på detta genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sex sjöbefälsstudenter på sitt sista studieår deltog. Resultatet på studien visar att det fanns många olika faktorer som vägde in i valen, som även bidrog till en överlag bra praktik med inslag av några negativa faktorer, som fokuseras på SUIs valprocess. / The shipping students at the Kalmar Maritime College are undergoing a total training course of 12 months in the form of vessel-proposed training divided into three different periods during their four-year education. The practice gives the students an opportunity to learn the profession in a practical way and not just from the textbook. Practical vessels are developed using the Institute of the SUI (Institute of Maritime Training) and provide access to a variety of types of vessels. The lake captain students are given the opportunity to choose their internship by wishing for a ship on which they want to carry out their practice, but this does not guarantee that they will receive the ship they wanted when there are many students and few ships. Students get a call from the SUI when it’s time for them to choose their ships, this is done at random and based on students that have clarified the most courses. The process for many people is considered stressful because they don’t have much time to choose. This study aims to examine the factors experienced by sea captain students in their choice of places and make a good practice, as well as how students know about everything afterwards. To find out, a qualitative interview study was conducted involving six sea command students who were in their senior year. The results of the study showed that there were many different factors that weighed in their choices as what contributed to a good practice that felt most positive but also some negative things, focused on the SUI electoral process.

Educational assortative mating and earnings inequality has both increased in both Europe and the United States in the last decades. As a result, educational assortative mating, or educational homogamy, has been suggested as a potential explanation for the increase in earnings inequality. According to this hypothesis increased sorting on education will lead to polarization between lower and higher-educated couples where the advantages of the latter will compound on one another and lead to increased economic inequality.   The majority of the studies to date report a non-relationship between educational assortative mating and earnings inequality, one of the exceptions being a study of Denmark. This exception has led sociologists to theorize that the impact of educational assortative mating could be especially strong in the Nordic countries. In this study I test this hypothesis by employing a novel decomposition method, the Theil-index, to answer if increases in educational assortative mating are associated with increases in earnings inequality in Sweden between 2000 and 2010, using data from the Standard of Living Survey (LNU).   The result is a non-relationship between homogamy and earnings inequality and an overall decrease in earnings inequality in the sample. The result is another null result for the hypothesis that educational homogamy leads to inequality, and points to a larger discrepancy between singles and couples than between couples. If corroborated, this decrease in earnings inequality would mean a divergence, in earnings inequality, between partnered individuals and the general population. Future studies should focus on the extent of this divergence.

Una de las principales criticas que se realiza hacia el sector educación es la remuneración de los maestros. Por ese motivo, la presente investigación busca analizar la influencia que tienen los salarios sobre el rendimiento académico, para ello, se construyó una base de datos con la información que se obtuvo de la Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes y la Encuesta Nacional a docentes para el año 2018. Además, para este análisis se aplicó un modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios y se logró confirmar la hipótesis de que los salarios de los docentes influyen en el rendimiento académico. / One of the main criticisms made towards the education sector is the remuneration of teachers. For this reason, this research seeks to analyze the influence that salaries have on academic performance, for this, a database was built with the information obtained from the Census Evaluation of Students and the National Survey of Teachers for the year 2018. In addition, for this analysis an Ordinary Least Squares model was applied and the hypothesis that teachers' salaries influence academic performance was confirmed. / Trabajo de investigación

Despite the burgeoning interest in foreign language learning and teaching practices, the research on English teachers' job satisfaction has remained rather scarce, particularly in the Czech context. The current diploma thesis, hence, has aimed to provide insights into the determinants of job satisfaction, with respect to English teachers working at primary and secondary schools. The thesis is categorized into two parts, a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part of the study covers the term job satisfaction. It identifies and analyzes existing research to present definitions and major theories and to provide guidance and basis for the research. Then, it expounds both international and Czech literature on job satisfaction among teachers, highlighting the need for conducting the research. The practical part displays the methodology, covering data collection tools and the sample selection. Next, the findings are presented and discussed to shed light on the issue and to recommend adjustments in the subject matter to improve and prosper English language education in the Czech Republic. KEYWORDS Job satisfaction, English teachers, Czech Republic, primary schools, secondary schools, English teachers' salary

Sammanfattning Bakgrund Fastighetsmäklaryrket är en ständigt växande bransch med hög rörlighet och där allt fler individer väljer att utbilda och registrera sig till fastighetsmäklare varje år. Det finns även en relativt hög andel som väljer att lämna yrket inom kort tid efter registrering. Därmed växte ett intresse av att undersöka en mäklares första tid i branschen. Detta arbete kommer därmed belysa en faktor som kan vara relevant förknippat till detta, nämligen principalens påverkan på nyexaminerade fastighetsmäklare. Syfte Syftet med denna explorativa studie är att lyfta fram hur fastighetsmäklare har bemötts av sina principaler genom en tillbakablick från deras första tid som nyexaminerade fastighetsmäklare. Detta för att de som funderar på att ge sig in i yrket eller i dagsläget utbildar sig till mäklare, ska få en inblick i vad som väntar dem när de väl är klara med utbildningen och ger sig ut i branschen. Metod Arbetet kommer att utgå ifrån en kvalitativ metod där ett flertal olika semistrukturerade intervjuer med mäklare har genomförts, för att få en djupare inblick i ämnet. Denna metod lämpar sig bäst för att kunna besvara det syfte och frågeställningar som arbetet utgår ifrån.TeoriVid genomförande av denna del har redan befintliga teorier, studier och forskning inom det aktuella området tagits upp. Det som teorin bland annat behandlar är hur branschen ser ut idag, frågan kring arvode och löner samt principalens betydelse för den nyexaminerade mäklaren kopplat till motivation och ledarskap. Analys Genom att jämföra tidigare studier och forskning mot det resultat som intervjuerna gav formades flera intressanta infallsvinklar. Detta kopplat till bland annat de likheter och skillnader som mäklarna upplevde kopplat till bemötandet från deras principaler samt vilka faktorer som ligger bakom detta. Slutsats Principalen och de hjälpmedel som denne erbjuder har stor påverkan på hur väl en fastighetsmäklare kommer in i branschen. Av de mäklare som intervjuats så besitter alla olika erfarenheter från sin första period. De som har fått mycket stöd från sina arbetsgivare har fått en bättre och enklare start på sina karriärer. Något som är konsekvent är att det finns en ekonomisk stress för nyexaminerade mäklare att komma in i en bransch med ett provisionsbaserat lönesystem. Flera av principalerna erbjöd mäklarna ekonomiskt stöd i början av deras karriärer, vilket är något som vi skribenter anser är avgörande för mäklarnas start och bör således vara ett måste. / Abstract Grade: Bachelor`s thesis Background: The real estate agent profession is a constantly growing industry with high mobility, with a continuous growth of individuals choosing to educate themselves and register as real estate agents every year. However, there is a relatively high percentage of individuals who choose to leave the profession shortly after registration. This led to an interest in the real estate agents' initial time in the profession. As writers, we want to shed light on a factor that may be relevant in this context, namely the impact of principals on newly graduated real estate agents. Purpose: The purpose of this exploratory study is to highlight how real estate agents have been treated by their principals through a retrospective view of their early days as newly graduated real estate agents. This is to provide insight to those considering entering the profession or currently undergoing university to become real estate agents, so they have an idea of what to expect when they complete their education and enter the industry. Method: As writers, we have used a qualitative method in which we have chosen to conduct several semistructured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. We believe that this method is best suited to address the purpose and research questions we have formulated. Theory: In conducting this study, we, as writers, have relied on existing theories, studies, and research in the relevant field. Our theoretical framework includes discussing the current state of the industry, addressing issues of compensation and salaries, and exploring the significance of principals for newly graduated agents. Analysis By comparing previous studies and research with the results obtained from the interviews, we found several interesting similarities and differences in how the agents were treated by their principals, linked to motivation and leadership. Conclusion: The principal and the support provided by them have a significant impact on how well a real estate agent enters the industry. Among the interviewed agents, everyone has different experiences from their initial period. Those who have received substantial support from the beginning have had a better and easier start to their careers. Something that is consistent is financial stress, which is something that most real estate agents experience in the beginning. Several of the principals offered financial support at the beginning of their careers, which is something that we writers believe is crucial for the real estate agents and should thus be a must.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between level of funding and achievement of school systems in Tennessee based on the standards of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001. This study focused on Tennessee school systems and their adequate yearly progress (AYP) status of "targeted" or "good standing" from 2007 through 2009. Federal, state, and local funding, as well as per-pupil expenditure, average teacher salary, and number of students, were used as variables. All data were gathered from the Tennessee Department of Education website. The researcher performed 6 independent samples t-tests and one chi square analysis. The study showed significant differences in the means of federal, state, and local funding levels between targeted systems and systems in good standing. Targeted systems received more federal, state, and local funding than systems in good standing from 2007 through 2009. The study showed no significant difference in mean per-pupil expenditures between targeted systems and systems in good standing. The study showed a significant difference in the mean teacher salaries. Targeted systems had higher teacher salaries than systems in good standing from 2007 through 2009. The study also showed a significant difference in the mean number of students between targeted systems and systems in good standing. Targeted systems had more students than systems in good standing. The findings indicate that targeted systems are receiving as much funding as systems in good standing. To help control for the number of students in each system, the two groups (targeted and in good standing) were compared using per-pupil federal, state and local dollars. The analysis indicated no significant difference between targeted systems and systems in good standing for federal money. The analysis did indicate a significant difference between the two groups for state and local money. However, for state money systems in good standing had the higher mean and for local money, targeted systems had the higher mean. Mean per-pupil expenditures were relatively equal between targeted systems and systems in good standing. System size, based on the number of students, showed a significant relationship with the NCLB status of a system. The mean number of students in targeted systems was more than 3 times as large as systems in good standing (17,656 to 5,284). Also, a group of systems with over 4,445 students had over 5 times the number of targeted systems than a group of systems with fewer than 2,094 students.

Bakgrund: På dagens arbetsmarknad är det vanligt förekommande att ofta byta jobb. Att medarbetare själva väljer att lämna ett arbete är kostsamt ur ett organisatoriskt perspektiv och företag som definieras som kunskapsföretag är extra sårbara när personal väljer att lämna företaget. Därmed är företagens arbete med Employee Retention betydelsefullt. En studie gjord av Randstad (2018) undersökte de främsta orsakerna till att svenska medarbetare väljer att avsluta sin anställning. Dessa tre orsaker har i denna studie definierats som lön, arbetsengagemang och kompetensutveckling. Problemformulering: Hur arbetar kunskapsföretag för att behålla sin personal utifrån lön, arbetsengagemang och kompetensutveckling? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för hur kunskapsföretag arbetar med att behålla personal utifrån de tre främsta orsakerna till att svenska medarbetare säger upp sig, enligt Randstads Employer Brand Research 2018. Metod: En kvalitativ studie av sex stycken kunskapsföretag. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen innefattar litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar som används i syfte för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Den teoretiska referensramen har sammanställts i en analysmodell. Empiri: Insamlingen av empiriska data har skett genom kvalitativa och semistrukturerade intervjuer med personalansvariga på respektive företag. Analys: Det empiriska materialet har analyserats med hjälp av en analysmodell samt med stöd av vetenskaplig litteratur om respektive orsak. Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att ingen av företagen arbetar efter uttalade och väl integrerade strategier av Employee retention. Dock uppges diverse Human Resource Management-metoder i syfte att behålla företagens personal. Samtliga företag arbetar för att behålla sin personal utifrån orsakerna lön, arbetsengagemang och kompetensutveckling på liknande tillvägagångssätt, dock förekommer vissa skillnader. I slutsatsen besvaras den ställda frågeställningen samt studiens syfte. / Background: In today's labor market it is common to often change jobs. The fact that employees choose to leave a job is costly from an organization's perspective, and companies defined as knowledge companies are particularly vulnerable when employees choose to leave the company. Thus, corporate work with Employee retention is important. A study conducted by Randstad (2018) examined the main reasons why Swedish employees choose to terminate their employment. These have been defined in this study as salary, work engagement and skills development. Problem: How do knowledge companies work to keep their staff based on salary, work engagement and competence development? Purpose: The aim of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how knowledge companies work to retain staff based on the three main reasons why Swedish employees quit their jobs, according to Randstad Employer Brand Research 2018. Method: A qualitative study of six knowledge companies. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference includes literature and scientific articles used for the purpose of answering the study's purpose and problem. The theoretical frame of reference has been compiled in an analysis model. Empiricism: The collection of empirical data has been done through qualitative and semistructured interviews with the personal manager of the respective companies. Analysis: The empirical material has been analysed using an analysis model and with the support of scientific literature on the respective cause. Conclusion: The study's findings show that none of the companies are working according to pronounced and well-integrated strategies of Employee retention. However, various Human Resource Management methods are reported in order to retain the company's personnel. All case companies work to maintain their staff based on the reasons salary, work engagement and competence development on similar approaches, however, there are some differences. The study's conclusion answers the problem and the purpose of the study.

Gendered organizational conditions create the context for persisting differences between men and women in the workplace. Within, higher education, this manifests as a salary gap between male and female faculty members. The academic capitalistic policy environment creates the conditions for increasing competition for external funding, especially in the areas of research and science and engineering. The change in the academic climate may sustain or intensify the gendering of universities as organizations. Universities with the highest level of research activity were chosen for this study and formed the 130 public institution sample. This study used fixed effects panel regression analysis to explore the relationship between the faculty gender salary gap and institutional emphasis on research as well as science and engineering. In addition, the relationship between institutional emphasis and the faculty gender salary gap was explored over time with the inclusion of a time trend and temporal interaction terms. Results showed that the higher the percentage of female faculty members, the greater the faculty gender salary gap for assistant professors. In addition, science and engineering emphasis over time had a significant impact on the professor salary gap with a decreasing effect both at the mean and one standard deviation above the mean, but with an increasing effect on the salary gap for institutions one standard deviation below the mean. When taking action to increase gender equity, it is important for universities to recognize that the faculty gender salary gap occurs in an organizational context impacted by institutional-level conditions.