Introducción: El presente trabajo analiza los tres mensajes presentes en la campaña de verano “Ladrillos Lark” según el modelo de análisis del semiólogo francés Roland Barthes: mensaje lingüístico, mensaje icónico codificado y mensaje icónico no codificado. Así mismo, su importancia en la construcción de estereotipos en la sociedad. El motivo de este trabajo surge con el fin de mostrar la forma en la que fue utilizada la imagen de la mujer para concientizar sobre la presencia del sexismo en la publicidad. Metodología: Para ello, se pondrá a prueba la técnica de análisis de contenido que será desarrollado a partir de 4 fotografías publicitarias utilizadas en la campaña de verano de Ladrillos Lark. Resultado: Se encontró que al nivel de mensaje lingüístico, se trata de la unión de un concepto y una imagen acústica. Al nivel de mensaje icónico codificado, se trata de comunicar una idea por medio de imágenes. Y al nivel del mensaje icónico no codificado, se trata de los elementos que constituyen la narrativa del mensaje. Conclusiones: La campaña de verano está compuesta por un sistema de connotación que provienen de un código cultural en cuál, sus significados van a variar de acuerdo al individuo pudiendo tener diversos significados dependiendo del contexto en el que se encuentra. / Introduction: The present work analyzes the three messages present in the summer campaign “Ladrillos Lark”according to the analysis model of the French semiologist Roland Barthes: linguistic message, coded iconic message and un-coded iconic message. Likewise, its importance in the construction of stereotypes in society. The reason for this work arises in order to show the way in which the image of women was used to raise awareness about the presence of sexism in advertising. Methodology: For this, the content analysis technique will be tested, which will be developed from 4 advertising photographs used in the Ladrillos Lark summer campaign. Result: It was found that at the level of linguistic message, it is about the union of a concept and an acoustic image. At the level of a coded iconic message, it is about communicating an idea through images. And at the level of the iconic unencoded message, these are the elements that make up the narrative of the message. Conclusions: The summer campaign is made up of a connotation system that comes from a cultural code in which its meanings will vary according to the individual and may have different meanings depending on the context in which it is found. / Trabajo de investigación

El sexismo en la publicidad se encuentra perenne en nuestra sociedad al mostrar a la mujer con estereotipos de comportamiento y como un objeto sexual. Con intención de visibilizar la competencia mediática de las mujeres limeñas, de una brecha generacional, desde sus dimensiones del lenguaje e ideología y valores, se realizó el presente trabajo en donde se podrá observar si existe una mayor competencia mediática por parte de las mujeres jóvenes (Grupo 1) o si existe una competencia mediática desarrollada parcialmente en ambas muestras (Grupo 1 y Grupo 2). Para indagar las percepciones de las consumidoras, se realizaron catorce entrevistas a profundidad en donde se mostraron cuatro publicidades y se realizaron preguntas dirigidas para dar respuesta a la pregunta de investigación planteada. / Sexism in advertising is perennial in our society by portraying women with stereotypical behaviors and as a sexual object. With the intention of making visible the media competence of Lima women, of a generation gap, from its dimensions of language and ideology and values, the present article was carried out where it can be observed if there is greater media competition on the part of young women (Group 1) or if there is a partially developed media competence in both samples (Group 1 and Group 2). To investigate consumer perceptions, fourteen in-depth interviews were conducted in which four advertisements were shown and directed questions were asked to answer the research question posed. / Tesis

El 01 de marzo, Camila de cuatro años, junto a su hermana de dos y su prima de nueve fueron a buscar a su madre que se encontraba en una fiesta patronal, a unas cuantas cuadras de su casa. En el camino, un sujeto de 15 años intervino a las niñas y secuestró a Camila, para luego violarla y asesinarla. Esto ocurrió en el distrito de Independencia. Tras el asesinato de la niña Camila los programas: Al Estilo Juliana, ATV Matinal y Día D, pertenecientes al Grupo ATV cubrieron la noticia involucrando en el crimen a la madre de la víctima, Mirella Huamán Santiago, de 22 años. Este trabajo identifica la imagen que este medio televisivo quiso construir de la madre, en base a los comentarios realizados por los conductores de cada programa, los testimonios, relatos y titulares de los informes. Los cuales culpabilizaron a la madre por lo sucedido, dando a entender que ella orilló a que su hija fuera raptada y posteriormente, asesinada. De la misma manera, se juzgó la acciones que tomó previo al crimen de Camila y también el comportamiento que tuvo al enterarse que su hija se encontraba desaparecida. Asimismo, se sostuvo comentarios agresivos y denigrantes hacia Mirella Huamán, desacreditando su rol de madre, aparte de exponer parte de su vida privada. De esta manera, su imagen fue vulnerada publicamente, lo que causó que muchas personas la criticaran deliberadamente en las redes sociales. Un caso constroversial, donde estos programas dirigieron parte de su enfoque en Huamán Santiago, cuando el verdadero asesino fue un joven de 15 años. / On March 1, Camila, four years old, along with her two-year-old sister and her nine-year-old cousin, went to look for her mother who was at a patronal party, a few blocks from her house. Along the way, a 15-year-old man intervened with the girls and kidnapped Camila, then raped and murdered her. This happened in the district of Independencia. After the murder of the girl Camila, the programs: Al Estilo Juliana, ATV Matinal and Día D, belonging to the ATV group, covered the news involving the mother of the victim, Mirella Huamán Santiago, 22 years old. This work identifies the image that this television medium wanted to build of the mother, based on the comments made by the hosts of each program, the testimonies, stories and headlines of the reports. Who blamed the mother for what happened, implying that she led her daughter to be kidnapped and later killed. In the same way, the actions she took prior to Camila's crime and also the behavior she had when she found out that her daughter was missing was judged. Likewise, aggressive and degrading comments were made towards Mirella Huamán, discrediting her role as a mother, apart from exposing part of her private life. In this way, her image was publicly violated, which caused many people to deliberately criticize her on social networks. A constroversial case, where these programs directed part of their focus on Huamán Santiago, when the real murderer was a 15-year-old boy. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo tuvo como finalidad relacionar el sexismo ambivalente y la violencia de género en parejas de jóvenes universitarios. La metodología fue cuantitativa, siendo una investigación transversal de tipo correlacional, utilizando como muestra 262 estudiantes. Se aplicó el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente adaptado por Espósito, Muya y Glick (1998) para medir el nivel de sexismo, y la encuesta para la detección de violencia en el noviazgo en jóvenes (EMVN) propuesta por García-Carpintero, Rodríguez-Santero y Porcel-Gálvez (2018) para determinar la violencia ejercida y padecida en las relaciones de parejas jóvenes. Los datos se analizaron mediante tablas de contingencias y una prueba de Chi cuadrado. Como resultados se obtuvo que no existe correlación entre las variables objeto de estudio y que el rango promedio mayor en cuanto a sexismo y violencia de género corresponde a los hombres. / The aim of this paper was to relate ambivalent sexism and gender violence in couples of young university students. The methodology was quantitative, being a cross-sectional research of correlational type, using as sample 162 students. We applied the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism adapted by Espósito, Muya and Glick (1998) to measure the level of sexism, and the survey for the detection of violence in dating in young people (EMVN) proposed by García-Carpintero, Rodríguez-Santero and Porcel-Gálvez (2018) to determine the violence inflicted and suffered in the relationships of young couples. The data were analyzed using contingency tables and a chi-square test. The results showed that there is no correlation between the variables studied and that the highest average range in terms of sexism and gender violence is found among men. / Tesis

La presente investigación buscó explorar la relación entre la ideología política conservadora, el sexismo ambivalente y las creencias y/o actitudes sobre el acoso sexual callejero (ASC) en una muestra de residentes de Lima Metropolitana mayores de 18 años. Y, adicionalmente, explorar las diferencias por sexo en las creencias sobre el ASC. Se contó con 140 participantes, 58 mujeres (41.43%) y 82 hombres (58.57%). Para medir las creencias y actitudes sobre el ASC, se elaboró el Cuestionario sobre Acoso Sexual Callejero (CASC), cuya versión final se constituyó de 12 ítems distribuidos en tres factores: detección de conductas de acoso, acoso como violencia y minimización del acoso. Los resultados revelaron que, principalmente, el SDO y el sexismo hostil se relacionaban negativamente con la detección de conductas y el reconocimiento del acoso como violencia, mientras que mantenían una relación positiva con la minimización del acoso. Además, el análisis de senderos mostró que el SDO sería el principal predictor de las creencias sobre el acoso callejero ya que actuaba directamente e indirectamente, gracias a la mediación del sexismo hostil. Finalmente, en la comparación por sexo, se obtuvo que los hombres puntuaron significativamente más alto en la minimización del acoso y en los otros dos factores fueron las mujeres quienes obtuvieron puntajes significativamente mayores. / The present investigation aimed to explore the relationship between conservative political ideology, ambivalent sexism and beliefs and/or attitudes about street sexual harassment (ASC) in a sample of residents of Metropolitan Lima over 18 years. Additionally, it aimed to explore differences by sex in beliefs about ASC. There were 140 participants, 58 women (41.43%) and 82 men (58.57%). To measure the beliefs and attitudes about the ASC, the Questionnaire on Street Sexual Harassment (CASC) was elaborated and its final version consisted of 12 items distributed in three factors: detection of harassment behaviors, harassment such as violence and minimization of harassment. The results revealed that, mainly, the SDO and hostile sexism were negatively related to the detection of behaviors and the recognition of harassment as violence, while maintaining a positive relationship with the minimization of harassment. In addition, the path analysis showed that the SDO would be the main predictor of beliefs about street harassment since it acted directly and indirectly, thanks to the mediation of hostile sexism. Finally, in the comparison by sex, it was obtained that men scored significantly higher in minimizing harassment and in the other two factors it was women who obtained significantly higher scores.

[EN] The main purpose of our study are artistic practices that focus on violence against women, captive and silenced, in the structural heart of the cultural idea of family and home, but also will consider the invisibility of women in the sphere of art or low participation. Discuss how building since patriarchy has imposed home and family far, in many cases, be a place of safety and love as advocated, and that protected the privacy of the four walls, abuse, violence comment before emptying into the femicide. We have limited the period of the first decade of our century, between 2004- 2014, but significant work covering both Spanish and foreign artists, in order to provide a rough picture of what type of representation is circulating critically about violence gender and femicide in the field of family and home, Moreover, what types of representations are being carried out by these committed artists and what they have spread through fairs or art institutions, in order to see if the invisibility extends to the field professional woman artist. / [ES] El objeto principal de nuestro estudio son las prácticas artísticas que se centran en la violencia contra la mujer, cautiva y silenciada, en el seno estructural de la idea cultural de familia y de hogar, si bien además, contemplará la invisibilidad de la mujer en la esfera del arte o su baja participación. Analizaremos cómo la construcción que desde el patriarcado se ha impuesto de hogar y familia dista, en muchas ocasiones, de ser un lugar de seguridad y de amor como se propugna, y que protegido por la intimidad de las cuatro paredes, se comenten abusos, violencia hasta desembocar en el feminicidio. Hemos acotado el período a la primera década de nuestro siglo, entre 2004-2014, pero abarcando obra significativa tanto de artistas españolas como extranjeras, con el fin de ofrecer un panorama aproximado sobre qué tipo de representación está circulando de modo crítico sobre la violencia de género y los feminicidios en el ámbito de la familia y del hogar, dentro del arte. Por otra parte, qué tipos de representaciones se están llevando a cabo por parte de estas artistas comprometidas y qué difusión tienen a través de las ferias, o instituciones de arte,con el fin de ver si la invisibilidad se extiende hasta el ámbito profesional de la mujer artista. / [CA] L'objecte principal del nostre estudi són les pràctiques artístiques que se centren en la violència contra la dona, captiva i silenciada, en el seno estructural de la idea cultural de família i de la llar, si bé a més, contemplarà la invisibilitat de la dona en la esfera de l'art o la seva baixa participació. Analitzarem com la construcció que des del patriarcat s'ha imposat de llar i família dista, en moltes ocasions, de ser un lloc de seguretat i d'amor com es propugna, i que protegit per la intimitat de les quatre parets, es comenten abusos, violència fins a desembocar en el feminicidi. Hem acotat el període a la primera dècada del nostre segle, entre 2004-2014, però abastant obra significativa tant d'artistes espanyoles com estrangeres, per tal d'oferir un panorama aproximat sobre quin tipus de representació està circulant de manera crítica sobre la violència de gènere i els feminicidis a l'àmbit de la família i de la llar dins l'art. D'altra banda, quins tipus de representacions s'estan duent a terme per part d'aquestes artistes compromeses i què difusió tenen a través de les fires, o institucions d'art, per tal de veure si la invisibilitat s'estén fins a l'àmbit professional de la dona artista. / Galán Huertas, M. (2015). Cautivas del silencio. Representaciones en el arte contra la violencia simbólica y estructural en el hogar (2004-2014) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57489 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Introdução: As síndromes hipertensivas na gestação (SHG) afetam grande parte das gestantes com uma proporção cada vez maior. É responsável por desfechos negativos importantes para mulheres e bebês, sendo a primeira causa de morte materna no Brasil. As fontes de dados para as SHG em estudos epidemiológicos são exames clínicos ou registros profissionais (cartão de pré-natal ou prontuário hospitalar). Entretanto essas fontes podem ser de difícil acesso para alguns estudos, fazendo necessário conhecer a validade para SHG autorreferida no Brasil. Os fatores tradicionalmente associados às SHG são primiparidade, multiparidade, diabetes, sobrepeso e obesidade, idades nos limites da vida reprodutiva, hipertensão crônica e histórico de SHG. Entretanto fatores socioeconômico-demográficos figuram ocasionalmente entre os fatores associados às SHG. Para orientar políticas públicas, é necessário estudar a ocorrência das SHG no Brasil e seus fatores associados com dados de abrangência nacional. Objetivos: Avaliar a validade da informação autorreferida para SHG, analisar os fatores associados às SHG no Brasil e examinar a invisibilização do efeito da interseccionalidade entre variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com análise secundária da pesquisa \"Nascer no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional sobre o Parto e Nascimento\", realizada em 2011-12. Foram entrevistadas 23.940 puérperas e coletadas informações de seus prontuários e cartões de pré-natal. Para estimar a validade da informação autorreferida sobre SHG foram estabelecidas sensibilidade, especificidade e coeficiente kappa, assumindo por padrão ouro os registros profissionais como padrão ouro, estratificando por variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas e obstétricas. Foi investigada a associação entre a SHG e variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas, estilo de vida, estado de saúde e obstétricas por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: A Ocorrência das SHG foi 11,14% segundo os registros profissionais e 15,87% quando autorreferida. A sensibilidade foi 75%, especificidade foi 90% e coeficiente kappa foi 0,545 (IC95% 0,525 - 0,566) valor considerado de força moderada. A validade da SHG autorreferida foi melhor entre as mulheres brancas, das regiões Sul e Sudeste, que utilizaram financiamento próprio pela assistência ao parto, estrato econômico Classe B ou A, que passaram por uma cesariana na última gestação e ensino médio completo ou mais. A validade foi pior entre mulheres com indicação de cesariana por SHG. Após regressão logística, idade da mãe (β1 = 1,052 [IC95% 1,039-1,065]), IMC (β1 = 1,162 [IC95% 1,148-1,176], histórico pessoal de hipertensão gestacional (OR = 4,041 [IC95% 3,345-4,883]), diabetes (OR = 1,615 [IC95% 1,354-1,926]) e gestação múltipla (OR =2,035 [IC95% 1,288-3,215]) permaneceram independentemente associadas às SHG. Ter tido 1 ou dois partos anteriores (OR = 0,386 [IC95% 0,33-0,452]) e multiparidade (OR = 0,336 [IC95% 0,26-0,434]) apresentaram efeito protetor quando comparadas às primíparas e fonte de pagamento privada (OR = 0,841 [IC95% 0,708-0,998]) e ensino superior completo (OR = 0,652 [IC95% 0,494-0,860]) diminuem a chance de desenvolver uma SHG. As variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas como raça/cor da pele, escolaridade, fonte de pagamento, escore socioeconômico e região de residência apresentam grande sobreposição. Conclusões: A validade da informação autorreferida é moderada, com importantes variações que denotam iniquidades na comunicação entre profissionais e usuárias. As variáveis socioeconômico-demográficas apresentam grande interação por sobreposição, perdendo a significância estatística. A interseccionalidade entre raça/cor da pele, escolaridade, fonte de pagamento, escore socioeconômico e região de residência produz um grupo de mulheres de maior vulnerabilidade. As iniquidades na atenção a gestação e parto revelam a necessidade de pesquisas, ações e políticas públicas que busquem alterar a situação de adversidade vivenciada pelas mulheres na maternidade. / Introduction: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) affect many pregnant women with an increasing proportion. It is responsible for significant negative outcomes for women and babies, and for most maternal deaths in Brazil. The data sources for HDP in epidemiological studies are clinical examinations or professional records (antenatal card or hospital medical records). However, these sources may be difficult to access for some studies, making necessary to know the validity for self-reported HDP in Brazil. The factors traditionally associated with SHG are primiparity, multiparity, diabetes, overweight and obesity, age at reproductive life limits, chronic hypertension and history of HDP. Socioeconomic-demographic factors occasionally appear among the factors associated with HDP. Therefore, it is necessary to know the occurrence of HDP in Brazil and its associated factors through a national study with recent information. Objectives: To evaluate the validity of the self-reported information for SHG, to analyze the occurrence and associated factors with HDP in Brazil and to reflect on the invisibility of the intersectionality effect among socioeconomic-demographic variables. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, a secondary analysis of the \"Birth in Brazil\" survey, conducted in 2011-12. 23,940 postpartum women were interviewed and information was collected from their medical records and antenatal cards. To estimate the validity of self-reported information on HDP, sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient was established, with professional records as gold standard, stratified by socioeconomic-demographic and obstetric variables. The association between SHG and socioeconomic-demographic variables, lifestyle, health status and obstetric variables were investigated through logistic regression. Results: The occurrence of HDP was 11.14% according to professional records and 15.87% when self-referenced. The sensitivity was 75%, specificity was 90% and kappa coefficient was 0.545 (95% CI 0.525 - 0.566) considered as moderate. The validity of self-reported SHG was better among white women from the South and Southeast regions, self-financing, Class B or A economic stratum, cesarean section and more education. Validity was worse among women with cesarean section indicated for HDP. After logistic regression, greater maternal age, higher BMI, personal history of gestational hypertension, diabetes, multiple gestation and primiparity remained independently associated with HDP. Women who payed for care and more educated had a decreased chance of developing a HDP. Socioeconomic-demographic variables present great overlap. Conclusions: The validity of self-reported information is moderate, with important variations that denote inequities in communication between professionals and women. The socioeconomic-demographic variables present great interaction by overlapping, losing the statistical significance. The intersectionality of these characteristics produces a group of women of greater vulnerability. Inequities in attention to pregnancy and childbirth reveal the need for research, actions and public policies that seek to change the situation of adversity experienced by women when they experience motherhood.