Kvinnor världen över menstruerar och sjuksköterskor möter dagligen menstruerande kvinnor i sitt arbete. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av menstruation. Studien var utformad som en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på kvinnors berättelser kring menstruation. Genom analys av datamaterialet kunde olika nyckelord identifieras för att sedan skapa två huvudteman: Menstruationens hälsa och Menstruationens ohälsa. Utifrån dessa två huvudteman kunde sex subteman utformas: Kvinnlighet, Samhörighet, Acceptans, Fysiska besvär, Den dömda kvinnokroppen och Att känna sig smutsig. Menstruation som hälsa var ett bevis på en fungerande och fertil kropp samt ett attribut till kvinnlighet. Menstruation som ohälsa präglades av negativa erfarenheter. Detta var ofta baserat på okunskap kring den kvinnliga kroppen samt upplevelsen av menstruation som skamfull. Kopplat till menstruation har sjuksköterskan en viktig roll i att ge stöd och utbildning. Då forskning gällande kvinnors upplevelser av menstruation i Sverige är begränsad, behövs vidare forskning inom ämnet i denna del av världen. / Women all over the world menstruate and nurses meet menstruating women in their daily work. The purpose of this literature study was to describe womens' experiences of menstruation. The design of this study was a general literature study based on womens' stories about menstruation. By analyzing data, different key words were identified to create two main themes, The Menstrual Health and The Menstrual Illness. Of these two main themes, six different subthemes could be formulated: Femininity, Cohabitation, Acceptance, Physical discomfort, The condemned female body and Feeling dirty. Menstruation was a proof of health and evidence of a functioning and fertile body and as an attribute to femininity. Menstruation like ill health was characterized by negative experiences. This was often based on ignorance of the female body as well as the perception of menstruation as shameful. Linked to menstruation, nurses have an important role in providing support and education. As research on womens' experiences of menstruation in Sweden is limited, therefore further research is required regarding the subject in this part of the world.

Bakgrund: Alla individer har rätt till information, hälsovård och stöd för att uppnå god potential gällande sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa och rättigheter (SRHR). I Sverige finns goda förutsättningar för sexualundervisning av hög kvalitet i skolan. Trots detta finns kvalitetsbrister i undervisningen och kvinnor saknar kunskap om SRHR. Kondom används mer sällan vid samlag med en ny partner och kvinnor utsätter sig därmed för en ökad risk för oönskade graviditeter och sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar. Syfte: Att undersöka hur unga kvinnor fått kunskap om SRHR, vilken kunskap unga kvinnor saknade från skolans sexualundervisning och vilken kunskap och erfarenheter de hade av sin sexuella och reproduktiva hälsa. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med kvalitativa inslag utfördes med egenkonstruerade enkäter som datainsamlingsmetod. Sjuksköterskestudenter mellan 18–30 år besvarade enkäten och resultatet analyserades med deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Totalt 84 kvinnor besvarade enkäten (86,6%). Kvinnorna hade fått utbildning om SRHR i grundskolan. Sexualundervisningen uppfattades vara bristfällig och ansågs utgå från för snäva perspektiv. Kvinnorna saknade tillräcklig kunskap om reproduktion. Kvinnorna hade kunskap om vilka könssjukdomar som kan leda till minskad fertilitet, trots detta hade många av kvinnorna haft oskyddat samlag med en ny sexuell kontakt. Många kvinnor hade besökt en barnmorska och skattade sin sexuella hälsa som bra eller mycket bra. Slutsats: Skolans sexualundervisning bör vara återkommande under hela skolgången och vara av god kvalitet för att stötta kvinnor att fatta ansvarsfulla och välgrundade beslut gällande SRHR. Det krävs tydliga mål för innehållet i undervisningen för att främja möjligheterna till god sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa. Barnmorskor möter unga kvinnor i sitt arbete och SRHR är barnmorskans kompetensområde, här kan barnmorskan stötta och vägleda kvinnor genom hela livet. / Background: All individuals are entitled to information, healthcare and support to achieve good potential of sexual and reproductive health (SRHR). In Sweden, there are good prerequisites for high quality education. However, there are quality deficiencies in teaching and women lack knowledge of SRHR. Condoms are rarely used when having intercourse with a new partner and women accordingly expose themselves to an increased risk of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Objective: To investigate how young women acquired knowledge about SRHR, perceived lack of knowledge from sex education, what knowledge they had and what experiences they had of their sexual and reproductive health. Method: The study was performed through a quantitative cross-sectional study with qualitative elements using self-constructed questionnaires as data collection method. Nursing students between 18-30 years completed the questionnaire and the result was analysed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 84 women completed the questionnaires (86,6%). The women had been educated about SRHR in elementary school. Sex education was perceived to be inadequate and was explained from a narrow perspective. The women lacked sufficient knowledge of reproduction. The women had knowledge of which sexually transmitted infections that can lead to reduced fertility, in spite of this many women have had unprotected intercourse with a new sexual contact. Many women have visited a midwife and self-estimated their sexual health as good or very good. Conclusion: Education should be recurring throughout schooling and be of good quality to support women in making responsible and informed decisions regarding SRHR. Clear objectives are required for the content of the teaching to promote the opportunities for good sexual and reproductive health. Midwives meet young women in their work and SRHR is the midwife’s area of expertise, where the midwife can support and guide women throughout their lives.

Bakgrund: Många barn kommer i kontakt med pornografiskt material under sin uppväxt. Pornografi är lättillgängligt och kan påverka beteenden, kroppsideal och föreställningar av sexualitet. Det kan problematiseras utifrån hälsa, jämställdhetssynpunkt och Sexuell och Reproduktiv Hälsa och Rättigheter (SRHR). Arbetet med SRHR sker både inom skolan och hälso- och sjukvård. Det finns behov av att prata om pornografi inom det hälsofrämjande arbetet med barn, där skolsköterskan har en viktig roll. Motiv: Tydliga riktlinjer kring hur skolsköterskor bör adressera ämnet saknas. Genom att beskriva skolsköterskors uppfattning kring att prata om pornografi kan en djupare förståelse fås för de behov, utmaningar och möjligheter som finns och därmed kan en förståelse erhållas för hur arbetet kan utvecklas. Syfte: Beskriva skolsköterskors uppfattning av att prata om ämnet pornografi i sitt hälsofrämjande arbete. Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio skolsköterskor inom grundskolan. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera den insamlade datan. Resultat: Skolsköterskorna upplevde det viktigt att prata om pornografi med barn. Att våga prata, vara lyhörd, respektfull och inge förtroende lyftes som viktiga egenskaper för att få barnen att känna sig bekväma i samtalen. Skolsköterskorna ville förmedla en medvetenhet kring ämnet, såsom kritiskt förhållningssätt samt förmedla en annan bild av sexualitet. Det fanns svårigheter i när och hur ämnet skulle börja pratas om. Ett behov av ökad kunskap i ämnet och förståelse för vad barnen möter lyftes. Det upplevdes finnas behov att prata om ämnet kontinuerligt, och samverkan med andra kunde utgöra antingen ett hinder eller en tillgång. Konklusion: Att prata om ämnet pornografi med barn är känsligt och komplext men sågs som viktigt utifrån professionen. Ämnet kan bemötas på olika sätt men det behövs mer kunskap, kontinuitet och god samverkan. Utformning av evidensbaserade arbetsmodeller för samtal om pornografi skulle kunna minska osäkerheten bland skolsköterskorna. / Background: Many children encounter pornography during their childhood. Pornography is easily accessible and may affect behaviours, body ideals and ideas in relation to sexuality. This can be problematised from a health, gender equality and SRHR (sexual and reproductive health and rights) perspective. The work with SRHR is carried out within schools and healthcare, where the school nurse plays an important role. Motive: There is an absence of guidelines on how school nurses should address pornography. By describing school nurses’ perceptions about talking about pornography, a deeper understanding about the existent needs, challenges and opportunities can emerge and enable an appreciation on how to improve the work. Aim: To describe school nurses’ perceptions regarding talking about pornography within their health promoting work. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with nine school nurses were conducted. The data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Result: The school nurses expressed that it was important to talk about pornography with the children. Courage, confidence, being careful and respectful, was described as valuable qualities in making the children feel more comfortable when discussing pornography. The school nurses wanted to convey a critical approach to pornography, and reveal a different view of sexuality. However, determining when and how the subject should be brought up proved difficult. The school nurses expressed a need for increased knowledge and understanding regarding children's experiences online, as well as a need to address the subject regularly. Cooperation with other professionals in the school could either be an obstacle or an asset. Conclusion: Talking about pornography is complex and sensitive, but it was thought of as important within the profession. The subject can be addressed in different ways but an increased knowledge, continuity and cooperation is required. A formation of evidence based working models for talking about pornography could decrease insecurity among school nurses.

The multiple components of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), promotes women’s wellbeing and rights to a life free from discrimination and violence. Gender-based violence (GBV) is a matter closely related to SRHR and affects women globally on daily basis. South Africa is estimated to score one of the highest rates of GBV in the world. This thesis aims to gain an understanding of how civil society organisations (CSOs) working with SRHR-related issues, approach South African state institutions with regard to strengthen strategies against GBV. A qualitative content analysis is adopted to analyse the CSO’s documents that frame their advocacy work against GBV and how they approach state institutions in South Africa. The results from the analysed documents are thereby examined through theoretical approaches, mainly targeting CSOs ability to translate universal human rights into local contexts, and contributions to social justice. The analysed documents reveal that the selected CSOs mobilise their advocacy against GBV through different media platforms. Moreover, the CSO’s advocacy is presented through evidence-based research, policy briefs, articles and campaigns. Through their approaches to state institutions, the CSOs demand the state to recognise that inequality and patriarchal structures cause GBV and negatively affect women’s wellbeing. Furthermore, the selected CSOs demand fair distribution of resources that ensures women’s safety in the public sphere. In addition, the CSOs demand implementation of educational programmes with gender perspectives in all aspects of society. Finally, the CSOs demand South African state institutions to include all sectors of society in decision-making processes of strategies against GBV. Thus, state institutions can unsure proper implementation of preventative methods against GBV.

The present study aims to analyze the determining role of biology teachers and guardians in the discursive gap between children's sexuality, sexual curiosity and the sexual depiction of pornography. With an understanding of children's sexuality as holistic and dependent on many perspectives, the study highlights various factors that influence the child's knowledge about Sex and Reproductive Health in the biology subject. The study is an in-depth analysis-of various narratives presented by biology teachers and guardians regarding children’s sexuality and the teaching practice in Sex and Reproductive Health Education in Sweden. The critical discourse analysis is based on critical childhood theory and postconstructivism, which lays the framework for the study’s theoretical underpinnings. This means that an interpretation of respondents' linguistic communication permeates the study.The conclusion is that perceptions of the child's sexuality differ between biology teachers and the guardians, of which different opinions about the teaching content of Sex and Reproductive Health Education can be ascertained. All “important adults” (biology teachers and guardians) agree that pornography depicts a false image of sexual relationships, but when this is to be raised with the pupils, there are split perceptions. Another conclusion is that the determining role and values of teachers and guardians is an aspect that can influence what knowledge middle school pupils are given the opportunity to acquire. This may be significant when considering whether pupils gain sufficient knowledge about sexual relations, in school, in such way that the sexual depiction of pornography is not the only image of sexuality presented to them.

Syfte: Att beskriva incestutsatta personers upplevelse av hur den sociala miljön hindrat eller främjat deras delaktighet i aktivitet både som barn och vuxen. Metod: Litteraturstudie av självbiografier vilka analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ analys av berättelser och resulterade i fem kategorier: Behovet av stöd för en sund kärleksrelation, vuxna påverkar barns lek och fritid, avgörande faktorer för missbruk, utsattheten driver utbildning och karriär och bemötandet påverkar vård och rättsprocess. Tre självbiografier inkluderades i studien, inklusionskriterier var självbiografier inom ämnet incest samt att de skulle vara skrivna på engelska eller svenska. Samtliga av de utvalda självbiografierna är skrivna av kvinnor där fadern varit förövaren. Resultat: Resultatet av studien visar att den sociala miljön kan verka främjande och hindrande gällande delaktighet i aktivitet för personer utsatta för incest. Övergripande upplever personerna att relationen till fadern och de övergrepp han begått på flera sätt påverkat deras delaktighet inom alla livsområde både som barn och vuxen. Ett socialt stöd från familj, vänner och omgivningen är den främsta faktorn i den sociala miljön som upplevs främja delaktighet i aktivitet. Slutsats: Det finns behov för djupare forskning inom ämnet. För att arbetsterapeuten skall ha möjlighet att utveckla arbetsterapeutiska åtgärder som gynnar en incestutsatt person krävs mer kunskap och förståelse kring kopplingen mellan den utsatte personen, den sociala miljön och delaktighet i aktivitet. Fortsatt forskning hade varit intressant genom en tvärvetenskaplig studie tillsammans med andra professioner som har annan kunskap av värde inom ämnet. / Aim: To describe how people exposed to incest experienced the social environment as limiting or enabling  their occupational participation during childhood and adulthood. Method: Literature study of autobiographies which were analyzed based on a qualitative analysis of narratives and resulted in five categories: The need for support for a healthy love relationship, adults affect children's play and leisure, decisive factors for addiction, the concequenses of incest drives education and career and treatment affects healthcare and legal process. Three autobiographies were included in the study, inclusion criteria were autobiographies in the subject of incest and that they should be written in English or Swedish. All of the selected autobiographies are written by women where the father was the perpetrator. Result: The results of the study show that the social environment can have limiting and enabling effects on occupational participation for people exposed to incest. Overall, the people experience that the relationship with the father and the abuse he committed in several ways affected their participation in all areas of life, both as children and adults. Social support from family, friends and the environment is the main factor in the social environment that is perceived to enable occupational participation. Conclusion: There is a need for deeper research in the subject. More knowledge regarding the interactions between social environment and occupational participation is needed for occupational therapists to be able to develop interventions that benefits people exposed to incest. Continued research would be interesting through an interdisciplinary study together with other professions that have other knowledge of value in the subject.

No description available.

1994 in Cairo United Nations Population and Development Fund held a conference where the attending 179 nations agreed that Sexual and reproductive health is a human right. Everyone is entitled to this right without distinction.   This thesis investigates what covenants, declarations, policies, strategies and national law say about sexual and reproductive rights for men, specifically men in Sweden.   The thesis aims to enlighten the reader about men’s situation in a welfare state where discriminatory structures in society is reproducing gender stereotypes in a country that is one of the most gender equal countries in the world.   The general lack of common knowledge and subsequent lacking education in the matter is abundantly clear when browsing documents issued by official sources throughout the world. While Europe and its countries have begun to examine and call attention to this neglected subject, progress is still slow and could be hazardous to men’s sexual and reproductive health. The thesis concludes with an argument that Sweden have a discriminatory structure built in society that discriminate men and their right to sexual and reproductive health according to Discrimination Act 2008:567 by practices that appear to be neutral but can affect men in a negative way.

Background: Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) is a cornerstone of overall health, particularly in fragile humanitarian contexts. Despite being recognized as a fundamental human right, access to quality SRH services is often significantly restricted in crisis situations. This limitation can lead to damaging health outcomes for women, children, and marginalized groups. Given this reality, there is an urgent need for an enriched understanding of SRH in area simpacted by conflicts, disasters, and population displacements. With global trends such as increasing forced migration and escalating crises, a thorough re evaluation of the challenges and potential solutions associated with SRH in these contexts is crucial. Aim: The aim of the integrative review is to describe the current status of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and interventions in humanitarian settings and explore key challenges in sexual and reproductive health services in these settings. Methodology: This integrative literature review analyzed and synthesized 22 research papers through inductive methodology by Elo and Kyngäs (2008). Results: This in-depth review of studies from a wide range of humanitarian environments worldwide, has unveiled critical insights into the hurdles surrounding Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services. Firstly, barriers to accessibility and awareness prevent individuals from acquiring vital SRH knowledge and services, and this prevention is often intensified by sociocultural stigmas. Educational and language obstacles further amplify these challenges, particularly for migrants. This review also underscores the severe impact of gender-based violence (GBV) and early or forced marriages on SRH outcomes. Conclusions: This analysis reveals key obstacles that obstruct the provision of SRH services in humanitarian settings. Acknowledging these issues enables decision-makers to plan effectivestrategies and interventions to address the SRH needs in these settings. Exploration of each barrier and seeking holistic solutions to overcome these challenges is suggested.

Objetivo: Descrever a iniciação sexual e o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e estimar fatores associados a estas condutas, em adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos de idade, de escolas da rede pública de ensino secundário da Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com amostra probabilística e representativa de 768 adolescentes com idade entre 13 e 17 anos, de escolas secundárias públicas da Ilha de Santiago em 2007. A associação foi testada pelo teste de proporção, qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Fisher e regressão logística. Para estimar os fatores associados ao uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e preservativo, foi analisada a sub-amostra de 368 adolescentes sexualmente ativos. O início da vida sexual, o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais e o uso de preservativo foram analisados como desfechos. Foram consideradas variáveis independentes: características sociodemográficas, afetivo-sexuais e comportamentais. Foi utilizada regressão logística para análise simultânea dos fatores, considerando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino, os fatores associados ao início da vida sexual foram: idade maior que 14 anos, ser católico e consumir bebidas alcoólicas. Entre as adolescentes do sexo feminino, possuir mais de nove anos de estudo e parceria afetivosexual foram associados ao início da vida sexual. Entre os 368 adolescentes, 69,3% referiram ter usado métodos anticoncepcionais na sua última relação sexual, sendo mais freqüentes o preservativo (94,9%) e a pílula (26,4%). Fatores significativos e positivamente associados ao uso de métodos anticoncepcionais na última relação foram: morar em município da capital (OR=2,02; IC95%: 1,23;3,32), ter namorado anteriormente à época da entrevista (OR=2,82; IC95%: 1,51;5,26) e ter mais de oito anos de estudo (OR=2,03; IC95%: 1,23;3,33). A prevalência de uso de preservativo na última relação sexual foi de 94,9%. Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo na última relação foram: religião não católica (OR=0,68, IC 95%: 0,52;0,88) e parceria afetivo-sexual no período anterior à pesquisa (OR = 5,15, IC 95%: 1,79; 14,80). Conclusões: Ao contrário de outros contextos da África Subsaariana, foram constadas taxas elevadas de uso de preservativo por adolescentes no início da vida sexual. Os adolescentes podem iniciar a vida sexual de maneira mais segura se tiverem informação, educação sexual e acesso a métodos de prevenção à gravidez e IST. O elevado uso de preservativo e a associação entre escolaridade e utilização de métodos anticoncepcionais entre adolescentes na última relação sexual podem expressar resultados positivos das políticas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva atuais, contribuindo para diminuição da infecção por HIV. Todavia, a influência da religião e da parceria afetivo-sexual no uso de preservativo revela a necessidade de ações de prevenção voltadas para segmentos religiosos não católicos e que não possuem parceria afetivo-sexual. Este estudo oferece elementos para a reflexão sobre o delineamento de políticas de redução da vulnerabilidade dos jovens às IST/Aids e sobre os limites e desafios da promoção do uso do preservativo e educação sexual focando as relações desiguais de gênero. / Objective: To describe the onset of sexual life and the use of contraceptive methods and to estimate factors associated among adolescents aged 13-17 years from public high schools in Santiago Island, Cape Verde. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic and representative sample of 768 adolescents aged 13-17 years from public high schools was carried out in Santiago Island, Cape Verde, in 2007. The association was verified by means of test of proportions, Pearsons chi-square, Fishers exact and logistic regression. The subsample of 368 sexually active adolescents was analyzed to estimate the factors associated with contraceptive methods and condom use. The first sexual intercourse and contraceptive methods and condom use were analyzed as outcomes. Sociodemographic, sexual-affective and behavioral characteristics were the independent variables. Logistic regression was used for simultaneous analysis of factors at a 5% significance level. Results: Among male adolescents, the factors associated with the first sexual intercourse were: age over 14 years, being catholic and alcohol consumption. For female adolescents, having more than nine years of schooling and sexual-affective partnership were associated with the first sexual intercourse. Among the 368 adolescents, 69.3% reported use of contraceptive methods in the last sexual intercourse; the most frequent methods were condom (94.9%) and pill (26.4%). Significant and positive factors associated with the use of contraceptive methods in the last sexual intercourse were: living in the capital (OR=2.02; 95%CI: 1.23;3.32), having dated previously the study (OR=2.82; 95%CI: 1.51;5.26) and having more than eight years of schooling (OR=2.03; 95%CI: 1.23;3.33). The prevalence of condom use in the last sexual intercourse was 94.9%. Factors associated with condom use in the last sexual intercourse were: being non-catholic (OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.52;0.88) and having affective-sexual partnership previously the study (OR=5.15, 95%CI: 1.79;14.80). Conclusions: Contrary to other Sub-Saharan Africa contexts, high rates of condom use in adolescents first sexual intercourse were observed. Adolescents are able to begin sexual life more safely as long as they are provide with information, sexual education and access to contraceptive and STI prevention methods. The high condom use and the association between schooling and contraceptive methods utilization in the last sexual intercourse may express positive outcomes from the current sexual and reproductive health policies, accounting for the decrease in HIV infection. However, the influence of religion and sexual-affective partnership on condom use indicates the need for preventive measures targeted at noncatholic groups and those without affective-sexual partnership. This study contributes for the reflection upon the design of policies aimed at reducing the vulnerability of young people to STI/AIDS and the limits and challenges to promote condom use and sexual education focusing on gender inequalities.