In hierdie studie is die tema: ʼn Pastorale ondersoek na die inrigting van geestelike en emosionele herstel in kontemporêre modelle vir innerlike genesing. Die oogmerk is die uiteindelike formulering van vernuwende insigte en riglyne vir die pastorale begeleiding van emosioneel en geestelik verwonde persone vanuit ʼn innerlike genesingsperspektief. Osmer se pastoraal-teologiese metode word as vertrekpunt geneem en hiervolgens word daar onder die Normatiewe taak in hoofstuk 2 gefokus op sewe kontemporêre innerlike genesing modelle. Onder hierdie selfde afdeling word daar in hoofstuk 3 ʼn Skriftuurlike basis geformuleer vir die tema van innerlike genesing en word daar ook bepaal in watter mate beginsels vanuit die onderskeie innerlike genesingsmodelle wat ondersoek word, voldoen aan die eise van die Skrif. Onder die Interpreterende taak word daar in hoofstuk 4 gefokus op aanvullende riglyne vanuit die aangrensende wetenskappe met betrekking tot beginsels van innerlike genesing. Hier het onder andere geblyk dat diep onderdrukte emosionele pyn sekere liggaamlike probleme kan veroorsaak en ook die immuunsisteem onderdruk. Emosionele vryheid of gebondenheid word ook grootliks bepaal deur faktore soos disfunksionele gedragspatrone, traumatiese drome, die verlede te konfronteer, kompulsiewe gedrag te staak, vergifnis te bied/ontvang en op positiewe aspekte soos sterkpunte en prestasies van die verlede te fokus. Vanuit die Beskrywende empiriese taak in hoofstuk 5 word die resultate van drie gevallestudies aan die orde gestel. Tydens gebedsessies is daar telkens saam met die begeleidendes onder leiding van die Heilige Gees as’t ware ‘terug beweeg’ na die oorspronklike traumatiese situasies. Insiggewende waarnemings is gemaak ten opsigte van die begeleidendes se belewenisse van emosionele en geestelike genesing tydens hierdie sessies. Praktyk-teoretiese riglyne ten opsigte van die formulering van ʼn eie innerlike genesingsmodel kom aan die orde in hoofstuk 6 onder die Pragmatiese taak. Die model wat voorgestel word bestaan uit ses fases waarvan die gebedsessie die kern gedeelte vorm. / PhD (Pastoral Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The focus of this study is on the evaluation of community based care and support service for older persons in the community. The government of South Africa and other African Countries held several discussions with the intention of addressing the needs and challenges of older persons in the community. As a follow up to the discussion, the new developmental approach, that is the South African Policy for Older Persons of 2005 and the Older Persons Act, 13 of 2006, promulgated in line with the recommendation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on ageing which was drafted and adopted at the World Assembly on Ageing that was convened by the United Nations in 2002. Older Persons Act 13 of 2006 was developed with the intention of addressing the needs of older persons in the community as the Aged Act no 100 of 1967 as amended in 1998, was focusing more on the residential care service. The Older Persons Act 13 of 2006 recognizes the importance of community-based care and support services and this means that the service delivery to older persons has been broadened and services have become more inclusive and accessible. Older persons will be able to remain in their communities within their families for as long as possible. According to the Older Persons Act 13 of 2006, the community-based care and support services means any programmes that are rendered to older persons to enable them to remain independent in their communities for as long as possible. These programmes are preventing the unnecessary admission of older persons in the residential care facilities. According to the Older Persons Act 13 of 2006, the Community-based care and support services are categorized into, namely, prevention and promotion programmes and the home-based care services. These two categories will be discussed in details in this study. In this study the researcher used the older persons (recipients of services), representatives of management committees for the Non-profit organizations rendering services to older persons in the community and the officials of the Department of Social Development as participants. The aim of this study is to discuss and evaluate the community-based care and support services strategy as used by the Department of Social Development in rendering services to older persons within communities in Motheo District (Free State Province) and to raise the viewpoints of direct service providers (management committees) officials of the Department of Social Development and older persons that receive these services, in order to enhance the delivery of this programme. The research methodology that was utilized in this study includes the empirical research and the literature review. A literature review was conducted by the researcher for a clear understanding of the nature and meaning of the problem that has been identified. The questionnaires and interview tools were used by the researcher as methods of data collection. This study consists of two articles, article 1: Background and nature of community-based care and support services and article 2: Evaluation of community-based care and support services The findings from the study indicated that the community based care and support services can be the best and important programme for older persons in the community if it can be well implemented. / MSW, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

A broader research project was conducted about intergenerational relationships. The focus of this study was about adolescents’ experiences of care in relationships with people older than 60 years, who live in an environment where resources are constrained. Care usually occurs in relationships and can take either the form of practical care or emotional care, or both which can occur simultaneously. Practical care involves behaviours, while emotional care involves feelings. Both are aimed at attending to other people’s needs. Previous studies on intergenerational relationships and care largely focused on either informal and practical care-giving, which are mainly provided by adult children to older people; or on the informal and practical care-giving provided by grandparents to grandchildren. Research on relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and young adults in South Africa has indicated ambivalence in their relationships. While another South African study on the relational experiences between Setswana-speaking older people and their grandchildren, who are in their middle childhood, reported supportive and caring relationships. Limited research exists about care in the relationships between adolescents and older people. Care as a relational phenomenon in intergenerational relationships is explained by the Self-Interactional Group Theory (SIGT), and is used in this study as the theoretical framework. SIGT explains the interactional manifestation of intergenerational relations, and conceptualises that intergenerational relationships are continuously created and co-created, which influences the meaning that is attached to care. This theory further explains the intra-individual, inter-individual and group level interactions that take place between the adolescents and older people. According to SIGT, intergenerational interactions are embedded in the socio-cultural, socio-economical, socio-political and the physical environments in which they take place. This study was conducted in Vaalharts, situated in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This community is economically vulnerable and resources are constrained. A qualitative research method was used to describe adolescents’ experiences of care. Fourteen adolescents between the ages of 12 and 16 years participated in the research. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The participants took part in the Mmogo-method ®, which is a visual participatory data gathering method, to elicit the experiences of care. Eight of the participants were part of the care-group, while the other six were part of the respect-group. All 14 participants received a journal with questions about care and respect to enlighten the data further. For this study, only the data about care was used. The Mmogo-method ® required the participants to build a visual presentation using clay, beads and sticks, about their experiences of care in relation to people older than 60 years. On completion, the rest of the participants were then asked to augment the individual’s explanation with their own views. The explanations were recorded and transcribed verbatim, while the visual representations were photographed and served as visual data. The data were analysed by the use of thematic and visual analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured by the use of credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability strategies. Additionally, the ethical guidelines provided by the Health Professions Council of South Africa for Psychologists were followed (Health Professions Act 56 of 1974). It was found that the adolescents were able to identify older people’s practical care and emotional care needs, and take action to provide them with appropriate care. The adolescents showed care in the form of practical activities, emotional support, showing respect, and obtaining an education. Findings further indicated that adolescents received care only in the form of practical care. These findings may be an indication that, from the adolescents’ perspective, there is an imbalance between the giving and receiving of practical and emotional care. Intervention programs can then focus on ways to help ensure that both practical and emotional care occurs in a more balanced manner. / MSc (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In hierdie studie is die tema: ʼn Pastorale ondersoek na die inrigting van geestelike en emosionele herstel in kontemporêre modelle vir innerlike genesing. Die oogmerk is die uiteindelike formulering van vernuwende insigte en riglyne vir die pastorale begeleiding van emosioneel en geestelik verwonde persone vanuit ʼn innerlike genesingsperspektief. Osmer se pastoraal-teologiese metode word as vertrekpunt geneem en hiervolgens word daar onder die Normatiewe taak in hoofstuk 2 gefokus op sewe kontemporêre innerlike genesing modelle. Onder hierdie selfde afdeling word daar in hoofstuk 3 ʼn Skriftuurlike basis geformuleer vir die tema van innerlike genesing en word daar ook bepaal in watter mate beginsels vanuit die onderskeie innerlike genesingsmodelle wat ondersoek word, voldoen aan die eise van die Skrif. Onder die Interpreterende taak word daar in hoofstuk 4 gefokus op aanvullende riglyne vanuit die aangrensende wetenskappe met betrekking tot beginsels van innerlike genesing. Hier het onder andere geblyk dat diep onderdrukte emosionele pyn sekere liggaamlike probleme kan veroorsaak en ook die immuunsisteem onderdruk. Emosionele vryheid of gebondenheid word ook grootliks bepaal deur faktore soos disfunksionele gedragspatrone, traumatiese drome, die verlede te konfronteer, kompulsiewe gedrag te staak, vergifnis te bied/ontvang en op positiewe aspekte soos sterkpunte en prestasies van die verlede te fokus. Vanuit die Beskrywende empiriese taak in hoofstuk 5 word die resultate van drie gevallestudies aan die orde gestel. Tydens gebedsessies is daar telkens saam met die begeleidendes onder leiding van die Heilige Gees as’t ware ‘terug beweeg’ na die oorspronklike traumatiese situasies. Insiggewende waarnemings is gemaak ten opsigte van die begeleidendes se belewenisse van emosionele en geestelike genesing tydens hierdie sessies. Praktyk-teoretiese riglyne ten opsigte van die formulering van ʼn eie innerlike genesingsmodel kom aan die orde in hoofstuk 6 onder die Pragmatiese taak. Die model wat voorgestel word bestaan uit ses fases waarvan die gebedsessie die kern gedeelte vorm. / PhD (Pastoral Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The focus of this study is on the evaluation of community based care and support service for older persons in the community. The government of South Africa and other African Countries held several discussions with the intention of addressing the needs and challenges of older persons in the community. As a follow up to the discussion, the new developmental approach, that is the South African Policy for Older Persons of 2005 and the Older Persons Act, 13 of 2006, promulgated in line with the recommendation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on ageing which was drafted and adopted at the World Assembly on Ageing that was convened by the United Nations in 2002. Older Persons Act 13 of 2006 was developed with the intention of addressing the needs of older persons in the community as the Aged Act no 100 of 1967 as amended in 1998, was focusing more on the residential care service. The Older Persons Act 13 of 2006 recognizes the importance of community-based care and support services and this means that the service delivery to older persons has been broadened and services have become more inclusive and accessible. Older persons will be able to remain in their communities within their families for as long as possible. According to the Older Persons Act 13 of 2006, the community-based care and support services means any programmes that are rendered to older persons to enable them to remain independent in their communities for as long as possible. These programmes are preventing the unnecessary admission of older persons in the residential care facilities. According to the Older Persons Act 13 of 2006, the Community-based care and support services are categorized into, namely, prevention and promotion programmes and the home-based care services. These two categories will be discussed in details in this study. In this study the researcher used the older persons (recipients of services), representatives of management committees for the Non-profit organizations rendering services to older persons in the community and the officials of the Department of Social Development as participants. The aim of this study is to discuss and evaluate the community-based care and support services strategy as used by the Department of Social Development in rendering services to older persons within communities in Motheo District (Free State Province) and to raise the viewpoints of direct service providers (management committees) officials of the Department of Social Development and older persons that receive these services, in order to enhance the delivery of this programme. The research methodology that was utilized in this study includes the empirical research and the literature review. A literature review was conducted by the researcher for a clear understanding of the nature and meaning of the problem that has been identified. The questionnaires and interview tools were used by the researcher as methods of data collection. This study consists of two articles, article 1: Background and nature of community-based care and support services and article 2: Evaluation of community-based care and support services The findings from the study indicated that the community based care and support services can be the best and important programme for older persons in the community if it can be well implemented. / MSW, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

<p>Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur några personer ur personalgruppen på en skola som på sin arbetsplats deltagit i en av Svenska institutet för sorgbearbetning arrangerad workshop upplever sitt deltagande. Frågeställningarna som använts för att uppnå syftet var: Hur upplever några av de personer som deltagit i workshopen att den förändrat deras sätt att hantera sin egen sorg, hur upplever några av de personer som deltagit i workshopen att de genom workshopen tillgodogjort sig kunskaper att använda i sitt yrkesutövande och i relationen till kollegor? Resultatet analyserades ur ett behavioristiskt perspektiv med hjälp av Skinners principer för beteenden och Baer, Wolf & Risleys teori, den tillämpade beteendeanalysen samt James och Friedmans handlingsprogram för sorgbearbetning. Urvalsramen bestod av 6 personer som deltagit i en workshop kring ett handlingsprogram för sorgbearbetning. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ då informanternas upplevelser av handlingsprogrammet stod i fokus. Resultatet visade två huvudsakliga sätt som informanterna tillgodogjort sig kunskaperna på. Det ena sättet karakteriserades av att de förvärvat ett nytt förhållningssätt gentemot sig själva och andra. Det andra sättet berörde den praktiska användningen av handlingsprogrammet för sorgbearbetning.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att belysa olika aspekter av nyutexaminerade allmänsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta närstående i sorg. Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats och data insamlades genom sex stycken bandade intervjuer på tre medicinavdelningar vid ett medelstort sjukhus i mellersta Sverige. Datamaterialet analyserades enligt en manifest metod och ur analysen skapades två huvudteman – relationer och kunskap. Det största temat är relationer som byggs upp av tre underteman och beskriver sjuksköterskans förhållande till närstående, sig själv och övrig vårdpersonal. Temat kunskap innehåller två underteman och beskriver sjuksköterskans kunskapsutveckling och behov av kunskap.</p><p>Slutsatserna från studien är att nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor anser att möta närstående i sorg är en av deras svåraste uppgifter på grund svårigheterna i att tillgodose närståendes individuella behov. Det visade sig även att sjuksköterskorna ansåg att sjuksköterskeutbildningen inte förberett dem tillräckligt för detta. Att lära sig att möta närstående är något som sker i praktiken. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg att det viktigaste i mötet med närstående är att vara närvarande och visa att de är tillängliga snarare än att säga eller göra rätt saker.</p><p>Vidare forskning inom området skulle kunna fokusera på skillnader mellan erfarna och nyexaminerades erfarenheter. En vidare forskning skulle också kunna inbegripa patientens perspektiv.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to shed light on different aspects of newly graduated nurses’ experiences from interacting with relatives to patients who were dead or dying. The study has a qualitative approach and data was collected from six tape recorded interviews conducted at three medicine wards in a medium sized hospital in the middle of Sweden. The data was analyzed by a manifest content method and two main themes – relationships and knowledge, were derived from it. The largest main theme is relationships, which also contains three sub themes describing the nurse’s relationship to relatives, self and other members of staff. The main theme knowledge contains two sub themes which describes the nurse’s need for and development in knowledge. The study concludes that interacting with grieving relatives is one of the most complicated tasks for the newly graduated nurse. The difficulties were grounded in satisfying the complex needs of the relatives. The nurses stated that the nursing education program didn’t sufficiently prepare them for this, it was something they learnt from real life experience.</p><p>The findings of this study could be beneficial for the nurse education program as well as hospitals to increase their awareness of the difficulties newly graduated nurses experiences when interacting with grieving relatives.</p><p>Further research could involve describing differences between experienced and newly graduated nurses and including the patient’s perspective.</p>

The aim of this study has been to investigate how the death of a close relative is described in pictures and texts through the eyes of a child character in three picture books. The analysis has also considered how the child character copes with the tragedy and how he or she finds support in the grief process. The books analysed here are Resan till Ugri-La-Brek (1987), Farväl, Rune (1986), and Jättebra Olga! (2010). Since these are works of fiction, this study does not assume that they are an accurate reflection of reality, but the way the child characters act and cope with their grief has been compared with the findings of empirical research on how children react in real situations. The material has been examined by means of a qualitative literary analysis comparing the books according to the research questions. The study finds that the child characters receive evasive explanations from people around them concerning what death means, for instance that the person is sleeping. A common reaction among the children is to deny what has happened. To find the way out of the grief, the child characters begin by looking for answers to their questions about death, and by thinking of memories of the dead person. According to empirical research, abstract explanations of death should be avoided for children in grief, since this can cause confusion. Everyone will be affected by grief some time during life, and children can ask questions about this uncertain subject. Another aim here has therefore been to consider any possible benefits the books may have for practical application in the classroom when discussing these matters.

This study investigates the behaviour and pastoral role of the three Dutch-Afrikaans churches during the Second World War. The churches were not only affected by the emergency measures and the rationing, but also by division among themselves. Many members fiercely opposed war participation and supported the Ossewabrandwag as a resistance organisation, with the acceptance and approval of the local church council. Other members supported the war effort, which led to much tension in the congregations and in relationships. This division had such an influence on the congregations that churches rather strived towards peace in the congregations than to pastorally address the needs of the affected. Churches comfortably shifted this responsibility onto the civil organisations such as the Ossewabrandwag Emergency Fund, State funding and the provision of Field preachers by the government. This study shows that the churches neglected their pastoral responsibility towards those members affected by the war. / PhD (Church and Dogma History), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Grief following a parent’s suicide has been called ‘the silent grief’: due to a prevailing stigma connected to suicide as a mode of death, the parent cannot be talked about. This silenced or distorted communication complicates grieving youths’ meaning reconstruction centred on the question of why the parent committed suicide – a question inevitably linked to queries of who the deceased parent was, and that ultimately triggers thoughts about who oneself has become in the light of this experience. Previous research has emphasized how vulnerable parentally suicidebereaved youths are by categorizing them as ‘at risk group’ of social and psychological problems and even suicide. However, there is scant knowledge about how these young mourners perceive and manage their own grief and need for social support – knowledge that is essential from a professional perspective. The aim of this thesis is to use a narrative research approach to investigate what and how young mourners tell of their experiences in a variety of social contexts: research interviews, a theatre play and two chat contexts on the Internet. Since they actively seek to achieve something through their communication with others, mourning youths are seen as storytellers and social actors, rather than passive victims of circumstance. This thesis shows how these young mourners search for a context outside of their immediate daily networks where they can normalize and liberate themselves and their deceased parent from stigmatizing discourses. The possibility of narrating experiences in a destigmatizing context supports a renegotiation of how to make sense of the suicide – from a voluntary and selfish act, to an involuntary and desperate act caused by adverse life situations or ‘unbearable pain’ and depression. This knowledge is applicable to encounters with parentally suicide-bereaved youths in a professional context, such as social work practice. / Sorgen efter en förälders självmord har kallats ”den tysta sorgen”: eftersom självmord alltjämt är en stigmatiserande dödsorsak är det svårt att prata om den döde föräldern. Sådan tystad eller förvrängd kommunikation försvårar unga sörjandes meningsskapande utifrån frågan varför föräldern tog sitt liv – en fråga ofrånkomligen sammankopplad med funderingar om vem den döde föräldern var, vilket ytterst också väcker tankar om vem man själv har blivit i ljuset av denna erfarenhet. Tidigare forskning har betonat självmordsdrabbade barns sårbarhet genom att kategorisera dem som en ”riskgrupp” för sociala och psykologiska problem och till och med självmord. Emellertid är kunskapen knapp om hur dessa sörjande unga själva uppfattar och hanterar sin sorg och sina stödbehov – en angelägen kunskap ur ett professionellt perspektiv. Syftet med denna avhandling är att genom en narrativ forskningsansats undersöka vad och hur unga sörjande berättar om sina erfarenheter i några olika sociala kontexter: i forskningsintervjuer, en teaterföreställning och två olika chattsammanhang på Internet. Eftersom dessa sörjande unga aktivt försöker åstadkomma något genom sin kommunikation med andra förstås de som berättare och sociala aktörer, snarare än passiva offer för omständigheter. Avhandlingen visar hur unga självmordssörjande söker en plats utanför sina vardagliga relationer, där de kan normalisera och frigöra sig själva och den döde föräldern i relation till stigmatiserande diskurser. Möjligheten att berätta om sina erfarenheter i en icke stigmatiserande kontext kan stödja en omförhandling av självmordet – från en frivillig och självisk handling till en ofrivillig och desperat handling orsakad av en svår livssituation och ”outhärdlig smärta” eller depression. Denna kunskap är tillämpbar i mötet med unga självmordssörjande i en professionell kontext, så som det sociala arbetets praktik. / <p>In the printed version note 1 on page 15 was incomplete with most of the text missing. In the electronic version note 1 is complete.</p>