This study was a description of horsemen's perceived psychological benefits and liabilities derived from leisure sport and exercise participation. The horsemen that participated in this study were active trainers or grooms who stabled their horses at a training center. Sixty-six horsemen completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale: 2, Stress Profile, and this researcher's inventory of horsemen's activities entitled Samaha Horsemen's Activities Questionnaire (SHAQ). Seven horsemen were interviewed to obtain qualitative data. Two of the seven horsemen were omitted from the analysis due to no or limited responses to the questions. Quantitative data results revealed that leisure participation in exercise activities positively correlated with greater well-being, physical self concept, and total self concept scores. There was a statistically significant negative relationship between time devoted to participation in exercise and stress scores. The horsemen that participated in this study work in professional harness racing. An allowable and acceptable leisure activity is gambling. However, results indicated that there were statistically significant negative relationships between time spent gambling and physical self concept, well-being, and exercise and sport participation. Horsemen who were above the median on participation in sport and exercise had significantly higher physical self concept and well being scores than those who were below the median. The results indicate that participation in a variety of exercise and sports as well as time devoted to leisure physical activity had the strongest relationship with improved well-being. Analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed two major themes (limitations and perceived outcomes) and three subthemes within limitations (time, injury, and competitiveness) and perceived outcomes (socialization, physical, and psychological well-being) that described horsemen's participation in leisure sport and exercise. A central conflict emerged within horsemen's reluctance to become assertive in addressing their limitations. Horsemen viewed limitations in participation in sport and exercise as time, injury, and competitiveness. Those who participate in leisure sport and exercise were assertive in addressing their own limitations. The perceived outcomes were physical, socialization, and psychological benefits. Participants expressed that leisure sport and exercise provided possible benefits regardless of their involvement or adherence to an exercise program. / Kinesiology

<p dir="ltr">Resilience processes, which are largely communicative in nature, are vital to the wellbeing and success of athletic personnel and organizations both individually and collectively. However, the communicative components of resilience-building have been largely ignored in sport scholarship and in practice. This dissertation seeks to bridge that gap by developing an in-depth understanding of how collegiate athletes and coaches on the same team experience resilience, including how they talk about, understand, and enact resilience. Recognizing the lack of explicit attention paid to the function of communication in resilience-building, this dissertation uses the communication theory of resilience and language convergence/meaning divergence theory as sensitizing concepts to understand communicative resilience processes and uncover illusions of shared meaning about resilience-building in athletics. This dissertation adopts an interpretive-constructivist approach, examining resilience as communicatively and collectively constructed. The data for this dissertation was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with members of a Division I college baseball team and analyzed using thematic co-occurrence analysis. Findings indicate that collegiate athletes and coaches experience resilience as either a trait or a process involving the possession or development of mental toughness (i.e., persistence and discipline) and resourcefulness (i.e., social support, vulnerability, (self-)reflection, and positive self-talk). Findings also revealed three meaningful relationships between co-occurring themes. First, participants who focused on the process of persistence and detached from the results of their efforts developed greater (self-)awareness and found better solutions to the issues they faced. Second, providing social support to other network members motivated participants to regulate their own emotions and to be more disciplined amid adversity. Third, participants who communicated their vulnerability were empowered to actively seek out social support as a partial solution to disruptive events. Finally, findings revealed illusions of shared meaning related to participants’ understandings of the process-based orientation to resilience and the term persistence. In both cases, divergences of meaning centered on participants’ emphasis on versus detachment from results. These findings demonstrate the communicative and collective nature of resilience processes and inform suggestions for resilience-building in athletics.</p>

Föreliggande studie undersöker hur idrottspsykologiska rådgivare arbetar och om det i deras klientarbete finns metoder eller modeller som kan vara tillämpbara inom studie- och yrkesvägledning. Syftet var att se hur idrottspsykologiska rådgivare arbetar och vilka skillnader det finns i de båda yrkesgruppernas arbetssätt samt att se om vissa delar i rådgivarnas arbetsformer kan vara tillämpbara eller bara vara kompletterande till studie- och yrkesvägledarnas modeller. Den metod som valdes för forskningen var kvalitativ, med personliga intervjuer. Resultaten som visade att respondenterna arbetade på ett liknande sätt där dialogen med klienten var det primära arbetssättet. En skillnad var att rådgivarna oftast arbetade med sökande som är motiverade till förändring samt att de arbetade processinriktat och hade mer tid för varje klient. Vi anser att det skulle vara möjligt för studie- och yrkesvägledare skulle kunna använda delar av rådgivarnas arbetssätt för att öka och utvidga sina egna framtagna modeller samt för att förnya sina arbetsredskap. / This study examines how sport psychology consultants are working and whether their client work are methods or models which may be applicable in career counselling. The research questions that are answered in this paper are about the sport psychology consultant’s work and what differences there are in the two professional groups. And to see if certain parts of the advisers' work can be applicable or be complementary to the study and career counsellors models. The method chosen for the research was qualitative interviewing. The results that emerged indicated that they worked in a similar manner in the dialogue with the client, the primary approach, but one difference was that counsellors often work with applicants who are motivated to change and that they work with process and had more time for each client. We think that it’s possible for study and careers advisors could use parts from the advisors' approach to enhance and expand its own developed models and to renew their working tools. The hypothesis that the two professional groups worked similarly matched and that it is possible to take parts from working sued.

Objectives: The main objective of the research in this thesis was to investigate the psychological skills, state anxiety and coping of senior rugby players in South Africa. Methodology: The first manuscript (Chapter 2) was a literature review that investigated whether the coping model suggested by Moos and Shaefer (1993) could be applied to investigate the interaction between various psychological factors involved in the coping process, within a sports context. The model was evaluated by examining the relevant factors, including the environmental system, personal factors, life crises and transitions, cognitive appraisals and coping responses, as well as the general health and well-being of individuals. The manuscripts presented in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 made use of a cross-sectional design to assess the constructs central to the stated aims of the study. The participants in this research project were from the following teams during the 2003 and 2004 seasons: South African Super 12 teams (Stormers, Bulls, Cats and Sharks); South African provincial teams (Free State Cheetahs, Gauteng Lions, North-West Leopards and the Falcons); South African club rugby teams (North-West University 1st team, Tswane University of Technology 1st team, Kimberley Combined Forces and the Leopards amateur club team). The players were psychometrically evaluated in the week leading up to an important game (usually 2-3 days before the game). The number of players included in this study was 139 Super 12 rugby players, 106 provincial rugby players and 95 club rugby players, resulting in a cumulative total of 340 senior rugby players. The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) was used to evaluate the players' psychological skills (manuscripts 2, 3 and 4). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to ascertain the state anxiety of the rugby players (manuscript 3) and a biographical questionnaire (compiled by the researcher) was used to gather demographical and biographical information of the players (manuscript 4). Results and conclusions of the individual manuscripts: - Manuscript 1 concluded that there were substantial literature findings that supported and explained the influence of the different psychological factors that form part of the Moos and Shaefer (1993) coping model regarding the coping abilities of athletes. It appeared that this model could potentially be applied in a sports context to clarify the factors influencing the coping process of athletes. - The results in manuscript 2 reported significant differences between the psychological skills of the Super 12 and club rugby players on four of the seven ACSI-28 subscales. No differences, however, could be found between Super 12 and provincial rugby players. The research further concluded that no statistically or practically significant differences in psychological skills could be found between forwards and backline rugby players or between the different positional groupings (props, hookers, locks, loose forwards, inside backs and outside backs) in senior South African rugby. - Manuscript 3 concluded that senior South African rugby players with high levels of psychological skills experienced lower levels of state anxiety, and that they interpreted the state anxiety that they experienced as more facilitative to their performance. This might suggest that rugby players with high levels of psychological skills could generally cope better with the challenges of competitive rugby. Rugby players with high levels of psychological skills also experienced higher levels of self-confidence and interpreted their self-confidence as more facilitative to performance. - The results in manuscript 4 suggested that certain prior experiences and a number of sports-specific perceptions could have an influence on the psychological skills of rugby players. However, the only biographical variable that appeared to be a common denominator between the high psychological skills groups on all three levels of rugby were the players' perceptions regarding their own abilities to do optimal psychological preparation before a game. The research could not indicate the direction of the interaction between prior experience, cognitive perceptions and psychological skills, but acknowledged the strong association between these factors and the levels of psychological skills of South African senior rugby players. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Susidomėjimas sporto psichologija Lietuvoje pastaraisiais metais auga, tačiau dauguma žmonių vis dar nesupranta, kas ištikrųjų yra sporto psichologija ir kokią reikšmę ji turi sportininkams. Todėl psichologinė pagalba yra viena iš silpniausi�� sportininkų rengimo grandžių. Treneriai nors ir skiria šiai pagalbai dėmesį, dažniausiai atlieka tai daugiau intuityviai ir svarbiausia – nesistemingai. Tuo tarpu, sportininkai tenkinasi tuo, ką jiems suteikia treneriai, o patys retai kreipiasi į sporto psichologus. Todėl labai svarbu išsiaiškinti, koks pačių sportininkų požiūris į sporto psichologiją, sporto psichologo konsultacijų naudingumą ir veiksmingumą. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti sportuojančių studentų požiūrį į sporto psichologiją. Tyrimo objektas – sportuojančių studentų požiūris į sporto psichologiją. Taikant S. B. Martin Nuostatų į sporto psichologiją (patikslinta forma) metodiką, apklausti 126 sportininkai, dalyvavę 2006 metais Estijoje vykusiose SELL studentų žaidynėse. Iš 126 sportininkų, 24 buvo iš Suomijos, 24 iš Estijos, 38 iš Latvijos ir 40 iš Lietuvos; 83 vyrai ir 43 moterys. Siekdami įvertinti sportuojančių studentų požiūrį į sporto psichologiją, nustatėme studentų tolerantiškumo lygį sporto psichologijos atžvilgiu, pasitikėjimą sporto psichologu, asmenino atvirumo lygį ir požiūrį į kitos etninės kilmės, kultūros ar rasės žmones, ir ar šiuos kintamuosius įtakoja studentų lytis, tautiškumas, išsilavinimas, pagrindinė domėjimosi sritis, sporto šaka bei ankstesnės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Interest in sports psychology has been growing in Lithuania in recent years. However, most people still do not understand what sports psychology is and its significance to sportsmen. Therefore, psychological support is not considered important in preparing sportsmen. Although trainers do provide the psychological support, they usually do it intuitively and irregularly. Meanwhile the sportsmen accept their trainers’ support and rarely seek for help of sports psychologists. Thus, it is important to find out an attitude of the sportsmen themselves towards sports psychology and efficiency and usefulness of consultations provided by the sports psychologist. The aim of this research is to find out the attitude of student sportsmen towards the sports psychology. The object of the research is the attitude of student sportsmen towards the sports psychology. Basing on the S. B. Martin methodology of the Provisions of Sports Psychology (the specified form) 126 sportsmen who participated in the SELL Student Games 2006 in Estonia were interviewed. 24 participants were from Finland, 24 from Estonia, 38 from Latvia and 40 from Lithuania; 83 men and 43 women. In order to estimate the attitude of the student sportsmen, we found out the level of tolerance in respect of the sports psychology, reliance on the sports psychologist, the level of personal openness and the attitude towards people of other ethnic groups, culture and race. We also found out whether sex, nationality, education, the... [to full text]

Objectives: The main objective of the research in this thesis was to investigate the psychological skills, state anxiety and coping of senior rugby players in South Africa. Methodology: The first manuscript (Chapter 2) was a literature review that investigated whether the coping model suggested by Moos and Shaefer (1993) could be applied to investigate the interaction between various psychological factors involved in the coping process, within a sports context. The model was evaluated by examining the relevant factors, including the environmental system, personal factors, life crises and transitions, cognitive appraisals and coping responses, as well as the general health and well-being of individuals. The manuscripts presented in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 made use of a cross-sectional design to assess the constructs central to the stated aims of the study. The participants in this research project were from the following teams during the 2003 and 2004 seasons: South African Super 12 teams (Stormers, Bulls, Cats and Sharks); South African provincial teams (Free State Cheetahs, Gauteng Lions, North-West Leopards and the Falcons); South African club rugby teams (North-West University 1st team, Tswane University of Technology 1st team, Kimberley Combined Forces and the Leopards amateur club team). The players were psychometrically evaluated in the week leading up to an important game (usually 2-3 days before the game). The number of players included in this study was 139 Super 12 rugby players, 106 provincial rugby players and 95 club rugby players, resulting in a cumulative total of 340 senior rugby players. The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) was used to evaluate the players' psychological skills (manuscripts 2, 3 and 4). The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was used to ascertain the state anxiety of the rugby players (manuscript 3) and a biographical questionnaire (compiled by the researcher) was used to gather demographical and biographical information of the players (manuscript 4). Results and conclusions of the individual manuscripts: - Manuscript 1 concluded that there were substantial literature findings that supported and explained the influence of the different psychological factors that form part of the Moos and Shaefer (1993) coping model regarding the coping abilities of athletes. It appeared that this model could potentially be applied in a sports context to clarify the factors influencing the coping process of athletes. - The results in manuscript 2 reported significant differences between the psychological skills of the Super 12 and club rugby players on four of the seven ACSI-28 subscales. No differences, however, could be found between Super 12 and provincial rugby players. The research further concluded that no statistically or practically significant differences in psychological skills could be found between forwards and backline rugby players or between the different positional groupings (props, hookers, locks, loose forwards, inside backs and outside backs) in senior South African rugby. - Manuscript 3 concluded that senior South African rugby players with high levels of psychological skills experienced lower levels of state anxiety, and that they interpreted the state anxiety that they experienced as more facilitative to their performance. This might suggest that rugby players with high levels of psychological skills could generally cope better with the challenges of competitive rugby. Rugby players with high levels of psychological skills also experienced higher levels of self-confidence and interpreted their self-confidence as more facilitative to performance. - The results in manuscript 4 suggested that certain prior experiences and a number of sports-specific perceptions could have an influence on the psychological skills of rugby players. However, the only biographical variable that appeared to be a common denominator between the high psychological skills groups on all three levels of rugby were the players' perceptions regarding their own abilities to do optimal psychological preparation before a game. The research could not indicate the direction of the interaction between prior experience, cognitive perceptions and psychological skills, but acknowledged the strong association between these factors and the levels of psychological skills of South African senior rugby players. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

L’objet de cette recherche expérimentale est d’analyser le statut, le rôle et l’influence de la préparation mentale sur la performance individuelle du footballeur professionnel évoluant dans des équipes françaises. L’échantillon est constitué de 168 joueurs professionnels de sexe masculin ayant une moyenne d’âge égale à 25,7 (± 4,8) et issus de trois niveaux de jeu : Ligue 1, Ligue 2, National. Une équi-répartition de la population expérimentale a permis une description et une analyse détaillée des modalités de l’entraînement mental dans ce sport collectif. La méthode expérimentale retenue fut le questionnaire. Cet outil d’enquête a été construit à partir de questions fermées, avec une échelle de 1 à 9, et sous forme de classement. L’ensemble du « questionnaire joueur » porte sur 35 questions sous administration directe. Nous avons procédé à une distribution de 232 questionnaires afin d’optimiser le taux de retour qui s’est élevé à 168 unités (72,4 %). Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que la prise en charge du facteur psychologique est très peu traitée dans les clubs par des préparateurs mentaux ou des psychologues du sport diplômés et par l’entraîneur, au contraire des aspects technico-tactiques et physiques qui sont, quant à eux, traités de façon très importante par lui-même et son staff. L’absence de préparation mentale a très peu d’influence sur la performance individuelle ce qui contraint les joueurs à s’autogérer mentalement. Cette autogestion a beaucoup d’influence sur la performance individuelle et produit un effet modéré sur la performance collective. Selon la population de l’étude, le mode de prise en charge des facteurs psychologiques détermine le niveau de performance individuelle du footballeur professionnel. L’autogestion a beaucoup d’influence tandis que l’absence de préparation mentale en a très peu. Ce travail de recherche a démontré que la psychologie du sport est jugée comme un pilier de la pratique des footballeurs, mais son institutionnalisation demeure instable et fragile. L’étude a démontré que le suivi psychologique doit s’installer avec des professionnels diplômés dans les clubs français pour accompagner les joueurs dans leur quête de performance. Cette longue recherche expérimentale a tenté d’apporter une nouvelle pierre à l’édifice de la préparation mentale dans le football. / The aim of this experimental research is to analyze the status, role and impact of mental preparation on the individual performance of professional footballers playing in French teams. The sample population comprises 168 male professional footballers, with an average age of 25.7 (+/- 4.8 years), playing in three French leagues: Ligue 1, Ligue 2 and National. An equidistribution of the sample population enabled a detailed analysis and description of the different types of mental preparation in this team sport. A questionnaire was used as the experimental method. The “player questionnaire” comprised 35 self-administered closed questions, and players were asked to position their answers on a ranking scale of 1 to 9. 232 questionnaires were distributed, in order to receive a significant number of responses; 168 units were completed and returned to us (return rate of 72.4%). Psychological factors are rarely addressed in football clubs, whether by sports psychologists, mental trainers, or managers. In contrast, great stock is given to the physical, technical and tactical aspects of the game by managers and their staff. The lack of organized mental preparation means that this mode of preparation has little influence on individual performance, so players have to manage the mental side of their game themselves. This self-management has a considerable influence on individual performance, but only a moderate influence on team performance. According to the sample population, the way in which psychological factors are addressed affects the individual performance levels of professional footballers. While self-management has considerable influence, the lack of mental preparation results in little influence. This research demonstrates that while sports psychology is deemed to be an essential part of training footballers, its formal use as a practice in clubs remains patchy and inconsistent. The study shows that psychological monitoring needs to be implemented in French clubs, with certified professionals helping players to improve their performance levels. This long experimental research has striven to contribute to awareness about and practice of mental preparation in football.

A presente dissertação discute o futebol como caminho para o reconhecimento social por jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade, entendida aqui pela afrodescendência, residência em favelas e a escassez de recursos financeiros. Esta vulnerabilidade pode remeter a uma invisibilidade social, que pode ser compreendida como relações sociais onde alguns sujeitos, por serem na esmagadora maioria das vezes proscritos do mundo significativo daqueles que detêm o poder, através da indiferença, e/ou por habitarem o imaginário social de forma negativa sendo estigmatizados, não têm suas capacidades e potencialidades reconhecidas e passam a ser ignorados e privados de muitas formas de interação social. Dialeticamente, no cerne destas relações, está presente a luta por reconhecimento, aqui estudada com base na Teoria Crítica e especialmente nos escritos do teórico Axel Honneth. A relação do indivíduo consigo próprio está atrelada às experiências de reconhecimento, pois ele se constitui unicamente porque aprende através do assentimento ou encorajamento de outrem a referir a si próprio determinadas características. Quando essas experiências são precárias, como ocorre nos casos de invisibilidade social, se dá uma busca, uma cobrança, uma luta pelo reconhecimento negado. Reconhecimento social que pode ser obtido através do futebol e seus desdobramentos, como a possibilidade do consumo conspícuo, da exposição midiática e de um suposto poder de mudança social. Como metodologia para compreender melhor estas questões foram analisadas produções sociais, como filmes, livros, músicas e reportagens, as quais foram consideradas sinais de uma sociedade capitalista, sociedade do espetáculo e individualista que se apresenta como meritocrática, ignorando que a disponibilidade de recursos da cultura dominante que cada sujeito possui, tem relação positiva com o sucesso pessoal. E para ilustrar o contexto histórico, social e cultural, onde jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade e muitas vezes invisíveis socialmente lutam por reconhecimento através do futebol, foram realizadas entrevistas com jovens jogadores de futebol da Vila Olímpica da Mangueira. A ascensão social e a identidade de ser um jogador de futebol são almejadas pelo desejo de obtenção de experiências de reconhecimento positivas nas três esferas do reconhecimento e que assim possam promover mudanças em suas respectivas autorrelações práticas: na dedicação emotiva, sendo mais amados por seus familiares e amigos (autoconfiança); no respeito cognitivo, obtendo cidadania que lhes é rotineiramente negada (autorrespeito); e na estima social, ao serem elogiados pela performance esportiva, ter fama e visibilidade, e exercer uma função social respeitada e digna de admiração (autoestima). Em suma, esta pesquisa busca apontar o futebol como instrumento para análise da dinâmica social e contribui por conectar o contexto esportivo ao social, visando fomentar nos profissionais que trabalham com esta população uma prática mais ampla e crítica, que possa ser capaz de ajudar a promover efetivamente mudanças sociais. / The present dissertation discusses about soccer as one path to social recognition by young people in situation of vulnerability, understood here by being afro-descendant, residence in slums and lack of financial resources. This vulnerability may refer to a social invisibility, which can be understood as social relations in which some persons, because they are the overwhelming majority of the time proscribed by the meaningful world of those who have the power, through indifference, and/or inhabit the social imaginary in a negative way by being stigmatized, have not recognized their abilities and potential, are ignored in some areas of social life, private from forms of social interaction. Dialectically, the heart of these relationships, this is the struggle for recognition, in this paper based on Critical Theory, especially in the writings of the theorist Axel Honneth. An individuals relationship with oneself tied to the experiences of recognition because it is only because they learn with the consent or encouragement of others referring to themselves certain characteristics. When these experiences are precarious, as in the case of social invisibility, a search takes place, a struggle for the recognition denied. Social recognition which can be obtained through soccer and its consequences, as the possibility of conspicuous consumption, of media exposure and a supposed power of social change. As a methodology to better understand these issues were analyzed social productions such as films, books, lyrics and reports, which were considered signs of a capitalist society, spectacular society and individualistic which presents itself as meritocratic, ignoring the availability of resources of the dominant culture that each person has, is positively related to personal success. And to illustrate the historical, social and cultural context, where young people in vulnerability and often socially invisibles struggle for recognition through soccer, interviews were conducted with young soccer players from the Olympic Village of Mangueira. The social rise and the identity of being a soccer player is targeted by the desire to obtain recognition of positive experiences in the three spheres of recognition and thus able to make changes in their self-relations practices: emotional dedication, being most loved by family and friends (self-confidence); the cognitive regard, become a citizen is routinely denied to them (self respect), and social esteem, by being praised for their sporting performance, having fame and visibility, and perform a social function that is admired and respected (self-esteem). In short, this research seeks to identify soccer as a tool for analysis of social dynamics and contributes by connecting the sport to the social context in favor of promoting the professionals that work with this population a much wider and critical practice, which might be able to effectively help promote social changes.

A presente dissertação discute o futebol como caminho para o reconhecimento social por jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade, entendida aqui pela afrodescendência, residência em favelas e a escassez de recursos financeiros. Esta vulnerabilidade pode remeter a uma invisibilidade social, que pode ser compreendida como relações sociais onde alguns sujeitos, por serem na esmagadora maioria das vezes proscritos do mundo significativo daqueles que detêm o poder, através da indiferença, e/ou por habitarem o imaginário social de forma negativa sendo estigmatizados, não têm suas capacidades e potencialidades reconhecidas e passam a ser ignorados e privados de muitas formas de interação social. Dialeticamente, no cerne destas relações, está presente a luta por reconhecimento, aqui estudada com base na Teoria Crítica e especialmente nos escritos do teórico Axel Honneth. A relação do indivíduo consigo próprio está atrelada às experiências de reconhecimento, pois ele se constitui unicamente porque aprende através do assentimento ou encorajamento de outrem a referir a si próprio determinadas características. Quando essas experiências são precárias, como ocorre nos casos de invisibilidade social, se dá uma busca, uma cobrança, uma luta pelo reconhecimento negado. Reconhecimento social que pode ser obtido através do futebol e seus desdobramentos, como a possibilidade do consumo conspícuo, da exposição midiática e de um suposto poder de mudança social. Como metodologia para compreender melhor estas questões foram analisadas produções sociais, como filmes, livros, músicas e reportagens, as quais foram consideradas sinais de uma sociedade capitalista, sociedade do espetáculo e individualista que se apresenta como meritocrática, ignorando que a disponibilidade de recursos da cultura dominante que cada sujeito possui, tem relação positiva com o sucesso pessoal. E para ilustrar o contexto histórico, social e cultural, onde jovens em situação de vulnerabilidade e muitas vezes invisíveis socialmente lutam por reconhecimento através do futebol, foram realizadas entrevistas com jovens jogadores de futebol da Vila Olímpica da Mangueira. A ascensão social e a identidade de ser um jogador de futebol são almejadas pelo desejo de obtenção de experiências de reconhecimento positivas nas três esferas do reconhecimento e que assim possam promover mudanças em suas respectivas autorrelações práticas: na dedicação emotiva, sendo mais amados por seus familiares e amigos (autoconfiança); no respeito cognitivo, obtendo cidadania que lhes é rotineiramente negada (autorrespeito); e na estima social, ao serem elogiados pela performance esportiva, ter fama e visibilidade, e exercer uma função social respeitada e digna de admiração (autoestima). Em suma, esta pesquisa busca apontar o futebol como instrumento para análise da dinâmica social e contribui por conectar o contexto esportivo ao social, visando fomentar nos profissionais que trabalham com esta população uma prática mais ampla e crítica, que possa ser capaz de ajudar a promover efetivamente mudanças sociais. / The present dissertation discusses about soccer as one path to social recognition by young people in situation of vulnerability, understood here by being afro-descendant, residence in slums and lack of financial resources. This vulnerability may refer to a social invisibility, which can be understood as social relations in which some persons, because they are the overwhelming majority of the time proscribed by the meaningful world of those who have the power, through indifference, and/or inhabit the social imaginary in a negative way by being stigmatized, have not recognized their abilities and potential, are ignored in some areas of social life, private from forms of social interaction. Dialectically, the heart of these relationships, this is the struggle for recognition, in this paper based on Critical Theory, especially in the writings of the theorist Axel Honneth. An individuals relationship with oneself tied to the experiences of recognition because it is only because they learn with the consent or encouragement of others referring to themselves certain characteristics. When these experiences are precarious, as in the case of social invisibility, a search takes place, a struggle for the recognition denied. Social recognition which can be obtained through soccer and its consequences, as the possibility of conspicuous consumption, of media exposure and a supposed power of social change. As a methodology to better understand these issues were analyzed social productions such as films, books, lyrics and reports, which were considered signs of a capitalist society, spectacular society and individualistic which presents itself as meritocratic, ignoring the availability of resources of the dominant culture that each person has, is positively related to personal success. And to illustrate the historical, social and cultural context, where young people in vulnerability and often socially invisibles struggle for recognition through soccer, interviews were conducted with young soccer players from the Olympic Village of Mangueira. The social rise and the identity of being a soccer player is targeted by the desire to obtain recognition of positive experiences in the three spheres of recognition and thus able to make changes in their self-relations practices: emotional dedication, being most loved by family and friends (self-confidence); the cognitive regard, become a citizen is routinely denied to them (self respect), and social esteem, by being praised for their sporting performance, having fame and visibility, and perform a social function that is admired and respected (self-esteem). In short, this research seeks to identify soccer as a tool for analysis of social dynamics and contributes by connecting the sport to the social context in favor of promoting the professionals that work with this population a much wider and critical practice, which might be able to effectively help promote social changes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1884809 bytes, checksum: 40df6e57029573142ec85084f6633914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Introduction: Resilience sport has very specific characteristics for being of individuals living a context of constant pressures and stress, due to the design of competitive sport as an area of high performance and selectivity. Interest in resilience in this context is necessary because the competition is configured as a confrontation and thus triggers fears and pressures on athletes, and it becomes a situation steeped in adversity. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the general dynamics of the resilient athletes who regularly participate in competitions, state of Paraíba . Method: 263 athletes took part in the following sports modalities: Taekwondo, Judo, Water Sports (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming), Handball, Basketball and Volleyball. They were catholics (67.6%), mostly male (58.9%), mostly unmarried (92%) , ages ranging from 12 to 40 years (M = 17.8, SD = 4.9), with education levels ranging from middle school to high school (76.3%), where (59.2%) had an income ranging between one thousand and five thousand. To collect the data, we used the following instruments: bio-socio-demographic questionnaire, sports pressure test , sporting Test of Fear (Roffé, 2004), RI - Resilience Inventory (Benevides-Pereira, 2008) and where they were asked two open questions: What will cause pressure on the competitive situation? How do you solve this? For the data analysis of bio-socio-demographic questionnaire , pressure tests of sport , sporting fear, and IR - Resilience Inventory outside, descriptive and multivariate statistics were used, by the means of SPSS statistical program. For the data analysis of the open questions, we used the categorical thematic content category (Figueiredo, 1993). Results: From the analysis of categorical content themes, emerged two thematic categories, 10 categories and 23 subcategories . Thematic Class I - Pressure (categories: technical aspects, results, competition, team, psychosocial, no pressure) and Thematic Class II - Coping with pressure (categories: emotional control, competitive attitudes, social support and religiosity). In relation to pressure test , the most prevalent pressure were: results pressure (M = 3.56, SD = 1.22), self- inner (M = 3.22, SD = 1.42) and pressure from the coach (M = 3.10, SD = 1.26). Related to the sporting test of fear sports, the most prevalent were: fear of injuring themselves (M = 2.90, SD = 1.45), fear of getting badly in the competition (M = 2.88, SD = 1.42), fear of not being able to give the expected (M = 2.86 , SD = 1.35), fear of not being able to turn back the result (M = 2.70, SD = 1.38) and fear of failure (M = 2.67, SD = 1.35). In all RI factors (Tenacity and Innovation-IT, Emotional Sensitivity- SE, Assertiveness-AS, Empathy-EM, Job Satisfaction- ST, and Emotional Competence-EC) were found higher mean scores showing a relatively good resilience. No significant differences were found in t test, by Student (p ≤ 0.05) on individual sports (Taekwondo, Judo, Water Sports - swimming, diving, synchronized swimming - and gymnastics) and collective (Handball, Basketball and Volleyball), but in terms of gender factors in "IT", "CE" and "SE". Also for the athletes, the result indicated that the higher the pressure for results , the higher is "IT" and "AS" . The higher the self-demands, the higher "IT" and the higher the pressure of person the higher "AS" and "IN". Regarding to the fears, the higher the "CE" minor fears of getting badly, not giving what is expected and giving back the result. Conclusion: The sport is a space that leads to adversity, but it also can promote resilience, strengthening of social support networks and multidisciplinary monitoring. Training in the management of internal and external resources is essential to promote resilience. / Introdução: A Resiliência esportiva apresenta características bem especificas por tratar-se de indivíduos que vivem um contexto de constantes pressões e estresse, em virtude da concepção do esporte competitivo como um espaço de seletividade e alto desempenho. O interesse pela resiliência neste contexto se faz necessário uma vez que a competição se configura como um confronto e deste modo desencadeia pressões e medos nos atletas, e se torna uma situação impregnada de adversidade. Objetivos: Este estudo teve por Objetivo Geral analisar a dinâmica do processo resiliente em atletas paraibanos que regularmente participam de competições esportivas. Método: Contou-se com a participação, de forma não probabilística e acidental, de 263 atletas das modalidades Taekwondo, Judô, Esportes Aquáticos (Natação, Saltos Ornamentais, Nado Sincronizado), Handebol, Basquete e Vôlei, com idades variando de 12 a 40 anos (M=17,8; DP=4,9), sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (58,9%), a maioria solteira (92%), com nível de escolaridade que variava de Ensino Fundamental ao Ensino Médio (76,3%), onde (59,2%) possuíam renda variando entre mil e cinco mil reais, e (67,6%) eram católicos. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário bio-sócio-demográfico, Teste de pressão desportiva, Teste do medo desportivo (Roffé, 2004), o IR Inventário de Resiliência (Benevides-Pereira, 2008) e uma questão aberta onde foram feitas duas perguntas: O que lhe causa pressão em situação de competição? Como você resolve esta situação? Para a análise dos dados do questionário bio-sócio-demográfico e dos Testes de pressão desportiva e medo desportivo, e IR Inventário de Resiliência fora, realizadas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas, por meio do programa estatístico SPSS. Já para os dados da questão aberta, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo categorial temática (Figueiredo, 1993). Resultados: Na análise de conteúdo categorial temática emergiram duas classes temáticas, 10 categorias, e 23 subcategorias, à saber: Classe Temática I Pressão (categorias: aspectos técnicos, resultado, competição, equipe, psicossocial, ausência de pressão) e Classe Temática II Enfrentamento à Pressão (categorias: controle emocional, atitudes competitivas, suporte social e religiosidade) em relação ao Teste de pressão esportiva as pressões mais prevalentes foram: pressão dos resultados (M=3,56, DP=1,22), auto-exigências internas (M=3,22, DP=1,42) e pressão do treinador (M=3,10, DP=1,26); em relação ao Teste de medo desportivo os medos mais prevalentes foram: medo de lesionar-se (M=2,90, DP=1,45); medo de começar mal na competição (M=2,88, DP=1,42); medo de não poder dar o que se espera (M=2,86, DP=1,35); medo de não pode dar a volta no resultado (M=2,70, DP=1,38) e medo de fracassar (M=2,67, DP=1,35). Em todos os fatores IR (Tenacidade e Inovação-TI, Sensibilidade Emocional-SE, Assertividade-AS, Empatia-EM, Satisfação no Trabalho-ST, e Competência Emocional-CE) foram encontrados escores médios altos demonstrando uma resiliência relativamente boa. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no teste t de Student (p≤0,05) entre modalidades individuais (Taekwondo, Judô, Esportes Aquáticos - Natação, Saltos Ornamentais, Nado Sincronizado - e Ginástica) e coletivas (Handebol, Basquete e Vôlei); mas sim em relação ao sexo nos fatores TI , CE e SE . Ademais para os atletas os resultaram indicaram que quanto maior a pressão por resultados maior a TI e a AS ; quanto maior as autoexigências maior a TI e quanto maior a pressão do treinado maior a AS e a EM ; em relação aos medos quanto maior o CE menores os medos de começar mal, de não poder dar o que se espera e dar a volta no resultado. Conclusão: O esporte é um espaço gerador de adversidade, mas que por sua vez pode promover a resiliência, o fortalecimento das redes de apoio social, do acompanhamento multidisciplinar e o treino no manejo de recursos internos e externos é fundamental para promover a resiliência.