The theme of my graduation theses is ?The contribution to study and prevention of ephebic suicides?. More and more attention has been payed to problems of suicide behavior nowadays. But the prevention of suicide behavior has not been properly described yet and open to the public especially to teachers and pedagogical workers. It is necessary to focuse on a group of teenagers because there are more suicide attempts among these young people recently. Psychologists and doctors as well as teachers and pedagogical workers should pay more attention to these problems. Good knowledge of these problems and a readiness to help could often prevent suicide attempts. In the first / theoretical part I will describe problems of suicide behavior with a view to a group of teenagers. Basic terms will be explained, I will describe kinds of suicides, the influence of age, gender, seasons and week days on comitting suicides. I will define a suicide with a view to medical, psychological and sociological aspects. At the end of this part I will write about myths and facts concerning suicides and about the prevention of suicide behavior. In the second / practical part I will use a comparative method to confront case studies of teenagers who tried to commit suicide. I will search for especially pedagogical aspects and marks leading to the determination of abnormal behaviour to be able to prevent teenagers from comitting suicides.

Esta investigação teve como objetivo compreender o cotidiano de familiares de indivíduos em sofrimento psíquico que apresentam comportamento suicida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem da sociologia fenomenológica de Alfred Schütz. O cenário do estudo foi o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os participantes constituíram-se em 15 familiares de indivíduos com comportamento suicida usuários deste CAPS. A coleta das informações foi realizada por meio da entrevista fenomenológica com os familiares nos meses de fevereiro e março de 2015. Os resultados emergiram da construção das categorias concretas que se constituíram do agrupamento dos depoimentos referentes ao cotidiano dos familiares de indivíduos com comportamento suicida, em que se buscou a compreensão dos motivos porque, onde os familiares expressaram a sua vivência cotidiana junto ao familiar que apresenta comportamento suicida e dos motivos para, no qual verbalizaram as expectativas ao lado dos seus familiares com comportamento suicida. As categorias que fazem referência aos motivos porque foram: cuidando da administração dos medicamentos; estando presente, vigilante e atento para possíveis riscos; agindo na crise e no comportamento suicida; procurando apoio na rede de serviços; apoiando e estimulando a vida; buscando apoio espiritual. As categorias advindas dos motivos para foram: acreditam que o familiar continue o tratamento; esperam que o familiar não pense em suicídio e; desejam que o familiar tenha uma vida saudável. Para agir no comportamento suicida de seu familiar, os familiares buscaram na sua situação biográfica resgatar maneiras de intervir, recorrendo a meios factíveis que estão à sua disposição com o intuito de proteger a vida de seu familiar. A atenção constante e o apoio emocional dos familiares mostraram-se com uma possibilidade efetiva de cuidado ao seu familiar que se encontra adoecido psiquicamente. Frente a este panorama, se faz necessário que os CAPS apoiem e intensifiquem as relações entre os familiares com comportamento suicida, em uma tentativa de suprir as necessidades de familiares e usuários com o intuito de melhorias na intervenção junto aos mesmos. / The objective of this research is to comprehend the daily life of relatives of individuals in psychological distress presenting suicidal behavior. This is a qualitative research approach to phenomenological sociology of Alfred Schütz. The study scenery was the Center of Psychosocial Care (CAPS) of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Participants consisted in 15 relatives of individuals with suicidal behavior users of this CAPS. The data collection was performed using the phenomenological interview with the relatives between February and March 2015. The results emerged from the construction of concrete categories that formed the grouping of statements relating to the daily life of relatives of individuals with suicidal behavior, in which we sought to understand the reasons why, where the relatives expressed their daily life with the relative that exhibit suicidal behavior and the reasons for, which, verbalized expectations alongside their relative with suicidal behavior. The categories refer to the reasons why were: taking care of the administration of medicines; being present, vigilant and alert to possible risks; acting in crisis and suicidal behavior; seeking support in the service network; supporting and stimulating life; seeking spiritual support. The resulting categories of the reasons were: they believe that the family continue treatment; they expect the relative did not think about suicide and; they want a healthy life for the relative. To act on suicidal behavior of their relative, the family sought in his biographical situation rescue ways to intervene, using feasible means that are at their disposal in order to protect the life of his family. The constant attention and emotional support of family members showed up with an effective possibility of care to your family member who is ill psychically. Facing this scenario, it is necessary that the CAPS support and intensify the relations between family members with suicidal behavior, in an attempt to meet the family needs and users in order to improve the intervention with the same. / Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender el cotidiano de las familias de los individuos com trastornos psicológicos que presentan un comportamiento suicida. Se trata de un enfoque de investigación cualitativa a la sociología fenomenológica de Alfred Schütz. El ámbito del estudio fue el Centro de Atención Psicosocial (CAPS) del Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los participantes consistieron en 15 familiares de individuos con comportamiento suicida los usuarios del CAPS. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la entrevista fenomenológica con los familiares en febrero y marzo de 2015. Los resultados surgieron de la construcción de categorías concretas que formaron la agrupación de los declaraciones relacionados con cotidianidad de las familias de los individuos con comportamiento suicida, en el que hemos tratado de entender las razones por las cuales, en donde los familiares expresaron su vida diaria con la familia que tiene comportamiento suicida y los motivos de las expectativas, que expresaron su familia junto con el comportamiento suicida. Las categorías se refieren a las razones por las cuales fueron: que se ocupan de la administración de medicamentos; estando presente, vigilante y alerta a posibles riesgos; actuando en emergencias y comportamiento suicida; la búsqueda de apoyo en la red de servicios; apoyar y estimular la vida; la búsqueda de apoyo espiritual. Las categorías resultantes de las razones fueron: creen que la familia continúe el tratamiento; Ellos esperan que la familia no pensó en el suicidio y; Ellos quieren que la familia tenga una vida saludable. Para actuar sobre el comportamiento suicida de su familia, la familia buscó en sus situación biográficos de rescate para intervenir, utilizando medios posibles a su disposición con el fin de proteger la vida de su familia. La constante atención y el apoyo emocional de los familiares presentaron con una posibilidad efectiva de la atención a su miembro de la familia que está enfermo psíquicamente. Frente a este escenario, es necesario que los CAPS apoyar e intensificar las relaciones entre la familia con el comportamiento suicida, en un intento de satisfacer las necesidades de la familia y de los usuarios con el fin de mejorar la intervención con la misma.

A influência do transtorno afetivo bipolar (TB) no comportamento do indivíduo pode interferir significativamente no funcionamento familiar. Em uma perspectiva sistêmica, o funcionamento familiar diz respeito à forma como a família proporciona o ambiente adequado para o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência dos membros da família nos níveis biológico, psicológico e social. Estudos que avaliaram o funcionamento familiar em famílias de pacientes com TB utilizando o Inventário de Avaliação Familiar (IAF) sugerem que o funcionamento familiar é globalmente pior quando comparado a famílias de indivíduos saudáveis. Entre todos os transtornos psiquiátricos, o TB caracteriza-se por uma das mais altas taxas de tentativas de suicídio e mortalidade por suicídio. Estudos recentes em transtorno depressivo maior sugerem que existe uma associação entre pior funcionamento familiar e comportamento suicida. No entanto, a associação entre funcionamento familiar e tentativa de suicídio em pacientes com TB tem sido pouco estudada. Hipótese: Famílias de pacientes portadores de TB que tenham apresentado pelo menos uma tentativa de suicídio na vida apresentam um pior funcionamento familiar quando comparadas a famílias de pacientes portadores de TB que nunca tentaram suicídio. Métodos: Sessenta e dois pacientes com TB (trinta e um com histórico de pelo menos uma tentativa de suicídio na vida, trinta e um sem histórico de tentativas de suicídio na vida) e sessenta familiares de pacientes com TB (vinte e nove familiares de pacientes com TB com história de pelo menos uma tentativa de suicídio na vida e trinta e um familiares de pacientes com TB sem histórico de tentativas de suicídio na vida) foram avaliados através do IAF. Escores médios de funcionamento familiar foram comparados entre os grupos, bem como correlações entre escores da IAF e sintomas de humor ou de ideação suicida. Resultados: Pacientes com TB e história de tentativa de suicídio apresentaram um número significativamente maior de hospitalizações psiquiátricas (p=0,029), de frequência de sintomas psicóticos (p=0,037), e médias mais elevada nas escalas de mania (p=0,026), de depressão (p=0,005) e de ideação suicida (p=0,041) do que pacientes com TB sem tentativas de suicídio. Pacientes com TB com história de tentativa de suicídio apresentaram escores mais elevados e estatisticamente significativos em vários domínios da escala de funcionamento familiar, incluindo Funcionamento Geral (p=0,025), Comunicação (p=0,009), Papéis (p=0,005), Resposta Afetiva (p=0,041) e Solução de problemas (p=0.036) do que pacientes com TB sem tentativas de suicídio. Os familiares de pacientes com história de tentativa de suicídio, quando comparados com os familiares de pacientes sem histórico de tentativa de suicídio apresentaram escores significativamente maiores da IAF no que diz respeito a Comunicação (p=0,012), Papéis (p=0,020), Resposta Afetiva (p=0,001) e Funcionamento Geral (p=0,025). Houve correlações positivas estatisticamente significativas em todos os domínios da IAF entre pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: História de tentativa de suicídio em pacientes com TB esta associada a escores mais elevados em diferentes domínios da IAF. Isto sugere um pior funcionamento familiar nas áreas de Funcionamento Geral, Comunicação, Papéis, Resposta Afetiva e Solução de Problemas. Estudos prospectivos podem ajudar a confirmar essa associação, e esclarecer se intervenções terapêuticas familiares podem ajudar a mitigar comportamentos suicidas no TB / The influence of bipolar disorder (BD) on the patient\'s behavior might interfere significantly with family functioning. From a systemic perspective, family functioning is about the way that family provides the appropriate environment for biologic, psychological and social development and survival for each family member. Studies evaluating family functioning in BD using the Family Assessment Device (FAD) suggest that family functioning is worse in families of BD patients when compared with control families. Considering all psychiatric disorders, BD is characterized by the highest rates of suicide attempts and mortality by suicide. Recent studies in major depression disorder suggest that there is an association between worse family functioning and suicidal behavior. The association between family functioning and suicide attempts in BD patients has been poorly investigated. Hypothesis: Families of BD patients with history of suicide attempts will present worse family functioning when compared with families of BD patients without suicide attempts. Methods: Sixty two BD patients (thirty-one BD I patients with lifetime history of suicide attempts and thirty-one BD I patients with no lifetime history of SA) and 61 first degree relatives (father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, son, or spouse) (twenty-nine relatives of BD I patients with lifetime history of suicide attempts and thirty-one relatives of BD I patients with no lifetime history of SA) were assessed using the Family Assessment Device (FAD). Family functioning scores were compared between both groups as correlation between FAD scores and mood symptoms and suicide ideation. Results: BD patients with history of suicide attempts presented significantly more psychiatric hospitalization (p=0,029), higher frequency of psychotic symptoms (p=0,037), and higher scores on depressive (p=0,026), manic (p=0,005), and suicidal ideation scores (p=0,041) than BD patients without suicide attempts. BD patients with history of suicide attempts presented significantly higher scores in several subscales of the FAD, including General Functioning (p=0,025), Communication (p=0,009), Roles (p=0,005), Affective Responsiveness (p=0,041) and Problem Solving (p=0.036) when compared with BD patients without suicide attempts. Relatives of BD patients with history of suicide attempts presented significantly higher scores in FAD domains such as Communication (p=0,012), Roles (p=0,020), Affective Response (p=0,001) and General Functioning (p=0,025) compared to relatives of BD patients without suicide attempts. There were significantly positive correlations in all FAD domains between patients and caregivers. Conclusion: History of suicide attempts in BD is associated with higher scores in family functioning in several domains of family functioning. This suggests a worse family functioning in several areas including Problem Solving, Communication, Roles, and Affective Responsiveness. Prospective studies might help to confirm this association, and clarify if therapeutics family interventions might help mitigate suicidal behaviors in BD patients

Varje dag väljer minst tre personer i Sverige att avsluta sina liv. Antalet personer som överlever ett suicidförsök är desto fler. Dessa personer kommer i kontakt med hälso- och sjukvård på olika sätt och möts ofta av stigmatisering och tystnad. Forskning visar att sjuksköterskan upplever en osäkerhet i mötet med patienten efter ett suicidförsök. För att bidra till en värdig vård behöver vi förstå vad patienten kan uppleva i vården. Syftet med litteraturstudien är därför att belysa upplevelsen av att vårdas efter ett suicidförsök ur ett patientperspektiv. Flera artikelsökningar resulterade i åtta kvalitativa artiklar vilka analyserades och sammanställdes i denna litteraturstudies resultat. Att vårdas efter ett suicidförsök förklaras i resultatet utifrån fem huvudteman där vårdarens bemötande ses som en central del. Patienten är också i behov av att få befinna sig på en trygg plats, där hen kan finna balans då patienten ofta tappat tilltron till sig själv. Det finns också en längtan efter att få dela sina tankar och planer på suicid med vårdpersonal. För att patienten ska få dessa behov tillgodosedda krävs en professionell och kompetent vårdare. Tyvärr visar forskning att vårdaren inte alltid lyckas tillgodose patientens basala behov. / At least three people commit suicide in Sweden every day. The numbers of the people who survive a suicide attempt are way more. These people get in touch with professional healthcare in different ways. Sadly they are often met with stigmatization and silence. Research shows that nurses often feel insecure when caring for these patients. To contribute to a meaningful care professional caregivers have to understand what these patients might experience. The purpose of this study is therefore to highlight the experiences of patients being cared for after a suicide attempt. Eight qualitative studies was selected and analysed. The result suggests how care after a suicide attempt can be understood throughout five themes: To be met in the right way, to feel safe, to find balance, to talk about suicide and to not trust in yourself. To be met by a professional caregiver was seen as the most important part of being cared for. There is also a longing to talk about the suicide attempt and the patient is in need of a safe place where he or she gets the opportunity to find balance. Lack of self-trust is also seen as a result of the suicide attempt. To be able to provide what the patient is in need of the caregiver has to be professional and competent. Unfortunately caregivers don’t always succeed in providing the care that the patient is in need of.

Abstract Bullying behaviour is present in the daily life of many adolescents, but research into the serious problems related to this behaviour is still scarce. The aim of this work was to investigate the putative associations of bullying behaviour with psychiatric disorders, substance use, suicidality and criminal offences in a sample of under-age adolescent inpatients in Northern Finland. The epidemiologically unselected sample of 12–17-year-old inpatients in need of acute psychiatric hospitalization in a closed ward consisted of 508 adolescents admitted to Unit 70 in Oulu University Hospital during a defined 5-year period. These subjects were interviewed during their hospitalization using the diagnostic semi-structured Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL), to identify their psychiatric disorders in terms of DSM-IV and to obtain data on bullying behaviour, substance use, suicidality and somatic diseases. Data on possible criminal offences were extracted from the criminal records of the Finnish Legal Register Centre. Being a bully and a bully-victim (i.e. a person who bullies others and is also bullied) increased the likelihood of externalizing disorders in general, and more specifically of conduct disorders, by over 14-fold in the boys and over 10-fold in the girls. Among the boys being a victim of bullying elevated the risk of internalizing disorders in general, and more specifically of anxiety disorders, by over 3-fold. Also, being a victim of bullying was statistically significantly associated with chronic somatic diseases (e.g. allergy, asthma and epilepsy), but only among the boys, the odds ratio (OR) being over 2-fold. Furthermore, being a bully increased the likelihood of substance-related disorders by over 2-fold in the boys and over 5-fold in the girls. In addition, examination of the use of substances of various types showed that being a bully increased the risk of regular daily smoking and alcohol use in both sexes and also led to more severe substance use such as cannabis and hard drugs among girls. Being a victim of bullying and bullying others both increased the risk of serious suicide attempts in the girls by over 2 and 3-fold respectively. Furthermore, bullying behaviour was also associated with violent crimes, but not with non-violent crimes, but psychiatric disorders were significant mediating factors in this association of bullying behaviour with criminality, however. The findings imply that involvement in bullying behaviour is more likely to be a risk factor for inward-directed harmful behaviour than outward-directed aggression, and also suggest that victimized boys are in general more vulnerable than victimized girls, whereas bullying girls have more problems than bullying boys. / Tiivistelmä Kiusaaminen on hyvin yleinen ilmiö nuorten keskuudessa, mutta siihen mahdollisesti liittyviä vakavia ongelmia on tutkittu vähän. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin kiusaamiskäyttäytymisen yhteyttä mielenterveyshäiriöihin, itsetuhoisuuteen ja rikollisuuteen psykiatrisessa osastohoidossa olleiden alaikäisten nuorten keskuudessa. Kiusaamiskäyttäytymistermi kattaa sekä kiusaajien, kiusattujen että kiusaaja-kiusattujen toiminnan. Tutkimusaineistoon kuului 508 12–17 -vuotiasta nuorta, jotka olivat hoidossa suljetulla psykiatrisella akuuttihoito-osastolla Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa 1.4.2001 ja 31.3.2006 välisenä aikana. Osastohoidon aikana nuoret tutkittiin käyttäen puolistrukturoitua K-SADS-PL -haastattelua, jonka avulla määritettiin nuorten mielenterveyshäiriöt DSM-IV -diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti ja saatiin tiedot nuorten kiusaamiskäyttäytymisestä, päihteiden käytöstä, itsetuhoisuudesta ja somaattisista sairauksista. Oikeusrekisterikeskuksen rikosrekisteristä saatiin tutkittavien rikosrekisteritiedot. Tämä tutkimus osoitti, että nuorilla, jotka ovat kiusaajia tai kiusaaja-kiusattuja, on yli kymmenkertainen riski käytöshäiriöihin verrattuna nuoriin, jotka eivät ole osallistuneet kiusaamiskäyttäytymiseen. Kiusatuilla pojilla on yli kolminkertainen riski ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin. Lisäksi kiusatuksi joutuminen on pojilla yhteydessä kroonisiin somaattisiin sairauksiin kuten allergiaan, astmaan ja epilepsiaan. Tytöillä, jotka kiusaavat, on yli viisinkertainen riski päihdehäiriöihin. Pojilla, jotka kiusaavat, vastaava riski on kaksinkertainen. Molemmilla sukupuolilla toisten kiusaaminen on yhteydessä säännölliseen tupakointiin sekä alkoholin käyttöön ja tytöillä myös kannabiksen ja muiden huumeiden käyttöön. Tytöillä, jotka ovat kiusattuja tai kiusaavat, on yli kaksinkertainen riski vakaviin itsemurhayrityksiin. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus osoitti, että kiusaaminen on yhteydessä väkivaltarikollisuuteen, mutta tätä selittävät merkittävästi nuorten mielenterveyshäiriöt. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että nuorilla, jotka altistuvat kiusaamiskäyttäytymiselle, on muita suurempi riski itsensä vahingoittamiseen useilla eri tavoilla. Sen sijaan kiusaamisen ja toisiin kohdistuvan väkivallan yhteys on lievempi. Sukupuolten välisiä eroja tarkasteltaessa havaittiin, että haavoittuvaisimpia ovat kiusaavat tytöt ja kiusatut pojat.

Bakgrund: Över 700 000 människor dör varje år till följd av suicid runt om i världen och den största riskfaktorn för att begå suicid är tidigare suicidförsök. Forskning visar att människor som begår suicid ofta söker till akutmottagningar en eller flera gånger innan de tar sitt liv. Akutmottagningar är därför en viktig plats för förebyggandet av suicid. Forskning visar att suicidförsök och självskadebeteende blir allt vanligare samt att självskadebeteende är en viktig riskfaktor för suicid. Sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar möter ofta patienter med självskadebeteenden, patienter som genomgått suicidförsök och patienter som funderar på att ta sitt liv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva akutsjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att vårda patienter som inkommit till akutmottagningar till följd av självskadebeteenden och suicidförsök, samt beskriva akutsjuksköterskors attityder gentemot dessa patienter. Metod: En systematisk litteraturöversikt med integrativ design. Systematiska artikelsökningar har utförts i tre medicinska databaser med hjälp av PEO-modellen. Tio inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ, kvantitativ och mixad metod har granskats och analyserats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom följande fem teman: I. Sjuksköterskors attityder; II. Sjuksköterskors prioritering av fysisk framför psykisk hälsa; III. Arbetslivserfarenhet på akutmottagningen; IV. Barriärer inom akutmottagningens kontext; och V. Sjuksköterskors upplevda kompetenser & färdigheter. Slutsats: Då resultatet visar att många akutsjuksköterskor uppger osäkerhet och otrygghet vid vården av patienter med självskadebeteende och patienter som begått suicidförsök, bör mer utbildning erbjudas på akutmottagningar kring just dessa tillstånd. För att kunna bedriva en mer hållbar och patientsäker vård bör även akutmottagningar försöka behålla och rekrytera kompetenta och erfarna sjuksköterskor. / Background: Each year, more than 700 000 people around the world die because of suicide, and the biggest risk factor for committing suicide is previous suicide attempts. Research shows that people who commit suicide often visit the emergency department one, up to several times before taking their own lives. Emergency departments are therefore an important place for preventing suicide. Research shows that suicide attempts and self-harming behavior are becoming more common, and that selfharming behavior is an important risk factor for suicide. In emergency departments, nurses often meet patients with self-harming behaviors, patients who have attempted suicide and patients with suicidal ideation. Aim: The aim was to describe the emergency nurses’ experiences of caring for patients who have been admitted to emergency rooms because of self-harming behaviors and suicide attempts, and to describe emergency nurses' attitudes towards these patients Method: A systematic literature review with integrative design. Systematic searches have been conducted in three medical databases using the PEO model. Ten included scientific articles of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method designs have been reviewed and analyzed. Results: The results highlight five main themes: I. Nurses’ attitudes; II. Nurses’ treatment of physical over mental health; III. Work experience in the emergency department; IV. Barriers in the context of the emergency department; and V. Nurses’ perceived competencies and skills. Conclusions: As the result show that many emergency nurses' report insecurity in the care of patients with self-harming behavior and patients who have attempted suicide, more training should be offered in emergency departments around these conditions. Emergency departments should also try to retain and recruit competent and experienced nurses, to provide more sustainable and patient-safe care.

Low cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol-lowering therapies have been suggested to be associated with increased suicidality. This article examined the association of cholesterol, triglycerides, and body-mass index (BMI) with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Findings are based on a nationally representative community sample of n = 4,181 subjects (18–65 years) examined with a standardized diagnostic interview (CIDI) for (DSM-IV) mental disorders. Controlling for age and gender the study revealed a moderate positive association between cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and suicide attempts in subjects with depressive symptoms during the past 12 months (n = 1,205). The results of this study are compatible with two recent epidemiological cohort studies showing a positive association between cholesterol and completed suicide.

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世界衛生組織表示「先前有過自殺行為的人，再度自殺的機率比一般人高」，因此如何針對自殺企圖者提供即時的關懷與介入服務，是世界各國重要的自殺防治策略之一。本研究希望針對曾有過自殺企圖的個案，經由統計模型的配適來找出自殺企圖個案的「自殺危險因子」，區別出再度自殺的高危險個案，以方便將人力及醫療資源投入到最需要被協助的個案上。 本研究的反應變項為「重複自殺企圖次數」，但是由於資料中「零值」的人數相當多，此外也呈現出變異數大於平均數的現象，因此我們採用可以同時處理Zero-inflated及Over-dispersion情況的廣義Zero-inflated卜瓦松迴歸模型 (Generalized Zero-inflated Poisson Regression Model)來進行資料的配適。我們得知重複自殺企圖之高風險因子有「65歲以上」、「曾患有精神疾病」、「不確定是否曾患有精神疾病」及「離婚」之個案，而「治癒」可能性較高的因子為「45~64歲」、「因情感因素自殺」、「已婚」之個案。藉由模型也可以進一步估計自殺企圖個案之再企圖機率，並且對自殺企圖個案進行分層，以進行不同程度的關懷與訪視，藉以提昇關懷的即時性及有效性。 / World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that suicide attempt rate is much higher among those who have ever had suicide attempts. Hence, how to express concerns and provide timely consultations for suicide reattempters has become one of the key issues in suicide prevention. In this study, we try to identify the risk factors associated with suicide reattempters, and predict high-risk cases so that the limited resources can be distributed effectively. The primary variable of interest is the number of repeated suicide attempt for a suicide attempter after his/her index attempt. However, there are more zeros and greater variability in the data than that would be predicted by a Poisson model. We hence fit the data using a zero-inflated generalized Poisson regression model, a model that is frequently used for modeling over-dispersed count data with too many zeros. We find that the risk factors for repeated suicide attempts are those who are 65 or older, those who are classified as psychiatric disorders and those diagnostically uncertain cases, and those who are divorced. We also find that non-repeaters are more likely among those who are between 45 to 65 of age, married, and having a suicide attempt history due to an emotional reason. Through the use of the model, we can also estimate a subject’s reattempt probability, classify them, and provide them with suitable care and attention accordingly.

Contexte : Une tentative de suicide antérieure et les troubles mentaux constituent d’importants facteurs de risque de suicide. Les services de santé ont un rôle important à jouer en matière de prévention. Objectif : Analyser les patrons de recours aux services à des fins de santé mentale avant et après une hospitalisation pour tentative de suicide chez les résidents montréalais qui ont reçu un diagnostic de schizophrénie ou de dépression. Méthode : Les données proviennent de la banque médico administrative jumelée de l’Agence de Montréal. Les caractéristiques des patients et les taux de contacts avec les services trois mois avant et après l’hospitalisation index furent comparées. L’échantillon représentatif compte 525 Montréalais hospitalisés à la suite d’une tentative de suicide (avr. 2003-déc. 2004) qui ont reçu un diagnostic de schizophrénie ou de dépression. Résultats : Le recours aux services a augmenté de manière significative suivant l’hospitalisation index. Les patients déjà en contact avec les services et les hommes avec comorbidité en termes d’abus de substances semblent en contact avec les services au cours des trois mois suivant leur hospitalisation contrairement aux femmes avec comorbidité. Le profil « urgence » de recours aux services semble prédire une absence de recours aux services. Conclusions : Les services de santé répondent aux tentatives de suicide, particulièrement chez les hommes avec troubles d’abus de substances. Cependant, des interventions sont requises en vue d’améliorer la coordination des services, principalement pour les personnes qui se présentent l’urgence, les femmes avec troubles d’abus de substances et les patients en marge du système avant leur hospitalisation. / Background: Mental health disorders and suicide attempts are important risk factors for suicide. Health care services have an important role to play in preventing these deaths. Objective: To analyze patterns of service use for a mental health purpose before and after a hospitalisation following a suicide attempt among Montreal’s residents diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression. Method: Data was taken from the linked administrative database of the Montreal’s Agency. Patient’ characteristics and contacts rates with services three months before and after the index hospitalisation were compared. The representative sample includes all 525 patients living in Montreal, who were hospitalised following a suicide attempt (Apr. 2003-Dec. 2004) and who were diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression. Results: Intensity of care increased significantly after the index hospitalisation. Patients in contact with services before and comorbidity of substance abuse disorder among men predicted a contact with services for a mental health purpose three months after the index hospitalisation contrary to women with comorbidity. Besides, the emergency room profile of service use predicted a lack of service utilisation. Conclusions: Health services respond to suicide attempts, including in men with substance abuse. However, there is an opportunity for increased aftercare coordination for suicidal individuals, in particular for those presenting at the emergency room, those with no previous contact with services and for women with substance abuse.