Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att genom kvalitativ metod undersöka vilka argumentsom förekommer i dagstidningars - Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet - debattartiklaroch insändare om konfessionella friskolor i relation till och i en diskussion om skollagen och värdegrunden i läroplanerna. Jag har utifrån detta syfte genomfört en litteraturöversikt, somintroducerat och orienterat mig i det som tidigare har skrivits inom ämnesområdet. Jag harutgått ifrån två frågeställningar som jag har sökt svar på i min undersökning: vilka argumentförekommer i debattartiklarna och insändarna och hur förhåller sig argumenten idebattartiklarna och insändarna till skollagen och värdegrunden i läroplanerna? Jag harkommit fram till att valfriheten, det vill säga föräldrarnas och barnens rätt till att välja skola,har stor betydelse som argument för konfessionella friskolor. Föräldrarnas och barnensrättigheter kan dock bli motstridiga i förhållande till internationella konventioner, nationellalagar och värdegrunden i skolan. Även granskningen av, insynen i och lagstiftningen kring dekonfessionella friskolorna friskolor förekommer som delar i debatten. Argumenten kringsegregation, integration och ett mångkulturellt samhälle inkluderar många olika aspekter föroch emot konfessionella friskolor och är betydande inslag i den aktuella värdegrunden iläroplanerna. Den sekulära staten, demokrati, mångfald och icke-konfessionell undervisningär andra argument som också illustrerar innehållet i debattartiklarna och insändarna idagstidningarna och som berör, problematiserar och klarlägger förhållandena mellan dessaargument, skollagen och värdegrunden.

This study critically examines the phenomenon of false balance in Swedish media coverage of climate change from 1988 to 2002. The research design replicates the methodological framework of Boykoff and Boykoff (2004), applying quantitative content analysis to a selection of Swedish newspapers and comparing with their findings on American newspapers. The false balance occurred when media reporting gave equal weight to scientifically supported and scientifically unsupported views on the causes of climate change. The findings reveal a stark contrast between Swedish and American media. While American newspapers frequently employed false balance, Swedish newspapers predominantly depicted it as a scientifically established fact. Only a small fraction of the Swedish articles presented a false balance. The study delves into the journalistic practices and societal contexts influencing these representations. It suggests that Swedish journalists were less exposed to advocacy frames promoting climate skepticism, prevalent in the U.S. Various journalistic models – from aligning with personal beliefs and interpretive journalism to neutral frame-sending – are explored to understand the media's portrayal of climate change. Additionally, previous research considers the impact of broader political and societal consensus in Sweden on climate science at the time, unlike the politicization that took place in the United States, which likely contributed to the identified difference between the USA and Sweden.  This thesis contributes to the understanding of the media's role in shaping public discourse on climate change and underscores the importance of professional journalistic practices in conveying scientific realities. Keywords: False Balance, Climate Change, Media Coverage, Swedish Newspapers

Great Power and Small State: Perceptions of Germany in Five Swedish Newspapers 1870–1890. During the last decades of the 19th century, a marked shift in Sweden’s foreign and security policy took place. France had for centuries been considered an ally and continued to be regarded as such in spite of Swedish neutrality. Both king Charles XV and his brother and successor, Oscar II, played a central role in creating the foreign policy of Sweden-Norway (united between 1814–1905). Oscar, however, unlike his brother saw Sweden’s future in closer cooperation with Germany. The aim of this study is to examine the Swedish perception of Prussia and Germany in newspapers from the period between 1870 and 1890. A central aspect is the assumption that the views found in these newspapers also reflect the relationship between small states and great powers in general. War between France and Prussia broke out in July 1870. This led to extensive coverage in the press. For the purpose of the study digitized Swedish newspapers from this month available through the homepage of the National Library of Sweden were examined. Five newspapers which most frequently commented on foreign affairs were identified. Based on literature on the subject and random samples among the newspapers a further seven different events of particular importance and of interest to the press were selected. These are as follows: The founding of the German Empire and the peace treaty between Germany and France in 1871, the visit of the Swedish royal couple to Berlin in 1875, events during the year of the three emperors 1888, including a visit by Wilhelm II to Stockholm, and Otto von Bismarck’s resignation as chancellor in 1890. It turns out that during 1870–71 Swedish newspapers generally, with only a few notable exceptions, were very critical against Prussia and Germany. Apart from Sweden’s traditional connection to France this can also be explained by taking into account events during and after the Dano-Prussian war in 1864. The war had created resentment towards Prussia. Scandinavianism, a political movement with the goal of uniting the three Scandinavian countries (sometimes also including Finland), played an important role in several Swedish newspapers around the mid 19th century. Prussia/Germany was now and again even considered as a potential threat to Sweden. According to German press reports during his visit to Berlin in 1875 Oscar II had expressed that he wanted the Swedish and German armies to become brothers in arms. This led to a heated debate but was eventually characterized as a misunderstanding of what the king had actually said.By the end of the 1880s the views in the newspapers regarding Germany had changed considerably. Both Wilhelm I and Bismarck were now even seen as guarantors of peace in Europe. Wilhelm II:s visit to Sweden shortly after his accession to the throne confirmed that relations between the two countries had entered into a new era. The five newspapers came to support the king’s foreign policy – although they remained critical of some aspects of German domestic policy. An emphasis on Sweden’s weak international position and the need for peace feature very prominently in editorials regarding the eight events. This also relates to the small state – great power dichotomy. A distinctive feature can be found in the occasionally expressed conviction that the Scandinavian peninsula, largely surrounded by the sea and on the periphery of Europe, after all was protected by its geographic location

I denna studie har en analys av svensk tidningsmedias representation av klimatfrågan genomförts. Genom en kritisk diskursanalys har tidningsartiklar, från tre olika tidningar, studerats för att undersöka hur tidningarna representerat klimatfrågan och varför det är viktigt hur tidningarna representerar klimatfrågan. Studien har även undersökt om antalet artiklar ökar i samband med COP21(Conference of Parties) i Paris under slutet av 2015, vilket även är studiens hypotes. I studien har en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys genomförts, utifrån dessa har olika diskurser identifierats i materialet. I studien identifierades tre större diskurser som dominerar studiens område, “Global uppvärmning som problem”, “Klimatet kräver förändrat beteende och livsstil” samt “Klimatet som kostnadsfråga”. I materialet kunde även några artiklar identifieras som faller in under en diskurs som identifierades av Anshelm (2012) “Den industriella fatalismen”. I studien kunde även en framtida diskurs identifieras, “Klimatflyktingar”, som anses vara på uppgång. Detta antas då antalet klimatflyktingar bara kommer att öka med åren som följd till klimatförändringarna. Utifrån studien kan man konstatera att medias representation av klimatfrågan är viktig för att allmänheten ska få en bra bild över omvärlden och pågående klimatförändringar. Man kan även se att media beskriver klimatfrågan främst som ett globalt miljöproblem och sambandet med COP21 påverkar antalet artiklar. / In this study, an analysis of the Swedish newspaper media's representation of the climate issue have been done. Through a critical discourse analysis, newspaper articles, from three different newspapers, have been studied to examine how newspapers represented the climate issue and why it is important how the newspapers represent the climate issue. The newspapers that have been studied are Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Norrköping´s Tidningar. These papers provide a broad picture of the Swedish newspaper media and represent different levels, a daily newspaper, a tabloid and a local newspaper. The study also investigated whether the number of articles increases during COP21 (Conference of Parties) in Paris in November/December 2015. The study's hypothesis is that the number of newspapers that represent the climate issue is increasing in the context of a climate event, where the selected climatic event for this study is the COP21. The critical discourse analysis leans against Faircloughs three-dimensional model as a tool to be able to make a critical discourse analysis. In the study a qualitative and quantitative analysis has been carried out. Based on these analysis, different discourses were identified in the material. The material consisted of 90 articles, 71 from Svenska Dagbladet, 13 from Expressen and 6 from Norrköping's Tidningar. The quantitative analysis examined the recurring concepts and how often the concepts reappeared in these articles and the qualitative analysis studied including the voices highlighted in the articles. This study identified three major discourses that dominate the study area, "Global warming as a problem," "The climate requires changes in behaviour and lifestyle," and "The climate as a cost issue." In the material, some items could also be identified which fall into a discourse identified by Anshelm (2012) "The industrial fatalism". In the study, a future discourse could also be identified, "Climate Refugees", which is considered to be on the rise. This is assumed as the number of climate refugees will only increase over the years as a result of climate change. From the study it can be concluded that the media's representation of the climate issue is important for the public to get a good picture of the outside world and ongoing climate change. One can see that the media mainly produces climate change as a global environmental problem, but also as an economic and social problems. Two aspects of the social problem are that we both need to change our behaviour, but also that women and the poor are most vulnerable and most affected by climate change. One can also see that a climate event, like COP21 affect the media's coverage of climate issues, providing an increased number of articles during the period of the event.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur King och Elle framställer mat ur ettgenusperspektiv, det vill säga ur ett manligt respektive kvinnligt perspektiv, och i samband meddetta studera människors attityder till mat generellt. Detta med avsikt att ta reda på om det finnsskillnader mellan hur mat framställs beroende på dess målgrupp, samt om det finns någonkoppling till hur människor ställer sig till mat allmänt. För att besvara syftet genomfördes enkvalitativ innehållsanalys av ett begränsat antal artiklar från de utvalda magasinen, samt enenkätundersökning som vi delade ut via webben. För att stödja vår analys av undersökningen harvi främst grundat arbetet i gestaltningsteorin och teorin om socialkonstruktivism. Våra frågeställningar var: • Hur framställs manligt och kvinnligt i mat och dryck-delen i magasin? • Finns det någon skillnad på hur män och kvinnor tänker kring mat och matvanor? • Hur kan livsstilsmagasin tänkas påverka sina läsare i fråga om matpreferenser? Resultatet av studien visar att det är en framstående skillnad mellan hur mat framställs i magasinriktat till män respektive kvinnor. Dessutom pekar enkätundersökningen på att fler kvinnor änmän är måna om vad de äter, och att det finns skillnader mellan hur män och kvinnor ser på mat.Utifrån våra resultat och slutsatser följer en diskussion om hur det kommer sig att mat framställspå det vis den gör, samt hur detta kan komma att påverka dess läsare och samhället i sig. Slutligenger vi även exempel på vidare forskning inom det utforskade området för en djupare förståelse. / The purpose of this study was to examine how males versus females gets portrayed in the foodsection in monthly magazines, in this case Elle and King. In relation to that we have studiedpeoples attitudes of food. We wanted to see if there is any difference in how the magazines framefood depending on the target group and if there is a connection to how people agrees to food ingeneral. We used a qualitative content analysis and surveys as methods to implement the study. To prove our study material we’ve used the framing theory and the theory of social construction. Our main questions was: • How does the magazines portray women and men in magazines when it comes to foodand beverage? • Is it any difference between how men and women think about food and their eatinghabits? • How can the magazines affect their readers in the matter of food preferences? The result of this study shows that there is a difference between how men and women getsportrayed in the food section of the magazines. The survey shows that women care more aboutwhat they eat than men do, and that there is a difference in how men and women think aboutfood. Based on our results and conclusion we discuss why food gets portrayed in the matter itdoes and how the readers and society might get affected. At the end of the study we giveexamples for further research within the unexplored area for a deeper understanding.

<p>Abstract</p><p>In the past decades the newspaper industry went through many changes but it has never had a problem of this kind. With the freedom the Internet brings us today and the wide range of information channels, the newspaper is for the first time seriously challenged.</p><p>When the newspapers began to establish themselves on the internet they thought it was only to copy the content of the newspaper on to their webpage and the advertisers would come along. This move was not planed and had no vision. When the advertisers discovered Internets wide range of advertisement platforms they started to look for other places they could put their ads.</p><p> </p><p>This thesis is about the local newspapers ability to address the problem that the internet has created. I based my study on the following issues:</p><ul><li>Why has internet caused this problem for the newspapers?</li><li>What are the prerequisites for local newspapers when they face challenges from the internet?</li><li>How have the advertisers acted after the emergence of this challenge?</li></ul><p>To answer these questions I did qualitative interviews with different personalities within the newspaper industry, two local newspaper executives and two professors in media economics.</p><p> </p><p>In conclusion the result shows that there are different opinions regarding these questions and different views of how to solve them. The Newspaper industry is heading towards a new era where the electronic newspaper is going to play a much bigger role. The executives need to come up with new business models where the consumer’s needs are in the center.</p>

<p><!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} .MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; margin-bottom:10.0pt; line-height:115%;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --><p>I den här uppsatsen har jag analyserat tre tidningsartiklar från herrtidningen Moore, och tre tidningsartiklar från tjejtidningen Solo. Jag har analyserat en artikel i varje nummer, så totalt har jag använt sex tidningar. Utöver artiklarna har jag också analyserat två av tidningarnas omslag. Efter analyserna har jag gjort jämförelser mellan de båda tidningarnas artiklar och omslag för att se om det går att påvisa några skillnader, men även likheter.     Min avsikt med att göra det här var att bevisa vetenskapligt att skillnader finns i tidningarnas informationsdesign, alltså deras bilder, texter och layout. Jag har analyserat artiklarna efter en ganska strikt modell, men även tagit mig friheten att välja bort eller lägga till vissa element i modellen beroende på vilken sorts artikel jag analyserat.    Efter mitt arbete har jag upptäckt att flera bevisningsbara skillnader föreligger, men även att artiklarna och omslagen har gemensamma drag på flera plan. Några av skillnaderna var till exempel att Moores artiklar ofta var mer ironiska, sarkastiska och även mer slangartade och med visst innehåll av ”fult språk”. Omslaget visade sig också vara mer aggressivt i sina färgskalor, i den mån att färgerna var mer mättade än på Solos omslag. Att en tydlig ämnesskillnad föreligger i textpuffarna på omslaget är också tydligt. Denna ämnesskillnad tycks vara målgruppsberoende, då tidningarna har två helt olika målgrupper.    De likheter jag har funnit är främst på textuell nivå. Procentantalet långa ord är till exempel ofta nästan identiskt mellan flera av de jämförda artiklarna.</p></p>

I denna uppsats studeras och diskuteras 474 insändare i tidningen Ute och Hemma, skrivna till sjömän av deras anhöriga under andra världskriget. Insändarna är ett intressant exempel på ett offentligt forum, där textförfattarna var tvungen att förhålla sig till en större läsarskara än bara den direkta adressaten, men utgör också ett material ur vilket man kan teckna en bild av Sverige under perioden. Värdet i den situationsbaserade gemenskapen löper som en röd tråd genom insändarnas berättelser, värdet i kamratskapet på havet framgår lika tydligt som solidariteten inom de hemmavarandes sociala nätverk. De hemmavarandes relation till tid diskuteras också, i insändarna görs den till någonting materiellt, ett objekt att konkret förhålla sig till. Fotografiets materialitet framstår också som en värdefull resurs för de hemmavarande som bland annat ser det som en ställföreträdare för den utreste sjömannen och genom dess autenticitet manifesteras familjeenheten med hjälp av fotografiet. Även könsreglerade skillnader, såsom synen på kvinnans respektive mannens arbete samt väntan, synliggörs i insändarna. Kvinnans ansträngningar kategoriseras inte som arbete i texterna, samtidigt som mannens väntan inte diskuteras eller syns på samma sätt som kvinnans. Slutligen diskuteras krigets närvaro i insändarna, då med ordet ”krig” som exempel. Ordet förekommer inte förrän krigets slut varför det tycks vara ett slags språkligt tabu trots att konsekvenser av det – torpederingar, ransoneringar och insändarna i sig själva – är en ständigt närvarande och omtalad faktor i texterna. Insändarna blev därför en kanal för de hemmavarande genom vilken de kunde övervinna den rumsliga distansen och återknyta familjen och visar sig samtidigt vara ett givande källmaterial för historiska studier då det återger de hemmavarandes röster och berättelser från ett förstahandsperspektiv.

The dissertation examines how economic matters were depicted between 1770 and 1820 in two European kingdoms. Britain and Sweden are studied during this Age of Revolutions from the state’s perspective; state-managed newspapers are examined, one from Britain, the London Gazette, and two from Sweden, Stockholms Post-Tidningar and Inrikes Tidningar. These were stable types of media that transformed slowly alongside the changing popular press. State-managed newspapers were produced both to inform and manage the loyalty of populations. Aside from the continued development of the centralized state, this was also the time when Enlightenment ideals were spreading, the public sphere was transforming, notions of the nation and nationalism were developing, and communication strategies were changing; these concepts are the basis for the model of the development of modernity used in this study. Economic matters are seen as existing in a value-realm model that gradually disintegrated over time, expressing the birth of the modern world. This model included political, social-cultural, and technological values, in addition to economic matters. This disintegration involved a sense of uniformity. In both Britain and Sweden, economic objects, practices, ideas, and discourses received similar treatments over time. This process was, however, non-linear and not complete by the dawn of industrial transformation.   The first two chapters discuss the theory and methodological approaches. The form, order, and content of the newspapers are analyzed to show how economic matters became separate or unembedded to varying degrees over a fifty-year time span. British and Swedish descriptions are compared, as well as how the other state was portrayed in the opposing newspapers. These observations are described in three empirical chapters, relating events and analyses from 1770 to 1775, 1790 to 1795, and 1815 to 1820. The results of this dissertation show how early modern economic matters can be viewed beyond quantitative contents as an expression of becoming modern, offering complimentary context. Advances in thinking about data generated modern numerical indicators, also reflected by form and order qualities. The unembeddedness of economic matters was an ongoing and non-linear process that was expressed by increased abstractness, separation, and emphasis.

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