自從民國89年農業發展條例修正後，新的農舍制度已經運行了六個寒暑，但由統計上的數據可得知個別農舍依然是農民們興建農舍時的主要選擇，顯見政府所欲提倡的集村興建農舍有其實施上的弱點。而在真正完成的集村農舍當中，起造人入住的真正目的，又多半與實際的農業經營管理無關。因此，集村農舍制度於制度設計與制度執行方面可能出現了若干的問題，導致政策實施的結果與政策初始的期望落差甚大。由於集村農舍制度的成效有限，反而更加襯托出個別農舍的備受青睞，這又明顯異於多數學者、官員對於個別農舍所持的負面態度。因此，吾人欲從這兩個並行制度的制度內容出發，以實際的案例進行農舍制度在規則、組織、執行層面的比較分析，據以提出下列的結論與建議。 一、研究結論 （一）個別農舍在搜尋成本、監督成本、執行成本、時間成本等交易成本上遠較集村農舍來得低廉，加上政府提供給集村農舍的誘因相對不足與個別農舍選擇的高度自由，使得目前農民在申請興建農舍時仍以個別農舍為主要的選擇。 （二）個別農舍有建築樣式的選擇自由、交易成本較低等優點，也有容易成為治安死角、公共設施不足等缺點；而集村農舍相對的有建築樣式的選擇不自由、交易成本較高等缺點，以及能夠守望相助、公共設施充足等優點。 （三）作為中央政府政策代理者的地方政府，時常會缺乏對於制度變遷的適應性（adaptation）與執行時的專業能力，加上又必須面對執政權力來源的選民壓力，所以其執行成效往往在中央政府之期待與地方選民之要求間做拉扯，而很有可能因此偏離了政策的原始理念。 二、政策建議 （一）儘速檢討集村農舍制度的偏差以回歸原始之優良理念，並僅允許集村結合原有的鄉村區去作興建，而不准許蛙躍式的、點狀式的集村興建。 （二）現在多數的個別農舍都是屬於別墅型的個別農舍與居住型的個別農舍，而與真正的農業生產經營沒什麼相關性，因此這些不符合農舍原始定義的個別農舍，應該沒有再繼續申請興建的理由，僅有農用型的個別農舍可以有限度的開放興建。 （三）目前農舍管理所面臨到的難題，多少都與完全地開放自然人進入農地市場有關，而在農發條例因為諸多現實的政治因素而難以付諸修改的情況之下，唯有從嚴認定欲申請興建農舍者的資格、加強稽查農舍的違規情形、取消部分農舍不合理的稅賦優惠，才有可能減少機會行為的發生與農舍的不斷蔓延。 （四）在中央政府組織ㄧ個事權統一的農地與農舍的主管機關，以減少目前農舍主管機關業務重疊的情形，並在地方政府正式設立一個專責農地與農舍問題的聯合審查小組，且直接地向中央的主管機關負責，以降低代理問題產生的機會。 關鍵詞: 個別農舍、集村農舍、交易成本、雙重代理、制度變遷、自我執行 、第三者執行 / The implementation of farmhouse institution has been 6 years since year 2000. From the official statistics, the individual farmhouse is still the main choice for farmers. This reveals that the cluster farmhouse which adopts and promotes by government authority has some shortcomings. In addition, the owners who own cluster farmhouse are nothing to do with agricultural operation. These may result from the rules and enforcement of cluster farmhouse. Therefore, this study conducts a comparative analysis of formal and informal rules of individual and cluster farmhouse so as to understand the reasons why farmers do not choose the cluster farmhouse with incentives provided by central government. The main conclusion and policy suggestions for farmhouse are as follows: 1. The transaction costs including searching cost, policing cost and enforcement costs for individual farmhouse is much low than that for cluster farmhouse. In addition, the incentive provided from government for cluster farmhouse is not enough. The above two reasons lead to the result that individual farmhouse is the main choice for farmers. 2. The advantage of individual farmhouse is the freedom of varied style choice and low transaction cost while its shortcoming is safety problem and lack of public facilities. The advantage and shortcoming of cluster farmhouse are opposite from individual farmhouse. 3. The implementation of farmhouse is influence by the lack of adaptation of local government, professional comprehensive and election pressure so that the implantation is different from the original basic concept of farmhouse. 4. Policy recommendation: （1） To review the original basic concept of farmhouse and to encourage the cluster farmhouse together with country district rather the scatter development. （2） To review the definition of farmhouse so that all the farmhouse can be use for agricultural function instead of accommodation. （3） To cancel the tax exemption for farmhouse that is not use for agriculture so as to prevent the opportunity behaviors. （4） To unify the responsible authority in central government so as to prevent the agency problems of implementation.

代理商是許多國外廠商在初入陌生的海外市場時，最常使用的低涉入模式之一，其代表國外原廠在當地市場執行產品銷售的相關業務，並服務當地客戶，扮演國外原廠與當地客戶之間橋樑的角色。但是代理商也常被視為是國外原廠在進入當地市場時暫時或次要的工具，一旦當地市場逐漸成長，國外原廠就會收回代理權自行經營；當地市場太小，代理商又面臨自身經營的困境，所以代理商常面臨生存的兩難。加上一般代理商不涉及製造活動，需仰賴國外原廠提供產品，一旦當國外原廠取消代理關係，往往造成代理商因失去產品來源而遭受重大損失。 本研究從代理商的角度，探討代理商如何避免被國外原廠取消代理權，以及 代理商即使面對被國外原廠取消代理權，其仍舊可以繼續生存的策略作為。本研究以交易成本理論與資源基礎理論，分別從國外原廠對當地市場的興趣、代理商與國外原廠的上游關係以及代理商與國內客戶的下游關係三個部分加以分析，探討代理商如何利用上、下游關係中的知識與資源，來維繫與發展與國外原廠之間的關係，避免被國外原廠取消代理權。再者，代理商可以透過運用知識與資源，使其在面對被國外原廠終止代理關係時，降低損失的程度、並提高生存空間。 本研究以台灣電子零件代理商為研究對象，代理自國外原廠的產品線為分析單位，實證結果發現，在代理商避免被國外原廠取消代理權的問題上，國外原廠對代理商投入的資源越多，越能降低被取消代理權的可能性；而代理商在對上游(國外原廠)的關係中，擁有的當地市場資源越多、越瞭解國外原廠、越能掌握當地網絡，越能降低被國外原廠取消代理權的可能性；代理商在對下游(當地客戶)的關係中，越瞭解當地客戶、越能提供附加價值活動給當地客戶，越能降低被國外原廠取消代理權的可能性。在即使面對被國外原廠取消代理權，代理商依舊可以保有生存機會的議題上，代理商越能適度增加國外原廠數目，分散產品來源，越能降低因為被國外原廠取消代理權而造成的損失。

台灣地區工業區開發已近50年，民國84年中央工業主管機關不再開發工業區，由地方政府與興辦工業人接續為工業區開發主流。就工業區開發資料顯示，有興辦工業人開發大型工業區不易，及開發商不易尋找之情況，前者乃取得完整大面積土地困難，為開發主體問題，後者乃在政府開發工業區未編列預算所致，為開發模式問題，因此本文認為「編定工業區開發模式」課題，有研究之必要。 　　本研究宗旨就工業區開發模式中資金籌措為主題，以工業區開發規劃至開發完成之過程為軸線，經由(一)市場與政府理論，論證工業區開發主體及數量變化。(二)對不同開發主體在開發過程中，所產生交易成本、代理成本、衝突成本異同討論。(三)對開發模式之交易成本等相關文獻、法制面、實務面、分析研究，以及對實際參與工業區開發人士進行深入訪談，發覺工業區開發困境所在。 經研究認為地方政府擁有公權力及行政資源，所開發工業區交易成本最低，為編定工業區開發最佳模式，爰此本研究建議編定工業區開發必須搭配以下措施：(一)政府編列預算。(二)公私統包開發。(三)引進不動產估價師制度。(四)引進銀行融資制度。(五)工業區銷售採預售制度。 　　透過上述工業區開發配套措施，除有益於開發商參與工業區開發，及減少民眾抗爭之衝突成本，使得開發順利外，尚可降低搜尋成本、協商成本，及時間成本等，達成降低編定工業區開發交易成本之目的，提昇工業區開發之效率。 / The development of industrial sites in Taiwan has been carried out continuously for nearly 50 years. In 1995, the central government made a decision that they no longer played an active role in developing industrial sites, and thereafter, the task was taken over by local governments as well as host industrialists. The literature that recorded such development shows that some host industrialists encountered difficulty in developing large-scale industrial sites, and also it was difficult to find developers. The problem of the former was caused by the difficulty in looking for large area of land, which was a problem of development entity, and the problem of the latter was caused by no budget arranged by the government, which was a problem of development mode. Thus, in this text, it is considered that a study on “the Development Mode of Projected Industrial Sites” has become essential. The purpose of this study is to explore the subject of fund raising in the process of industrial site development, from the stage of its planning up to its accomplishment, which goes through (1) the theory of market and government: to discuss and verify entity and quantity variation in industrial site development. (2) the discussion about similarities and dissimilarities in transaction cost, agent cost, and conflict cost emerging in the process of development. (3) the analysis and research of transaction cost of development mode through relative literature, legal aspect, and practical aspect, as well as interviewing personnel who took take part in the actual development of industrial sites in order to find out potential problems. As a result of research, it is deemed that the transaction cost in developing industrial sites is lowest when executed by a local government as it holds civic rights and administrative resources, so that turns out to be the best mode in projected industrial site development. It is therefore proposed in this study that when developing projected industrial sites, following measures should be taken: (1) budget planned by the government (2) execution of consolidated development contract for both public and private projects (3) introduction of real estate appraiser system (4) introduction of bank loan system (5) adoption of advance booking for selling and purchasing premises in industrial sites. By taking above supplementary measures for developing industrial sites, the benefits include encouraging developers’ involvement in developing industrial sites, reducing conflict cost arose by mob protest so as to facilitate development process, and further lowering searching cost, negotiation cost, time cost etc. As a result, the purpose of reducing transaction cost of developing projected industrial sites can be achieved, and the efficiency of such development can be elevated.

半導體產業自 1950/1960 年代創始以來, 即以高度垂直整合的型式存在. 電路設計, 製程技術開發, 晶圓製造, CP測試, 封裝, 以及 FT測試 都是在同一公司完成. 至今日為止, 雖然仍然有不少的高度垂直整合的半導體公司存在, 許多的半導體公司已開始轉向為較低度垂直整合的型式存在. 在現代的產業術語中, 這些不同的產業單位被稱為整合元件廠 (IDM), 輕晶圓廠公司 (Fab-lite), 無晶圓廠公司(fab-less), 晶圓代工(wafer foundry), 外包封裝測試公司 (OSAT), 等等. 半導體產業自高度整合的IDM模式走向設計與製造分離的商業模式是一個許多人有興趣探討的課題. 其中一項很明顯的因素就是半導體製程開發及產能建置所需的龐大資金所造就出的專業晶圓代工模式. 但是,當專業晶圓代工模式帶入大量的經濟效益的同時, 眾多的公司在半導體產業中跨公司的交易成本亦大量增加. 在本論文中, 作者試圖以個案分析的方法, 探討半導體產業中一家專業晶圓代工公司 (A 公司) 如何使用協同電子商務來降低與客戶之間的交易成本. Coase and Williamson為主所發展出的交易成本經濟學 (Transaction Cost Economics, TCE)為本論文提供了一個良好的理論架構. 這些專精不同的半導體公司(Firms)在半導體產業中(Market)交易(Transact). 當面對不同程度的交易障礙時, 都會努力使這些障礙降低. 本論文之目標是以 Coase/William的TCE為架構, 定性分析出晶圓代工產業的協同電子商務在降低交易成本的效益. 在針對Ａ公司的個案研究中，研究結果指出, 協同電子商務在降低監督成本上是相當顯著的. 其次為搜尋成本及訂約成本的降低. 效益較不顯著的則為違約成本的降低. / The Semiconductor Industry started out in the 1950/1960 time frame, in the form of highly vertical integration. Circuit design, process technology development, wafer manufacturing, circuit probe operations, assembly manufacturing and final testing operations were all performed within a company. Although vertically integrated semiconductor companies still have strong presence in today’s industry, many others have turned much less vertically integrated. In semiconductor industry’s jargons, these various entities are: IDMs (Integrated Device Manufacturers), Fab-lite, Fabless, wafer foundries, OSATs (Out Sourced Assembly and Test), etc… This phenomenon of the semiconductor industry going from being highly integrated towards being highly disintegrated is of interest to many. One of the obvious driving forces is the emergence of the wafer foundry segment in the industry due to the heavy investment in the process technology development and the manufacturing capacity build-up. Given the need for the tight collaboration among various semiconductor industry functions, this disintegration undoubtedly imposed much inter-company collaboration barrier along the value chain. In this paper, the study focuses on how a company (“Company A”) in the wafer foundry segment uses collaborative commerce to provide an integration platform for its trading partners to reduce the barrier of conducting business with each other. Transaction Cost Economy (TCE), a term coined by Coase and Williamson, provided an excellent research framework for this case. The barrier existing in these interdependent semiconductor companies along the value change can be viewed as “firms” in the “market”, while facing the significant barrier (transaction costs), looking for ways to maximize the profits for individual firms, and hopefully for the whole value chain as well. In short, this paper analyzes the qualitative effect of the collaborative commerce in a semiconductor foundry company in reducing the inter-company transaction cost within the Coase and Williamson TCE framework. Based on the case study of company A, the results indicate that Collaborative Commerce has significant impact on monitoring cost reduction. It also helps reduce the cost of searching and contracting. On the enforcement cost reduction, Collaborative Commerce plays a relatively weaker role. Key Words: Transaction Cost, Collaborative Commerce, Semiconductor, Foundry, Integration, Dis-integration

This thesis investigates large private companies in Sweden that have outsourced their information technology (IT). A considerable proportion of IT outsourcing (ITO) is unsuccessful. For IT service buyers, this could cause IT that does not fully work, entailing problems with the network, application, infrastructure and security, with serious consequences such as a loss of customers’ confidence and significantly increased costs. Therefore, the main research goal was to analyse and define ways to improve ITO for buyer organizations. This main research goal was accomplished through three research goals that are the followings: 1) To develop a method for risk assessment in IT outsourcing; 2) To identify the important factors in IT outsourcing relationship; and 3) To identify the success factors in IT outsourcing.                       The research strategies applied in conducting this research were design science research and survey research. To achieve the first research goal, a method was developed for assessing the ITO risks, including support for mitigating these risks. This method could help both researchers and practitioners in estimating the ITO risks and in this way improve ITO. An application based on the developed method was used to facilitate the testing of this method by several ITO decision makers in large companies concerning its usability, correctness and functionality. Moreover, a study was performed to explore ITO decision makers’ acceptance of the developed method and their use of it for assessing the ITO risks.             The second research goal investigated how to improve service buyers’ ITO relationship with their providers. A well-working ITO relationship is a critical determinant of successful ITO and is relevant to the whole ITO life cycle. This research goal was achieved by identifying and analysing the most important factors in ITO relationships, including a prioritized list of those factors that are highly recommended for use in creating and maintaining a good ITO relationship.                       The third research goal examined how to improve ITO by identifying and prioritizing the success factors (SFs) in ITO. This research identified the ITO SFs in large companies and provided a prioritized list of them to be applied in these companies with a description of the value that they could create from implementation during the ITO life cycle. Moreover, the SFs identified in large companies were compared with those identified in medium-sized companies, which could give an indication to the researchers in this field that company size matters in regard to the implementation order of the identified SFs.               In summary, the research presented in this thesis contributes with: 1) a method for assessing the risks of outsourcing IT and, in the case that IT has been outsourced, suggested ways to mitigate them; 2) the important factors that could improve ITO relationships and 3) a prioritized list of success factors that could improve IT outsourcing. / Denna avhandling undersöker stora privata företag i Sverige som har outsourcat sin IT verksamhet. Som vi uppmärksammade har en stor del av IT-outsourcingen (ITO) misslyckats. För köparen av IT-tjänsten kan det leda till bristande IT funktionalitet med allvarliga konsekvenser som i värsta fall leder till förlorade kunder och betydande kostnadsökningar. Därför är det övergripande forskningsmålet är att analysera och fastställa hur ITO:n för köparen av IT tjänsten kan förbättras. För att lösa det övergripande forskningsmålet forskningen undersökte: 1) Utvecklingen av en metod för att bedöma riskerna med IT-outsourcing; 2) Identifiering av de viktiga faktorerna inom IT-outsourcingsrelationer; och 3) Identifiering av en lista över framgångsfaktorer i IT-outsourcing. De använda forskningsstrategierna för att genomföra forskningen var ”design science research" och kartläggning. För att uppnå först huvudforskningsmålet, har en metod tagits fram för att bedöma riskerna och vägleda hur man kan minska dem. Den här metoden kan hjälpa både forskare och de som utövar IT-outsourcing med att bedöma ITO-riskerna och på så sätt förbättra sina IT-outsourcing.  En programvara baserad på den metoden har utvecklats för att underlätta testningen av metoden vilket har genomförts med IT beslutsfattare på stora organisationer, beträffande användbarhet, korrekthet och funktionalitet. Dessutom har en studie utförts för att bedöma om programvaran kan accepteras av IT beslutsfattare och få reda på om de skulle använda metoden för att bedöma ITO riskerna. Det andra forskningsmålet har undersökt hur köparna av den outsourcade IT-tjänsten kan förbättra relationen med sina leverantörer. En bra ITO-relation är en avgörande faktor för en framgångsrik ITO och den är viktig för hela livscykeln. Forskningsmålet har uppnåtts genom analys för att hitta de viktigaste faktorerna ITO-relationsfaktorer, som studien rekommenderar för att skapa och underhålla en bra ITO relation. Det tredje forskningsmålet har undersökt hur ITO kan förbättras genom att identifiera och prioritera framgångsfaktorerna i ITO. Studien har identifierat framgångsfaktorerna i stora företag och tagit fram en lista med prioriterade framgångsfaktorer som bör implementeras i de undersökta företagen. Dessutom så har nyttan av dessa framgångsfaktorer beskrivits under ITO livscykeln. Dessutom har de identifierade framgångsfaktorerna från stora företag jämförts med framgångsfaktorerna som har identifierats för medelstora företag. Denna jämförelse ger en indikation till forskarna på det här området att prioriteringen av framgångsfaktorerna är beroende av företagsstorlek. Sammanfattningsvis, den beskrivna forskningen i den här uppsatsen bidrar med: 1) En metod för att bedöma risker och förslag på hur minska dessa risker; 2) En lista med de viktiga faktorerna för att förbättra ITO relationen inom IT-outsourcing och; 3) En prioriterad lista av framgångsfaktorer som kan förbättra IT outsourcing.

[pt] Dada a importância dos provedores de serviços logísticos e da existência de uma carência na definição clara das fronteiras entre os diversos tipos de Party Logistics - PLs (1PL, 2 PL, 3PL, 4PL e 5PL), a presente dissertação apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para classificá-los baseada em um estudo exploratório fundamentado em uma análise da literatura acadêmica. A metodologia tem por base os conceitos de complexidade logística, tipos de contratos, responsáveis pela execução do serviço, características do investimento, formas de governança, tipos de relacionamentos, capabilidades, vantagem competitiva e agregação de valor à cadeia. A teoria do custo de transação e a visão baseada em recursos, auxiliam na elaboração da metodologia. As características são associadas aos PLs com o intuito de defini-los e de indicar uma fronteira clara entre cada um deles. / [en] Given the importance of logistic service providers and the existence of a lack in the definition frontiers among the different Party Logistics - PLs (1PL, 2PL, 3PL, 4PL and 5PL), the present dissertation presents a methodology proposal to classify these Party Logistics based on an exploratory study supported by an analysis in the academic literature. The methodology uses the following concepts: logistic complexity, contract types, investment characteristics, governance forms, relationships types, responsible for the service execution, capabilities, competitive advantage, and value aggregation. The transaction cost theory and the resource-based view help in the elaboration of the methodology. The characteristics are associated to the PLs towards defining them and indicating a clear frontier among each of them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo H Consoli.pdf: 464724 bytes, checksum: 730bce2c6c19d7b07068073111c8514d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-19 / Among the ways that companies can coordinate they activities and define the sources of resources, two are opposite: make or buy in market. In this way, companies choose one of these options or use hybrid coordination forms, that will define the level of vertical integration used by the company. The aim of this research is analyze and classify the main factors regarded by managers when deciding about the level of vertical integration to use in their strategies. Following this objective, it was made a review in the publications related to this subject, like strategy, decision making process, transaction cost economy, industrial organization and finance. The procedures to develop the research used case study methodology applied in the sugar cane sector, where three different sugar mills with distinct vertical integration levels were analyzed through secondary data and interviews. As results it shows a list of factors and situations to be analyzed and pondered to assist managers to organize their production systems and make most efficient decision making about make or buy / Dentre inúmeras maneiras possíveis para as empresas organizarem suas atividades e definirem suas fontes de obtenção de recursos, destaca-se duas formas polares, são elas: produzir internamente ou comprar no mercado. Dessa maneira, a opção por uma dessas formas ou até mesmo a opção por uma forma híbrida, define o grau de integração vertical adotada pela empresa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e classificar quais são os principais fatores considerados pelos gestores no processo decisório de definição do grau de integração vertical adotado pela empresa. Para tanto, foram revisadas as principais obras relacionadas aos temas: estratégia, processo decisório, economia de custos de transação, organização industrial e finanças. Utilizou-se ainda neste trabalho, para alcançar os objetivos propostos, a metodologia de estudo de caso aplicado, em três empresas pertencentes ao sistema agroindustrial da cana, com diferentes graus de integração vertical. Ao término do mesmo, lista-se uma série de situações, que analisadas e ponderadas, permitem escolher qual a melhor forma de organizar a produção e, conseqüentemente, qual a melhor decisão a ser tomada: produzir ou comprar

This thesis challenges two key assumptions made in the current Islamic banking literature. Firstly, this thesis challenges and empirically invalidates the assumption that all Islamic banks are indistinguishable from their conventional counterparts and are thus equally unIslamic. To do so, this thesis uses the profit and loss sharing (PLS) criteria, which is central to the philosophy of Islamic banking and is the key principle differentiating Islamic from conventional banking, in theory and practice. By investigating variation in PLS levels between Islamic banks and comparing with conventional banks with and without Islamic windows, this thesis illustrates that the Islamic banking industry does not comprise a homogeneous group of banks that are all indistinguishable from their conventional counterparts. Rather, a typology of Islamic banks exists, comprising of three distinct groups of banks, each one following a different business model. While one group can genuinely be considered indistinguishable from conventional banks, another group shows clear evidence of pursuing PLS-oriented strategies in formulating its asset portfolio, differentiating itself from the purely debt-based intermediation model adopted by conventional banks. As such, empirical evidence shows that some Islamic banks are, in practice, operating closer to the PLS principle and can thus be considered more Islamic than others. Further investigation illustrates that the institutional environment matters for the provision of ideal PLS Islamic financing instruments. Secondly, this thesis overcomes two methodological issues to compare the corporate social performance (CSP) of Islamic and conventional banks. In doing so, this thesis challenges the second identified assumption from the literature, that religion-specific category of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is particular to Islamic banking, and invalidates it on conceptual, theoretical and empirical basis. A novel CSP Index based on the evidence-based disclosure criteria, comprising of 6 dimensions and 25 social performance indicators is constructed and complemented with three Social Performance Quantitative Indicators (SPQIs) to compare the CSP of Islamic and conventional banks. From this comparison, this thesis concludes that, contrary to the industry s claims and expectations held of it, Islamic banking does not offer an ethical alternative to conventional banking. Differences in the level and composition of CSP between the two industries are more subtle and require a nuanced approach to be studied.

本文是以新制度研究方法，來分析台灣派系政治的穩定與變遷。本文的論點是我們在(1)台灣的地方派系政治互動，存在著交易成本。(2)制度因素控制交易成本，進而影響威權時期與民主轉型期的派系政治互動的研究目標前提下，藉由補助金制度運作為例，來理解台灣派系政治的變化。因此我們將全文的探討，建立在下列的假設上：”威權時期的台灣地方派系政治，之所以能維持穩定的運作而成為國民黨有效的統治形式，補助金制度能降低交易成本是主要原因之一。而在民主轉型期間，派系政治所發生的變遷，也是因為補助金制度無法再有效控制交易成本所導致的結果。” 而在對於上述假設的探討上，我們首先發現在整體地方財政結構上的嚴重失衡，使得地方財政必須強烈依恃於中央的補助支持。但是由於補助金制度缺乏有效的監督機制，導致主事者可以藉由制度上的缺失，來進行自身政治目的的運作。 因此在威權時期，補助金制度之所以能控制交易成本，維持派系政治穩定運作主要是由於： (1)補助制度能有效的弱化地方政府的能力、藉由政策的滲透達到監督地方的效果，並且能有效的介入選舉運作。因此降低民選精英向國民黨挑戰的風險成本，而使得雙方的互動呈現低交易成本的穩定合作關係。 (2)由於補助金制度能提供地方政治精英一個穩定的資源汲取管道，使得其底下樁腳系統的向心力可以穩定的維持下去。另一方面，補助計畫必須透過層級申請的特性，也為政治精英帶來低成本的監督環境，使得其能有效的防止樁腳跑票行為。導致雙方在低交易成本的互動下，維持穩定合作關係。 (3)但地方派系與選民之間的互動，則是因為選民缺乏監督誘因以及集體行動的協調成本太高，使得雙方呈現出一種高交易成本的關係。然而由於補助金制度的運作下，派系的政治精英往往可以藉由補助計畫申請的方式，來規避對選民的政治承諾，並將地方建設的功勞予以個人化。使地方政治精英能在規避對選民的政治責任時，卻又同時還能獲得選民的高度認同，而維持一種穩定的選民動員能力。 然而在民主轉型期，補助金制度之所以無法控制交易成本，導致派系政治發生變化的主要原因是在於： (1)國民黨需要地方政治精英對中央政權的支持，但本身卻喪失藉由補助款來進行監督的功能，導致雙方呈現出一種高交易成本的互動模式。 (2)由於補助款制度所存在的制度機制以及反對黨對於地方執政權的競爭日益激烈，導致樁腳因為補助管道日益多元化，使得樁腳維持自主性的成本下降。但卻因此弱化了地方政治精英對樁腳進行監督的能力。這使得雙方的合作關係呈現出一種不穩定的高交易成本狀態。 (3)最後在選民與地方派系的互動上，由於反對黨藉由福利政策來直接訴諸選民，使得選民在存有比較利益機會的誘因下，願意耗費成本來對政治人物的承諾進行監督。在縣級行政首長選舉上，選民因為監督誘因的增加以及反對黨出現所帶來訊息成本的降低，對派系領領袖的互動就呈現低交易成本模式。但是在基層小單位選舉上，由於區域樁腳仍然具有多元的申請管道，來利用申請補助計畫的方式來經營選區，導致選民仍缺乏監督的誘因，而繼續維持雙方高交易成本的互動方式。而且由於這種方式容易規避政治責任，並且將政績予以個人化，因此樁腳仍然維持高度的選民動員能力。 由於民主轉型期間，補助金制度無法再維持一個低交易成本環境。使得派系政治中的相關行動者過去穩定的合作關係發生變化。這種改變受害最深的，莫過於想維繫政權生存的國民黨。高交易成本，使得身為委託者的國民黨無法再控制地方派系對政權支持的政治承諾。因此國民黨會憑仗著執政優勢，藉由國家政策工具來降低交易成本，以便維持派系政治的穩定運作。諸如凍省、統籌分配款收回中央等政策，都可以視為在這種情境下所作的考量。但相對的，當民進黨執政，為了維持民進黨縣市首長與選民之間低交易成本的有利競爭環境，也會藉由國家政策的主導，來弱化派系政治的發展。諸如鄉鎮市長官派的宣示、收回小型工程補助款的決議等，都是在自我利益考量下，所得出的結果。因此派系政治在轉變後，未來可能的發展，就在台灣兩大政治勢力自我利益考量的前提中，成為政策腳力的拉鋸戰。然而在可預見四年的民進黨執政日子裡，民進黨在考量自身利益下，應該會朝向弱化派系政治的政策來發展。 最後在政策建議上，基於弱化派系政治的政策立場進行考量。則在長程目標上，就是要提高地方財源自主性，包括中央與地方財源的重新劃分、考慮開放地方在一定程度上的租稅立法權等措施，來落實地方自治、強化責任政治以實現充分政黨競爭的理想。而在短期的制度修正上，則應該恢復補助金制度維持社會公平正義的補助精神，藉由降低計畫型補助與中央部會補助款，以及建立公開透明的補助審核制度等技術性手段，來降低補助制度中，人為政治因素干擾的誘因。

在競爭日益激烈、資訊日益複雜的市場環境下，廠商往往已經做到了使顧客滿意，卻仍留不住顧客，因此，近來廠商所一直追求的目標便是對於品牌的忠誠度；而本研究主要是在探討怎麼樣的情況會造成顧客的滿意？怎麼樣的滿意才會造成顧客在態度上的忠誠？態度忠誠與行為忠誠之間的關係為何？並試著以交易成本理論的三個構面︰「市場資訊的複雜度」、「消費者對該公司的信任度」、「資產專屬性」來解釋滿意度、態度忠誠與行為忠誠之間的關係。整合以上研究架構，建立一整體概念模型，以一知名化妝品品牌VIP資料庫為研究對象，分別對續卡會員以及未續卡會員做研究，了解顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度之關係以及兩群VIP之不同。 由實證結果可以了解不論是續卡會員或是未續卡會員，對於產品的失驗與消費者對該公司的信任度皆會影響產品的滿意度，而產品滿意度、服務品質與消費者對該公司的信任度也都會影響對該公司的整體滿意度，整體滿意度、消費者對該公司的信任度以及資產專屬性則會影響顧客的態度忠誠。 而續卡會員與公司之間所建立的專屬資產越多，續卡會員在行為上就越忠誠；未續卡會員則是從態度忠誠去影響行為上的忠誠，而且市場資訊的複雜度則會從影響未續卡會員的整體滿意度，並由整體滿意度去影響態度忠誠，進而再自態度忠誠影響其行為忠誠，也就是說，在各種因素影響下，未續卡會員的態度越忠誠，行為也會越忠誠。 根據實證所得結果，提供業者如何創造顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度的建議。