Esta investigación se orienta en estudiar la accesibilidad de los sitios web de varios países de Latinoamérica, para evaluar si cumplen con los estándares mínimos de accesibilidad web establecidos por el W3C. Además, este estudio se enfoca a las personas interesadas en conocer el estado relativo a la accesibilidad y estándares de las WCAG 2.0 y 2.1 en los sitios web de varias instituciones de Latinoamérica, y la importancia de utilizar estas normas. Este estudio investigó si los sitios web educativos de Latinoamérica cumplen con los lineamientos vigentes de accesibilidad web y si estas condiciones dependen de la ubicación en el ranking establecido por Webometrics en donde se encuentran aproximadamente 3,942 universidades de Latinoamérica. El estudio permitió evaluar la accesibilidad de 348 páginas de inicio de las universidades de Latinoamérica, de acuerdo con el cálculo del tamaño de la muestra. En la evaluación de la accesibilidad de los sitios web aplicamos herramientas de revisión automática y un método manual que permitan comprobar los estándares de accesibilidad. El mayor número de los problemas identificados con relación a la accesibilidad de los sitios web muestran que es obligatorio robustecer las políticas de accesibilidad web en cada país y brindar lineamientos en este espacio para que los sitios web sean cada vez más inclusivos. Los futuros trabajos deberían seguir analizando la evolución de los sitios web, proporcionando clasificaciones actualizadas periódicamente y haciendo públicos los resultados y los informes. Por otro lado, existen métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para evidenciar si un sitio web es accesible. La mayoría de los métodos aplican herramientas de revisión automática porque son de bajo costo, pero no presentan una solución ideal. En cambio, los métodos heurísticos requieren un apoyo manual que ayudará al experto a evaluar la accesibilidad mediante el establecimiento de rangos de severidad. Razón por la cual, en esta investigación se utilizó una modificación del método de Barrier Walkthrough propuesto por Brajnik teniendo en cuenta las WCAG 2.1. La modificación consistió en incluir un valor de persistencia para determinar la severidad de una barrera de accesibilidad. Este método permitió medir la accesibilidad de los sitios web para probar un proceso heurístico y obtener datos de muestra para el análisis e interpretación de resultados. La propuesta permite probar una nueva heurística con un rango de persistencia más amplio, que ayude a los evaluadores a tener una aproximación más realista de la severidad de una barrera de accesibilidad web. Esta investigación concluyó que, aunque un sitio web está en una clasificación alta según un ranking, no necesariamente cuenta con un sitio web accesible e inclusivo. Este método puede ser replicado para otros sitios web al incluir diferentes tipos de discapacidades, escenarios de prueba y usuarios finales. Como resultado de esta investigación encontramos que ningún sitio web seleccionado en la muestra alcanzó un nivel aceptable de accesibilidad. Por lo tanto, las universidades de Latinoamérica y los sitios web más visitados según Alexa deben realizar esfuerzos significativos para perfeccionar la accesibilidad en los sitios web. Por último, sugiero animar a los diseñadores y creadores de sitios web a aplicar los lineamientos establecidos en las WCAG 2.0 y 2.1 como punto de partida a la hora de desarrollar sitios web accesibles. En conclusión, los sitios web deben hacer esfuerzos significativos para mejorar la accesibilidad, incluir la diversidad y construir sitios web inclusivos.

According to the law, websites within the public sector must be accessible to all citizens. Currently, around 20% of Sweden's population has some form of disability. Therefore, the importance of good digital accessibility can be crucial for accessing information or conducting business with the public sector. To investigate the factors that affect the public sector's efforts to comply with legal requirements regarding digital accessibility a qualitative interview study was conducted with eleven municipalities in northern Swe den. The interviews covered the following areas: digital accessibility, knowledge of WCAG guidelines, practical work with digital accessibility, testing and knowledge about future guidelines. A thematic analysis was carried out, resulting in the following themes: (1) insufficient knowledge within the organization, (2) delegation of responsibility to other actors, systems, and tools and (3) difference in working methods between municipalities. The result suggests that digital accessibility is something that must be prioritized in several different areas by all municipalities. We can also see that there is a significant difference between large and small municipalities in their work with digital accessibility, where the small municipalities have fever resources and therefore face greater challenges when trying to meet the requirements. Municipalities need to increase the general knowledge about digital accessibility, spend more time on testing, and increase future preparedness to be able to handle the obstacles that may arise in the work with digital accessibility.

The research investigates the feasibility of applying 2D accessibility guidelines to enhance a 3D digital planning tool's accessibility for individuals with visual impairments. Three primary research questions guide this study. It incorporated a mixed-method data collection approach to comprehensively investigate these questions. The study began with a designer interview to understand the current state of accessibility within a 3D planning tool, how designers ensure compliance with guidelines, guideline adherence, and implementation strategies.Subsequently, empirical user testing was conducted involving six participants with visual impairments. This methods aimed to obtain diverse user perspectives, emphasizing the user-centered nature of the study. The designer interview highlighted four critical accessibility issues: keyboard accessibility, information clarity, clear labeling, and focus visibility. Addressing these issues aligned the 3D planning tool with WCAG 2.1 guidelines and resulted in significant enhancements in it's accessibility.Empirical user testing revealed varying degrees of success among different users with visual impairments, highlighting both the successes and challenges of implementing accessibility features, and emphasizing the complexity of designing for individuals with visual impairments. The study identified key features that contributed to an enhanced user experience, including accessibility through assistive technology, effective scanning navigation strategies, and challenges for improvements in areas such as clear descriptions and interaction feedback. This research has broader implications, impacting both the practical and scientific fields of accessibility. It offers practical significance for companies like IKEA, emphasizing the importance of a user-centered approach to empower users and gather unique insights from individuals with disabilities. Contributing inclusivity and user-friendliness in 3D planning tools.The findings highlight the significance of accessible user interface elements and the importance of compatibility with assistive technologies. A need for inclusive design methods in the development of 3D planning tools and the creation of specific accessibility guidelines designed for 3D environments. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the feasibility of applying 2D accessibility guidelines to enhance the accessibility of 3D digital planning tools. The research contributes to both practical design considerations and the scientific understanding of accessibility challenges in 3D environments.It holds the potential to improve the industry, empower users, and enhance overall accessibility standards. The findings underscore the importance of user-centered design, the complexity of designing in 3D context and to diverse user needs, the interplay between accessibility and usability, and the ongoing need for improvements to enhance the user experience, to create more inclusive and user-friendly 3D digital planning solutions for everyone.

In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the percentage of seniors using social media, yet few studies have been conducted to understand the challenges underlying social network utilisation by seniors. By understanding what motivates seniors to use social media, the difficulties they encounter while using them and what would be an inclusive social media from their perspective is paramount for designing inclusive user interfaces that suit this growing population. This study explores the accessibility challenges faced by older adults, specifically those aged over sixty, when using social media platforms by focussing on Facebook as a case study. Through a heuristic evaluation and a user study this research assesses Facebook’s compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and specific usability issues faced by people over sixty. The focus is on understanding the barriers that hinder effective engagement of older adults on social media platforms. Our findings highlight significant areas where Facebook fails to meet accessibility standards, potentially leading to digital exclusion of the elderly. The study also discusses the broader implications of these findings, emphasising the need for more inclusive design practices in social media platforms to accommodate the diverse needs of older adults. This research seeks to contribute to the field of inclusive design and accessibility by providing insights into how social media platforms can become more accommodating and accessible to older users.

As digital interactions become increasingly integral to our daily routines, ensuring web accessibility for all users is crucial. User experience designers play a big role in creating online environments that are not only usable, but also informative and enjoyable. The European Accessibility Act is a new directive from the European Union, stating that certain products and services must be accessible by 2025, benefiting an estimated 87 million Europeans who have disabilities or temporary impairments. Previous research on Swedish websites has found that requirements are often not fulfilled when it comes to accessibility. This thesis investigated current accessibility practices among Swedish user experience (UX) designers and evaluated their preparedness for compliance with the European Accessibility Act. The results of the interviews show that the Act provides several motivating factors for improving accessibility measures in organizations. Through expert evaluations of the design practices, a set of guidelines is presented, aimed at providing guidance for companies and designers in creating an inclusive design culture while complying with the Act.

<p>Syftet med studien var att fastställa hur man presenterar en pedagogisk text på webben så att den blir tillgänglig, läsbar och användbar för målgruppen. Undersökningen gjordes med en inledande</p><p>forskningsöversikt och därpå följande litteraturstudier. Speciellt värdefull visade sig WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) vara som dessutom ligger till grund för såväl litteratur inom området som för framtagna riktlinjer för svenska myndigheter. Metoder för att mäta graden av tillgänglighet, läsbarhet och användbarhet utvärderas i teoridelen, bland vilka Lix kan nämnas. Därefter skapades en enkel webbsida i enighet med de riktlinjer som</p><p>tagits fram med enkäter, intervjuer och litteraturstudier. Denna webbsida utvärderas med enkäter, intervjuer och tidigare framtagna mätmetoder. Resultatet av studien mynnar ut i en kravlista med punkter som en pedagogisk text för webben bör uppfylla. Denna lista delas in i fyra delar: strävansmål, mål för tillgänglighet, mål för läsbarhet samt mål för användbarhet. Exempel på punkter från kravlistan är: Texten ska vara enkel och lättläst,</p><p>erbjud uppläsning av texten, radavståndet ska vara minst 150% samt information om när dokumentet skapades/ändrades och av vem ska finnas med på webbsidan.</p>

Syftet med studien var att fastställa hur man presenterar en pedagogisk text på webben så att den blir tillgänglig, läsbar och användbar för målgruppen. Undersökningen gjordes med en inledande forskningsöversikt och därpå följande litteraturstudier. Speciellt värdefull visade sig WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) vara som dessutom ligger till grund för såväl litteratur inom området som för framtagna riktlinjer för svenska myndigheter. Metoder för att mäta graden av tillgänglighet, läsbarhet och användbarhet utvärderas i teoridelen, bland vilka Lix kan nämnas. Därefter skapades en enkel webbsida i enighet med de riktlinjer som tagits fram med enkäter, intervjuer och litteraturstudier. Denna webbsida utvärderas med enkäter, intervjuer och tidigare framtagna mätmetoder. Resultatet av studien mynnar ut i en kravlista med punkter som en pedagogisk text för webben bör uppfylla. Denna lista delas in i fyra delar: strävansmål, mål för tillgänglighet, mål för läsbarhet samt mål för användbarhet. Exempel på punkter från kravlistan är: Texten ska vara enkel och lättläst, erbjud uppläsning av texten, radavståndet ska vara minst 150% samt information om när dokumentet skapades/ändrades och av vem ska finnas med på webbsidan.

This work is primarily focused on using Competitive Intelligence (CI) in practice. Its purpose is primarily to use methods CI in a small family business to increase its competitiveness. For this purpose, the work used methods to analyze the information obtained, especially Porter's five forces model and SWOT analysis. These two methods allow analyze the business environment, evaluate its current position and define the competition. In order to increase the competitiveness, the work also analyzed the company website and their competitors, according to predefined criteria, mainly based on generally accepted WCAG 2.0. The contribution of this work in general is a practical demonstration of the possibility of using techniques CI in a small family business. In concrete terms it is mainly the evaluation of individual analyzes carried out, their conclusions and recommendations drawn from it and the "Draft strategy for increasing the competitiveness of businesses." This with the aim to improve the company's market position, enhance its competitiveness and improve its strategic planning. Due to the fact that CI is a theory today already quite well known and described in detail in many scientific studies and articles, in this work is described and defined only very briefly in the second chapter. The main part is devoted to collecting and analyzing information on the industry and competitors and their subsequent evaluation and making recommendations. The penultimate chapter is devoted to design a strategy to increase competitiveness.

Purpose WCAG is a set of guidelines to assist in developing websites accessible for everyone, for example people with colour vision deficiency (CVD). However, there are few guidelines relevant for CVD and with increasing dependant on websites the importance of accessibility on these websites increases as well. The purpose of the research study is therefore to investigate the impact the relevant guidelines for CVD in WCAG 2.1 has on Swedish health care websites and what the consequences are for people who live with CVD. Method An initial literature study was conducted to gain knowledge of previous findings and also evaluate the best approach for the research study. The research study is based on a qualitative approach to gain a deep understanding of the area and to gain insight into the feelings and experiences of the people affected. The methods used to gain the necessary knowledge are an evaluation of 1177.se and e-tjanster.1177.se also observations and interviews around these two websites. Findings The results show that WCAG 2.1 has a positive impact on Swedish health care websites, as well as on users with CVD. From evaluations, interviews and observations it is concluded that 1177.se and e-tjanster.1177.se are easy to perceive for people with CVD. Implications This research study was limited to the mobile version of the websites. However, the results could be different if the research was conducted on the desktop version due to the different structure of the websites and the inclusion of a cursor on desktop. The evaluation could have been affected by the sampling of pages while the interviews and observations should not have been. Limitations The research study was limited to Swedish health care website 1177.se and its subdomain etjanster. 1177.se. Further it was decided to evaluate the mobile version of these websites, although the elements should look similar on desktop and mobile. While not the initial intention, due to over representation of red-green CVD the study was also limited to people with red-green CVD. Also, the experience of browsing the web on a mobile device was considered to reduce the variables for frustrations. Further research For further research, another selection of WCAG guidelines could be considered to evaluate etjanster. 1177.se since the results shows that 1177.se’s and e-tjanster.1177.se's weaknesses seems to be in the structure of the website. A study researching the “blue-yellow colour blindness” compared to websites could contribute with new, relevant knowledge as well.

E-handel i Sverige har varit aktuellt i många år, men till följd av coronapandemin har den svenska e-handeln ökat drastiskt. Det är därför av största vikt att alla, på lika villkor, har möjlighet att handla på internet. Sverige har flera lagar och regler för att förhindra diskriminering av personer med funktionsnedsättning, bland annat Lagen om tillgänglighet till digital offentlig service (DOS-lagen). Dock gäller lagen endast verksamheter inom offentlig förvaltning. I juni i år ska Europaparlamentets och rådets tillgänglighetsdirektiv bli svensk lag, vilket bland annat kommer att resultera i att svensk e-handel måste vara tillgänglig för alla.  Denna studie ämnar att undersöka tillgängligheten för synskadade inom svensk e-handel i dagsläget, innan denna lag har trätt i kraft. Detta har gjorts genom en etnografiskt förankrad studie, som syftar till att belysa  synskadade personers upplevelse av den svenska e-handeln. Därmed har en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer tillämpats. Dessa intervjuer har genomförts med en teoretisk utgångspunkt i Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 samt utformats med en etnografisk utgångspunkt. Detta för att prioritera en renodlad redogörelse av upplevelsen hos respondenterna. Utöver dessa intervjuer, har en kvantitativ undersökning genomförts. Detta i form av en granskning av den svenska e-handeln. Syftet med detta har varit att kartlägga hur väl svensk e-handel lever upp till de uppsatta krav som Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 redogör för. Avsikten med denna del har varit att komplettera intervjumaterialet, snarare än att vara en betydande del.    Studiens slutsats återger att upplevelsen hos den berörda gruppen är nyanserad, och att både positiva och negativa erfarenheter har upplevts. Gällande det kompletterande materialet förefaller det tydligt att det finns utvecklingspotential inom svensk e-handel kopplat till tillgänglighetsfrågor, men också gällande tillvägagångssättet för testning av tillgänglighet på webbplatser.