Bakgrund: Stålet är en av Sveriges viktigaste exportvaror. Det stål som produceras i Sverige går huvudsakligen till exportmarknaden. För att ligga i framkant vad gäller teknik och utveckling samt att vara en attraktiv arbetsplats för framtiden har branschföreningen Jernkontoret arbetat fram en gemensam vision för 2050. En god arbetsmiljö anses vara en framgångsfaktor. Syfte: Syftet med rapporten är dels att utreda arbetsmiljön i kontrollrummen på ett stålverk i Mellansverige för att kunna får en uppfattning om dagens förhållanden. Ytterligare ett syfte är att undersöka hur man vid en ombyggnation av kontrollrum anordnar goda förhållanden ur arbetsmiljösynpunkt och hur de fysiska, kognitiva och psykosociala behoven bör tas i beaktande för att få en god arbetsmiljö som främjar hälsan hos operatörerna och gynnar produktionen. Dessa arbetsmiljöfaktorer ska visas i en kravspecifikation för respektive arbetsmiljöområde. Ett tredje syfte är att undersöka om det finns stöd i litteraturen att en bra arbetsmiljö för operatörer i kontrollrum kan ge kvalitets- och produktionsvinster och på så vis bättre lönsamhet för företaget. Metod/Genomförande: Magisteruppsatsen är baserad på litteraturgenomgång, intervjuer med medarbetare, observationer och exponeringsmätningar med avseende på buller, vibrationer, belysning och termiskt klimat på berörd enhet på företaget. Studiebesök har gjorts hos ett företag som planerar och projekterar kontrollrum. Resultat: Litteraturstudien har visat att de arbetsmiljöfaktorer som undersökts på enheten kan påverka arbetstagares hälsa och prestationer i arbetet. Resultaten av intervjuerna där medarbetarnas uppfattning om brister i arbetsmiljön beskrevs bekräftas också av litteraturstudien. Dessutom påvisas vikten av delaktighet och inflytande vid förändringsarbete. Ytterligare resultat som framkommit påvisar hinder och möjligheter av teknisk karaktär vid flytt av operatörshytterna som måste lösas. Slutsats: Det bekräftas att de faktorer som personalen uppger som brister i sin arbetsmiljö i operatörshytterna idag kan påverka hälsan i arbetslivet, arbetsprestationen och ohälsotalen på enheten. Bedömningen är att en förändring av arbetsmiljön får positiva effekter på undersökta faktorer. Rekommendationen är att flytta operatörshytterna från den direkta arbetsprocessen och utforma enligt de kravspecifikationerna som tagits fram i bilaga 3 för respektive arbetsmiljöfaktor. Många frågor och tekniska utmaningar ur ett MTO-perspektiv måste lösas innan en flytt av operatörshytterna kan bli verklighet. Lyhördhet för medarbetarnas uppfattningar och kunskaper är av största vikt för att få en delaktighet, helhet och ett lyckat förändringsarbete. / Abstract Background: The steel is one of Sweden's most important export goods. The steel produced in Sweden goes mainly to the export market. To be at the forefront in terms of technology and development, and to be an attractive workplace for the future, the industry association Jernkontoret worked out a common vision for 2050. Good work environment is one factor to be successful. Objective: The aim of this report is both to investigate the working environment in control rooms at a steel mill in central Sweden in order to get an idea of the current conditions. Another purpose is to examine how the rebuilding of control arranges good conditions, the working environment and their physical, cognitive and psychosocial needs should be taken into account to get a good work environment that promotes the health of operators and favor the production. These environmental factors are displayed in a requirements specification for each working area. A third purpose is to examine whether there is support in the literature that a good working environment for operators in the control room can provide quality and productivity gains and thus better profitability for the company. Method: Master's thesis is based on literature review, interviews with staff, observations and exposure measurements for noise, vibration, lighting and thermal environment in the relevant department of the company. Visits were made with a company that plans and designs the control room. Results: The literature has shown that the work environment factors examined in the department could affect health and work performance. The results of the interviews, where employees' opinion of deficiencies in the work environment described is also confirmed by the literature. Moreover, the importance of participation and influence to get a successful change management was demonstrated. Additional results obtained, demonstrates the obstacles and opportunities of a technical nature at the relocation of the control room away from the work process that must be resolved. Conclusion: It is confirmed that the factors that staff stated as deficiencies in their work environment in the operator cabins today can affect health in working life, work performance and illness in the department. The assessment is that a change of work environment has positive effects on the investigated factors. The recommendation is to move the operator cabs from the direct workprocess and design according to the specifications developed in Annex 3 for each factor. Many issues and technical challenges from an MTO perspective must be resolved before a relocation of operator cabs can become a reality. Responsiveness to employees' perceptions and knowledge is of utmost importance to get a participatory, holistic and successful change management.

Bakgrund: Denna uppsats har studerat belöningssystem som används inom organisationer med olika syften där bland annat att motivera medarbetare genom både finansiella och icke-finansiella belöningar hör till. Bakgrunden till studien grundar sig på att företag genom att använda belöningssystem kan öka motivationen och arbetsprestationen hos medarbetarna. Eftersom medarbetare motiveras av olika aspekter när det kommer till motivation och arbetsprestation är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till deras egna upplevelser av belöningar. För att få en bredare förståelse är det även viktigt att ta hänsyn till chefernas perspektiv på belöningars påverkan på motivation och arbetsprestation hos medarbetare. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur belöningssystem upplevs gällande motivation och arbetsprestation för medarbetare som arbetar med försäljning. Studien vill utveckla förståelsen kring detta ämne genom att ta hänsyn till både medarbetar- samt chefsperspektiv samt undersöka likheter och skillnader mellan dessa perspektiv. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte samt besvara frågeställningarna, har uppsatsen antagit en kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats. Den data som samlats in till studien har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre olika företag, två medarbetare samt en chef från respektive företag. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på tidigare forskning om belöningssystems påverkan på motivation och arbetsprestation samt medarbetar- och chefsperspektiv. Vidare förklaras även vad belöningssystem är och de finansiella och icke-finansiella belöningarna följt av yttre och inre motivationsfaktorer, Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori och Maslows Behovstrappa. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats påvisar att samtliga medarbetare, förutom en, upplever belöningarna som något positivt och bidragande till motivationen och arbetsprestationen. Samtliga chefer upplever också att belöningarna bidrar till ökad motivation och arbetsprestation hos medarbetarna. Det råder olika upplevelser om vilka belöningar som är mest bidragande till ökad motivation och arbetsprestation från medarbetarperspektivet och chefsperspektivet. Vissa medarbetare påverkas mest av finansiella belöningar, medan andra påverkas mest av icke-finansiella belöningar. Det finns en medarbetare vars4motivation och arbetsprestation inte påverkas av belöningarna. Cheferna har skilda åsikter kring belöningars påverkan. De alla tycker att de påverkar, men på olika sätt. / Background: This study has studied reward system that is used in organizations with different purposes, such as to motivate coworkers by using financial and non-financial rewards. The background to this study is based on the fact that companies, by using reward systems, can increase the motivation and work performance of their coworkers. Since different aspects motivate coworkers when it comes to work performance, it is important to take into account their own experiences of rewards. In order to gain an even broader understanding, it is also important to take into consideration the managers' view on the impact of rewards on motivation and work performance of their coworkers. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how reward systems are perceived in terms of motivation and work performance for employees who work with sales. The study wants to develop the understanding of this topic by taking into account both an employee and managerial perspective and examine similarities and differences between these perspectives. Method: In order to achieve the purpose of this study and answer it’s questions, the thesis uses a qualitative method with an abductive approach. The data for the study is collected through semi-structured interviews with three different companies, two coworkers and one manager from each company. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference is based on previous research on the impact of reward systems on motivation and work performance, as well as coworker and manager perspectives. The theory also includes explanations of reward systems, financial and non-financial rewards followed by external and internal motivational factors, Herzberg's two-factor theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Conclusion: This study’s conclusion shows that all coworkers except one experience the rewards as something positive, contributing to motivation and work performance. All managers also feel that the rewards contribute to increased motivation and work performance among their coworkers. There are different experiences about which reward that is the most contributing to increased motivation and work performance from the coworker perspective and the manager perspective. Some employees are most affected by6financial rewards, while others are most effected by non-financial rewards. There is one employee whose motivation and work performance are not affected by the rewards. Managers have differing views on the impact of rewards. They all think they influence, but in different ways.

More than 600,000 employees depart the hospitality industry for a variety of reasons such as lack of motivational strategies (MS) of hotel general managers (GMs). The purpose of this multiple case study using census sampling was to explore what MS hotel GMs used to enhance employee performance. The 3 GMs of 3 full-service branded hotels with a guest capacity of 160-699 were randomly selected in South Florida. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with the hotel GMs, employee performance evaluations, and results of guest and employee satisfaction surveys from the hotel GMs. Data analysis involved methodological triangulation to determine how motivation was captured and measured using interpreted data, verification through the member-checking process, and coding techniques such as mind mapping to identify reoccurring codes and categories. Through thematic analysis, 4 major themes emerged: workplace motivation, job satisfaction, positive performance, and social expectation. Findings from the 4 themes revealed that recognition and guest satisfaction unveiled a positive effect on employee performances and that motivation through community engagement gave employees reasons to perform well. The effectiveness of MS on employee performance was conceptualized by the expectancy theory to determine motivational triggers and the behavior engineering model to determine which MS led to improved performance. Social implications include encouraging hotel GMs to adjust and develop motivational strategies that engage employees to improve the employee-customer relationship and to increase community involvement which may promote positive social change.

Frågan om det finns något sätt att förutsäga hög arbetsprestation hos individer är på många sätt relevant i organisationssammanhang. Tidigare forskning har visat att personlighet och arbetsengagemang relaterar till prestation, för vad är det egentligen som bidrar till hög individuell arbetsprestation? Syftet med föreliggande studie var att med hjälp av en enkätundersökning undersöka vilken roll personlighet och arbetsengagemang spelar för individuell arbetsprestation. Studiens hypoteser handlade om vilken prediktor, arbetsengagemang eller ett specifikt personlighetsdrag som kunde förklara mest av variationen i individuell arbetsprestation. En kvantitativ studie genomfördes med hjälp av en webbaserad enkätundersökning som baserades på mätinstrument för individuell arbetsprestation (Individual Work Performance Questionnaire), arbetsengagemang (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale) samt personlighet (Mini International Personality Item Pool-6). Kriterierna för att få delta var att vara över 18 år samt besitta en arbetslivserfarenhet över 6 månader. Studiens deltagande uppgick till 162 personer (ålder: M = 35.8, SD = 14.5). Resultaten från regressionsanalysen överensstämde med studiens hypoteser där arbetsengagemang var den överlag starkaste prediktorn för att kunna förutsäga individuell arbetsprestation. Av personlighetsdragen hade conscientiousness störst samband för uppgiftsbaserad prestation samt kontextuell prestation, medan neuroticism hade störst samband för kontraproduktivt arbetsbeteende. Studiens slutsats var att det mest effektiva sättet att mäta individuell arbetsprestation på var genom mätinstrumentet Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) som mäter arbetsengagemang. / The question of whether there is a way of forecasting high individual work performance is in many ways relevant in organizational contexts. Previous research has shown that personality and work engagement relate to work performance but what part exactly is it that contributes to high individual work performance? The purpose of this paper was to conduct a survey to investigate the relevance between personality and work engagement variables and their correlation to individual work performance. The hypotheses of the study concerned which predictor, work engagement or a specific personality trait could explain most of the variation in individual work performance. A quantitative study was conducted using a web-based survey based on measuring instruments for individual work performance (Individual Work Performance Questionnaire), work engagement (Utrecht Work Engagement Scale) and personality (Mini International Personality Item Pool-6). To participate you had to be over the age of 18 and exceeded 6 months of work experience. 162 participants were involved in this study (M = 35.8, SD = 14.5). The results show that work engagement was the strongest predictor to forecast high individual work performance. In regard to task-based and contextual performance the results show a correlation with the personality trait conscientiousness, while counterproductive work behaviour had a strong correlation with neuroticism. The study shows that the most effective way to estimate individual work performance was through Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9), which measures work engagement.

Syfte: Syftet med det här arbetet är att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser om deras balans mellan arbete och privatliv och om det upplever att det har en effekt på deras välmående och prestation.  Metod: Vi har utfört den här studien med semistrukturerade intervjuer, vilka har transkriberats och analyserats. Det är en kvalitativ studie med en induktiv forskningsansats.  Slutsats: För sjuksköterskor finns det flera utmaningar angående WLB, till exempel mentala påfrestningar, svårigheter att släppa jobbet när de är hemma, ork- och tidsbrist, svårt att varva ner och ibland för lite tid till återhämtning. Stress och för lite sömn kan påverka välmående samt prestation. Vi får också lära oss att bemanningssjuksköterskors situation påverkar positivt samt negativt i olika aspekter av WLB. Regelbundna arbetstider och bemötandet av bemanningsfrågan för att lösa arbetsbördan kan förbättra arbetsförhållandena. / Purpose: The purpose with this paper is to examine nurses' experiences concerning their work-life-balance and their eventual opinion whether it has an effect on their well-being and performance.  Method: We have done this study with semi structured interviews, which we have transcribed in order to anlayse them. The study is of qualitative nature and has an inductive research approach.   Conclusion: Nurses face several challenges regarding their WLB, for example mental strain, difficulties in disconnecting from work at home, energy- and time based deficiencies, challenge to unwind and, sometimes, a time shortage for recovery. Stress and lack of sleep can affect well-being and performance. We have also learned that the staffing nurse situations have both positive and negative effects on different aspects of WLB. Regular work hours and addressing staffing issues to alleviate work-load could enhance the work situation.

The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the performance management of teachers in a school established in accordance with § 16 para. 9 of the Education Act. The theoretical part of the thesis specifies the concept of human resource management and defines the individual personnel activities as a tool for human resource management. It highlights from personal activities the function of performance management and describes it using the literature. It specifies in detail the phases of the cycle of the performance management process. The theoretical part contains the description of the process of performance management of teaching staff, defines the identification of the specific conditions in a school established by § 16 para. 9 of the Education Act, which may have an impact on the monitored personal activities. The analytical part of the thesis provides the results of research in primary schools established by § 16 para. 9 of the Education Act. The survey was conducted using explorative method in questionnaire and the type of the case study. The data collection in the case study was realized using individual semi-standardized interviews and the analysis of school documents and guidelines. It was found that for the determination of the performance management of teachers in a school established by § 16...

This dissertation investigates the relationship between work performance and the sense of coherence, using the salutogenesis approach and the influence of employees' biographical variables on work performance. The sense of coherence construct is discussed and conceptualised in terms of its comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Similarly, work performance is discussed and conceptualised in terms of its dimensions and dynamics. The integration of the literature study characteristics such as the cognitive, affective, conative and interpersonal characteristics were discussed. The research was conducted among 80 employees at a banking institution. The quality of life questionnaire and performance appraisal ratings were used. The relationship between biographical variables such as age, marital status, gender, qualifications, tenure, functional department and work performance were investigated. The results confirmed the empirical investigation that there was not a significant relationship between work performance and SOC. However, a significant relationship was found between job category and work performance, and between age and work performance. Finally, recommendations made for future research included using a bigger sample size in order to improve the generalisation of the findings to other organisational environments, and to further determine the relationship between other aspects of work performance (not just the KPAs) such as the human attributes of work performance and SOC. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The aim of this research was (1) to provide empirical data of learning potential and English language proficiency for work performance; (2) to establish whether race and gender influence work performance; (3) to evaluate practical utility and to propose recommendations for selection purposes. The Learning Potential Computerised Adaptive Test and the English Literacy Skills Assessment were used as measuring instruments to measure learning potential and English language proficiency respectively. Work performance data were obtained from the normal performance data system of the company where the research was conducted. ANOVA results showed differences between race and gender groupings. A regression analysis confirmed the predictive validity of learning potential and English language proficiency on work performance. The Spearman rho correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) showed a significant positive correlation between the investigated variables / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M. A. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

The changing nature of work and its competitive characteristics are global phenomena and are mainly fuelled by ongoing technological advancement. This creates unique challenges for talent attraction and the retention of high performing individuals. In addition, the global workforce is becoming more diverse due to demographic, societal and cultural changes and companies are placing greater demands on employee competency and performance. Managing the human factor as a strategic asset in organisations remains a primary challenge in securing a competitive advantage. The road construction industry in South Africa is no different. There is growing competition between civil engineering contractors to secure tenders and to maximise profitability. This is only possible with a sufficient and sustainable labour force. Valid selection processes are therefore required to ensure that the most productive individuals are selected for the most suitable jobs. Reliable and valid performance predictors will assist employers in making appropriate selection decisions. Selecting high performing individuals will support and enhance overall organisational performance. ix In this study the investigation focused on whether psychomotor ability and learning potential are statistically significant predictors of work performance - with specific reference to drivers and machine operators in a road construction company. A quantitative approach was followed to investigate the relationships between variables, or then the prediction of one dependent variable (driver and machine operator performance) by means of two independent variables (psychomotor ability and learning potential). Results from the study did not indicate any statistically significant relationships between the variables. Only scientifically validated assessment instruments were used in the study - which means the findings led to a renewed focus on the importance of performance measurement and the psychometric quality (reliability and validity) of performance data. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to establish if the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile questionnaire (AASP) could be used as a recruitment tool in selecting contact centre agents with a higher predictability for success and hence higher productivity. Contact centres around the globe face the challenge of high staff turnover and absenteeism, reducing profitability. It seems that work performance related to the way in which adults process sensory input has not been well researched. A model was developed by Dunn (Brown et al., 2001) based on the intersection of a neurological threshold continuum and a behavioural continuum and yielding four quadrants: Quadrant 1, Low Registration (of stimuli); Quadrant 2, Sensation Seeking; Quadrant 3, Sensory Sensitivity, and Quadrant 4, Sensation Avoiding. Forty-eight contact centre agents employed by Liberty Life were selected and assessed on the AASP. Performance data for each contact centre agent were collected: available time, auxiliary time, log-in time, quality assurance, absenteeism and length of service. Spearman rank correlations were conducted to test if relationships exist between any of the four quadrants and the performance measures. As an additional investigation, a Suitability Score (based on clustering of scores with a percent assigned) was derived for each contact centre agent and also correlated with the above performance measures. Significant relationships were found between Quadrant 2 scores and three of the performance measurement criteria. As the Quadrant 2 scores increase, the average available time of the agents will decrease and their average log-in time will increase. Absenteeism increased as well, which is expected to have a negative effect on the productivity of the contact centre. The Quadrant also had a high predictability for Suitability Ratings indicating that as the Quadrant 2 score increases, the suitability of the contact centre agents increases as well. Regarding Quadrant 3 (sensory sensitivity) scores, quality assessment, total days of absenteeism and average absenteeism relate negatively. It seems that contact centre agents with high sensory sensitivity are less suitable for the job. As the score increases the quality assessment scores decrease, which is not what is required in terms of quality standards. A negative relationship exists between Quadrant 3 scores and the Suitability Rating scores, indicating that the higher the quadrant scores the less suitable the contact centre agents are to work in the contact centre environment. Quadrant 4 (sensation avoiding) has a negative relationship with Suitability Rating scores, which indicates that the higher the quadrant score the less suitable the contact centre agent is to work in the contact centre environment. No significant relationships were recorded between the performance measurements and Quadrant 1 (low registration) and Quadrant 4 (sensation avoiding), even though, logically, one would expect agents with less distraction to be more productive. Further studies are recommended before the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile questionnaire is used as a recruitment tool. Future studies could categorise the quadrant scores into clusters and then test for relationships with the set performance measurements. The Suitability Rating was used in a first attempt to match individuals in a specific job according to specific sensory profiles. This measure has not yet been tested for validity and reliability, which must be done prior to further study using it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel of die Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) vraelys gebruik kan word as ‘n hulpmiddel vir die werwing en seleksie van kontaksentrum agente, met ‘n hoër waarskynlikheid van sukses en, dus, hoër produktiwiteit. Kontaksentrums op elke vasteland kom te staan voor die probleem van hoë personeelomset en werksafwesigheid wat winsgewendheid verlaag. Die manier waardeur volwasse mense hul sensoriese insette verwerk, in verband met werkprestasie, is nog nie goed ondersoek nie. ‘n Model is deur Dunn (Brown et al., 2001) ontwikkel wat gebasseer is op die kruispunt van ‘n neurologiese drumpel kontinuum en ‘n gedragskontinuum wat tot vier kwadrante lei: Kwadrant 1, Lae Registrasie (van stimuli); Kwadrant 2, Sensasie Soekend; Kwadrant 3, Sensoriese Sensitiwiteit, en Kwadrant 4, Vermyding van Sensasie. Agt-en-veertig kontaksentrum agente wat in diens van Liberty Life is, is geselekteer en beoordeel volgens die AASP. Prestasiedata is saamgestel vir elke kontaksentrum agent: beskikbare tyd, oortollige tyd, teenwoordige tyd, kwaliteitsversekering, werksafwesigheid en jare diensplig. Spearman rang korrelasies is onderneem om te toets of daar verbande bestaan tussen enige van die vier kwadrante en die prestasiemaatstaf. In ‘n addisionele ondersoek is ‘n geskiktheidsmaatstaf ontwikkel wat gebasseer is op trosvorming van tellings met ‘n toegekende persentasie. Dit is gedoen vir elke kontaksentrum agent en hierdie tellings is ook gekorreleer met bogenoemde prestasiemaatstawwe. Statisties-beduidende positiewe verbande is gevind tussen Kwadrant 2 (sensasie soekend) tellings en drie van die prestasiemetingskriteria. As die telling van Kwadrant 2 toeneem, neem die gemiddelde beskikbare tyd af en die teenwoordige tyd van agente toe. Werksafwesigheid het ook toegeneem, wat moontlik negatief kan inwerk op die produktiwiteit van die kontaksentrum. Die kwadrant het ook ‘n hoë waarskynlikheid openbaar in die geval van die Gekiktheidsmaatstaf, wat aandui dat, namate die Kwadrant 2 telling toeneem, die gekiktheid van die kontaksentrum agent ook toeneem. Wat Kwadrant 3 (sensoriese sensitiwiteit) tellings betref, bestaan daar ‘n negatiewe verband tussen kwaliteitsversekering, totale aantal dae van werksafwesigheid en gemiddelde werksafwesigheid. Dit blyk dat kontaksentrum agente met hoë sensoriese sensitiwiteit dalk minder geskik is vir die pos. Soos wat die telling vir sensoriese sensitiwiteit toeneem, neem die telling vir kwaliteitsversekering af, wat nie in terme van kwaliteitstandaarde aanvaarbaar is nie. Daar bestaan ‘n negatiewe verband tussen Kwadrant 4 (sensasie vermyding) tellings en die tellings vir die Geskiktheidsmaatstaf, wat aandui dat hoe hoër die kwadrant telling, hoe minder geskik is die agent. Geen statisties-beduidende verbande is gevind tussen die prestasietellings van Kwadrant 1 (lae registrasie) en Kwadrant 4 (sensasie vermyding) nie. Normaalweg sou mens verwag dat agente met minder afleiding, meer produktief sou wees. Daar word voorgestel dat verdere studies onderneem word voordat die Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile as ‘n werwingsmaatstaf gebruik word. Toekomstige studies kan die kwadrant tellings saamvoeg in trosse en dan toets vir verbande met die vooropgestelde prestasiemaatstawwe. Die Geskiktheidsmaatstaf is gebruik as ‘n eerste poging om individue saam te voeg in ‘n spesifieke pos, volgens ‘n spesifieke sensoriese profiel. Hierdie maatstaf moet vir toepaslikheid en betroubaarheid in verdere studie getoets word, voordat dit gebruik kan word.