自1994年以來，人民幣對美元匯率始終維持在8.28：1美元。近年來，在中國對經常帳外匯收入之法定結匯要求下，其強勁出口貿易迫使中國不斷提高貨幣供給，收購出口廠商源源不斷之美元結匯需求，以維持固定匯率，進而造成人民幣匯率被低估及累積驚人外匯存底之結果。 惟此一運作方式引來美國產業團體及國會議員高分貝抗議，主張人民幣固定且低估匯率，提高中國產品之出口競爭力，使中國出口商享有不公平之貿易競爭優勢，損害美國製造業及勞工之權益，符合WTO所禁止之禁止性補貼規範，並違反IMF避免操控匯率之義務，故促美國貿易代表署調查並向WTO提出控訴。惟美國產業團體及國會議員之訴求已遭美國貿易代表署拒絕。 本文先以美國產業團體之訴求為出發點，並以WTO及IMF兩大組織之合作關係連貫後續討論：人民幣固定且低估匯率之措施是否符合WTO禁止性補貼之規範？是否違反IMF避免操控匯率之義務？前者以補貼三項要件「財務補助」、「受有利益」及「特定性」加以檢驗，後者則以「操控匯率」之定義及目前學者、IMF及美國財政部之判斷定之。最後做出構成禁止性補貼之可能性高、操控匯率之義務違反可能性高兩個結論。 中國已明確表示其匯率改革有其自訂時間表，需與國內金融改革、相關配套措施之建立及經濟發展情況相配合，不會受制於外國壓力而逕予改革。為解決此一問題，本文再就美國單邊貿易報復措施法案、中美雙邊財政外交及各種多邊場域協商等方式中，提出較適解決此貿易爭端之建議。 / Since 1994, China has fixed the exchange rate of yuan around 8.28 yuan per U.S. dollar. China requires its citizens and firms to exchange their dollars for yuan, so the strong exports and trade surplus enforce the Chinese government to add money supply to acquire the increasing dollars. As a result, China can peg and undervalue the exchange rate of yuan to dollar and accumulate astonishing foreign reserves. This situation arise the objection of American manufacturing alliance and Congressmen. They assert the pegged and undervalued yuan increase the competitiveness of China’s products, allow the China’s export companies to have unfair trade advantages, damage the benefits of American manufactures and workers. Besides, this regime constitutes the prohibited subsidy of WTO and violates the IMF obligation of avoidance of currency manipulation. They urged the USTR to investigate and launch a dispute settlement in WTO but had been refused. This article starts from the appeal of American alliance and use the cooperation between WTO and IMF to link the following discussion: is the regime of fixed and undervalued yuan consistent with the prohibited subsidy regulations in WTO and is the regime against the IMF obligation of avoidance of currency manipulation? The former one is examined by three elements: ‘‘financial contribution’’. ‘‘benefits’’ and ‘‘specific’’ while the latter one is tested by the definition of currency manipulation and the exchange rate reports of IMF and U.S. Treasury. The answers are positive both. China has asserted that she has her own time table and will not surrender to the pressure of foreign countries. This article then tries to use unilateral trade retaliatory measures, bilateral financial diplomacy and other multilateral consultations to find the proper resolutions.

Submitted by RAFAEL VIEIRA (rafaelalfinito@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-09T19:11:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ineficiências entre os mercados onshore e offshore de Renminbi FINAL.pdf: 4100935 bytes, checksum: fff31a898528ebe95f7a18c3d9475ad7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-09-19T17:44:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ineficiências entre os mercados onshore e offshore de Renminbi FINAL.pdf: 4100935 bytes, checksum: fff31a898528ebe95f7a18c3d9475ad7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-19T17:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ineficiências entre os mercados onshore e offshore de Renminbi FINAL.pdf: 4100935 bytes, checksum: fff31a898528ebe95f7a18c3d9475ad7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / Autoridades chinesas tem buscado agir com rapidez, mas com costumeira cautela, para que sua moeda seja capaz de adquirir status de moeda internacional de reserva. Embora tal objetivo exija eliminação ou considerável relaxamento dos controles de capitais, estes ainda existem e geram significativas distorções entre os mercados de câmbio e juros em Renminbi onshore, na China Continental, e offshore, em Hong Kong. Este trabalho descreve algumas destas distorções através da análise de instrumentos financeiros operados nos mercados à vista de moeda (Renminbi spot), forward de moeda (NDF de Renminbi), e de dívida governamental e corporativa em Hong Kong (Dim Sum Bonds). / Chinese authorities seek to act quickly, but with cu stomary caution, so that it s currency can assume the status of international reserve currency. Although this requires the elimination or considerable relaxation of inst ated capital controls, these still exist and generate significant distortions in the Renminbi currency and interest rate markets onshore, in Mainland China, and offshore, in Hong Kong. The present work describes some of these distortions through the analys is of financial instruments transacted in the Renminbi spot currency market, the Renminbi forward market (NDF), and the Renminbi government and corporate debt markets in Hong Kong ( Dim Sum Bonds).

陳景元(1035宋仁宗景祐元年—1094哲宗紹聖元年)為北宋著名的陳摶學派內丹道士，他的著作具有非常豐富的思想內涵。本研究著重於陳景元的身心修煉，運用「以經解經」為研究方法，而非從思想史的角度切入，能仔細地研究陳景元的思想脈絡，得以補充前輩學者的論點，推論出陳景元的思想體系各處的內丹特質之研究結果。因此在闡述道論及心論後，本文將著重歸納陳景元內丹核心的精、氣、神。 道論主要解釋道德之體用說法，說明陳景元如何通過道德解釋宇宙的生成，以及其與他的身心修煉的關係。同時也解釋了仁義禮樂與修煉五臟之氣的關係，描述陳景元如何從一個道士的角度解釋道論與道德，外在的行為和體內修煉之關係，及其與身心修煉的關聯。 其次，本文說明心的概念，以靈府、靈台、性、思慮等解說陳景元的心論內容。說明陳景元如何解釋性，和個人偏心的原因。討論陳景元心論的架構，和如何使心不散佚能量。然而，陳述達到心不散佚能量的運行，包含的性命雙修理念。 既明白修心為首要目的，也了解到透過修身才能達到其目標。而陳景元修身方法的一個關鍵是「精」。本文解釋陳景元的精與萬物生成的關係。文中描述腎中之精與其身心修煉的關係，能補充及鍊養身體的各種部位，如關節、韌帶等，此對心靈修煉的影響及協助。 「精」為一切的原質，而「氣」為一切的內容。說明元氣、純陽、純陰、魂魄、天地之氣、清濁等乃是宇宙變化的原因及方法，以及調和「氣」在陳景元身心修煉關鍵位置。將探討如何讓天地之氣能通於身心而達到沖和的修煉論，及陳景元的氣論與情緒的關係等的各個方面的聯繫。 「氣」為變化的內容，而「神」是道之作用，說明五臟之神、神鬼神帝、神明、神與精、神與心、神與魂魄、神與玄等的思想理念。闡明神與萬物生死變化之關係，而此變化的能量與心靈中能力的聯繫。描寫透過身心修煉調和身心之平衡，達到精氣神之養神、鍊形、養氣工夫論。 總和來說，本研究解釋陳景元的精、氣、神的身心修煉，說明陳景元道的內容，與入道的工夫論，詮釋陳景元的道論、心論、氣論、養氣、煉形、養神的精氣神內丹身心修煉的思想。 / Chen Jing Yuan (1035-1094) is a renowned inner alchemic Doaist priest who lived during the Song dynasty and his works are rich with substance. In this paper I primarily discuss Chen Jing Yuan’s practice of balancing the mind and body through using Chen Jing Yuan’s works to analyze his thought system rather than a historical approach to the subject. In this way, on the shoulders of past scholars, this paper delves deeper into the thought of Chen Jing Yuan and its inner alchemic properties, providing a more complete understanding of his though. In light of the fact that Chen Jing Yuan in an inn alchemic Doaist priest, this paper’s chapter thus focus on the nucleus of inner alchemic thought or “Jing”, “Qi” “Shen”. The first chapter discusses “DaoDe” in Chen Jing Yuan’s thought system. Analyzing how from “DaoDe” this world comes into to being and through “DaoDe” one then can thus return to this beginning. This is done through practice and balancing the mind and heart. In balancing the mind and heart, one must balance the flow of energy through the five organs, and this chapter also discusses the relationship between the organs and the “five virtues”. Next this paper discusses the mind through the concepts of “Ling-Fu”, “Ling-Tai”, one’s “Nature” and thought and how thought becomes to be. Thus analyzing how thought affects one’s body and how one through practice one can prevent thought from blocking the flow of energy. This is the major focus of Chen Jung Yuan’s practice. Even though the mind is the main focus of practice, the body must also simultaneously be improved for one to return to “Dao”. This chapter discusses the essence of the body (sperm and eggs), and how this essence is also simultaneously the essence of everything. So this chapter discusses the role of the essence or “Jing” in Chen Jing Yuan’s practice, thus discussing this practice and its relationship to and its effects on the joints, organs, digestion etc. So “Jing” is the essence of all things and “Qi” is the substance of all things. This paper thus sheds light on the concepts on the difference concepts associated with “Qi” in Chen Jing Yuan’s thought. Shedding light on how if one improves the digestion of nutrition from food and absorption of energy from the air the energy within the body thus attains its natural flow, thus becoming in tune with change. “Qi” is the substance and energy of all things and “Shen” is the main principle of balance in change. This paper analyses the different concepts associated with “Shen” in Chen Jing Yuan’s thought and discusses how this balance acts in the creation of things. Also this paper discusses how one cultivates “Shen”, thus through this balancing the relationship between the mind and the body and becoming one with change. This paper thus discusses how one attains balance in and balance between the mind and body and how through the practice of inner alchemic Daoism this balance is actualized and “JingQiShen” is attained.

This thesis analyzes the development of financial system of the People's Republic of China in the period from 1995 to 2015. The thesis is solved in the continuing process of Chinese economy liberalization. Main goal of the thesis is to analyze particular aspects of Chinese financial and monetary system and point out its potential risks as well. To achieve this goal the method of analysis has been chosen, especially system analysis and sector analysis. The thesis shows that one of main risks of the liberalization of Chinese financial sector is especially growing loans volume in its economy which is connected in growing rate of non-productive loans respectively. Next risk is the structure of investors in capital market. Based on findings it is able to say the highest risk of banking sector is connected with growing shadow banking as the alternative financing method. The thesis finds the completing of capital account liberalization and interest rate liberalization to be important too. Main benefit of the thesis except of Chinese financial sector analysis is comparison of different point of views about forecasting of future of the Chinese economy.

Chinese people, like those of many other cultures, understand themselves as belonging to a specific gender, one with social rules and positions that can be difficult to stray from. Such gender norms have existed in China for millennia. There are a number of ways to examine what these gender norms are (or have been), and a number of ways in which one can understand how they dictated the lives of the Chinese people they defined. The present thesis is a translation and study of two Chinese hagiographical collections from the late Song or early Yuan Dynasty. These collections detail the exploits of Daoist transcendents. The first collection translated is concerned with male transcendents, the second with female transcendents. In translating these texts, I seek to understand how gender is portrayed in the lives of exceptional religious figures. As an examination of gender within a patriarchal—or at least male-dominant—society, I expected the female transcendents to be relegated, somehow, to a lesser station. Through my translations I argue that, though they could not wholly extricate themselves from gender norms, religious Daoism, as portrayed in the hagiographies, offered both men and women from certain social obligations. These social obligations include such institutions as marriage and reproduction (for both men and women). The hagiographies also depict a greater sense of equality for Daoist women than they might have found otherwise. At its most ambitious, Narrating Transcendents serves to demonstrate the multivalent function of hagiographies as tools religious communities used to define and guide themselves. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

政治系統的維持、適應與發展，非有一套適合其運作的價值體系不可，而此一價值體 係如何內化為系統成員的「內在心理取向」、亦即形成政治態度的過程－－政治社會 化，乃為有關學者所深切重視的問題。國內學者對於政治社會化的研究，自袁頌西、 易君博撰文引介後，經胡佛、陳義彥、陳文俊等學者大力研究，時至今日，政治社會 化己成為政治科學最重要的研究領域之一；以各級學校在校生為研究對象而言，研究 所、大學、高（初）中及小學均有研究成果問世。筆者對此領域亦深感興趣，經吾師 義彥之啟迪、面允，乃以五專學生為研究對象，探討我國五專學生的政治定向與行為 模式。 本文依據教部七十六年「中華民國教育統計」所列十四萬八仟一百十二名學生中、分 層隨機抽取百分之一為樣本，運用本校電算中心PRIM７５０機所備有的SPSSX 程式， 進行各項統計分析。問卷編製係引用或改編前人設計為主，其次則以筆者多年涉入青 年活動的體驗，另增設問項若干，總計問卷題數一四七題。 本文僅就政治社會化的結果－政治態度及其與社會化媒體關聯做嘗試性的探討；其中 由於在困果次序難以論定的限制下，本文僅嘗認尋找與特定政治態度相關聯的媒體作 為政治態度的測度指標。 本文概分五章，除第一章緒論、第二章結論外，其餘各章要旨如下： 第二章：研究方法。主要在敘明本文的研究架構、假設、設計及施測情形。 第三章：政治態度的成份。首先假定政治態度的構成成分包括：認知、情感及行動傾 向三部分，並以因素分析方法所析出之因子印證，次以社會屬性進行差異性檢定。 第四章：政治態度的預測。本章分別以同輩團體、家庭、學校及大傳媒介等四種社會 化媒體對「知、情、意」等三個政治態度面向進行迴歸分析，以探討各媒體內含因子 對政治態度各面向的總預測力及關聯。

本研究旨在探討報紙如何報導立法院總質詢的新聞，並將報紙所呈現的「符號事實」 ，與客觀事實的立法院公報比對分析，以了解兩者之間的差異。 研究的時門為民國七十六年主法院之七十九、八十兩會期的總質詢；研究對象為中央 日報、中國時報及自立晚報，三家報社所刊載兩個會期所有總質詢的純新聞，並與兩 會期中有關總質詢詢答紀錄的公報進行比對；研究方法為內容分析法。 本研究欲探討兩大問題： 壹、報紙呈現的符號事實為何？ １．不同報紙所呈現總質詢的議題內容有何不同？ (1) 不同報紙對立委及官員所提議題類別的報導型態有何不同？ (2) 不同報紙對立委及官員所提議題的言論導向報導上，有何不同？ ２．不同報紙如何報導訊息來源人物？ (1) 不同報紙如何報導不同屬性立委（黨籍、類型、資深程度、所屬委員會）的新 ？ (2) 不同報紙如何報導立委及官員的新聞？ 貳、報紙呈現的符號事實與客觀事實的比較有何不同？ １．不同報紙報導不同屬性立委的新聞與客觀事實比較有何不同？ ２．不同報紙報導立委及官員的新聞與客觀事實比較有何不同？

今存唐人選唐詩，共有崔融珠英學士集、殷璠河嶽英靈集、芮挺章國秀集、元結篋中 集、高仲武中興閒氣集、今狐楚御覽詩、姚合極玄集、韋莊又玄集、不詳編選者搜玉 小、集不詳編選者敦煌本唐人選唐詩等十種。茲將其內容摘要如下： 第一章：結論，共分三節。論述本論文之名稱、範圍、研究動機及研究方向。 第二章至第十一章，如前列十種唐人選唐詩之次序，每種各列一專章，分為二至六節 ，詳加討論，每章論述之內容及步驟，大到如下： （一）算先探討編選者、編選年代及其版本。 （二）其次考定其篇卷、編選之數目，並探尋其編撰體例。 （三）再次論究其命名涵意、編選目的，及其選詩標準、選詩情形。 （四）最後再依據前考，或論其於當代詩壇之地位、後代之評價，或究其與前後詩人 、詩選承先啟後之關係，或提出其他值得議論之處，舉凡筆者見識所及，俱另闢專節 詳論之。唯諸集卷帙不一，或多或寡；體例不同，或詳或略，是以每章論訹，亦或長 或短，或繁或簡。總之，以論其要為主，王以其齊否為慮也。 第十二章：結論。

政黨是我國政治中最重要的行動者，然而多數有關於政黨政治的研究多由大黨的角度出發，忽略了其他中、小規模的政黨在其中所能發揮的影響作用。本文以小黨為主要研究對象，由小黨的觀點解釋其如何在政治運作過程中發揮政治影響力，或是以哪些手段達成更多的政黨目的。本研究選擇的研究對象是民主化以來存續時間較長、規模較大的三個小黨：新黨、親民黨與台灣團結聯盟，研究時間從立法院第3屆起（1995年）至第6屆結束（2008年）為止，共12年的時間。 本文結合國內外國會、政黨研究的相關研究成果，建構一套小黨的行動理論，接著從結構性的制度規則、質性的立委深入訪談資料，以及量化的立法紀錄，檢視與解釋三個小黨在立法院的各種行動及背後的政治動機。在台灣，小黨的出現常常是因大黨在政黨立場上先出現變動，小黨有取代大黨原有的政黨立場與選票支持的企圖而興起。隨後在議事規則的政黨化改革過程中，又給予小黨透過參與選舉、晉身進入立法議事參與者的政治機會。小黨的興起及運作機會既與外在的政黨政治及制度條件密切相關，也即預示小黨在立法院的策略行動及政治結果，也受到現實的政黨政治關係、自身的政黨立場及議事制度等現實條件所限制框架。經由對於三小黨的質化訪談與量化立法紀錄資料的分析後發現，小黨的政黨行動兼具持續與彈性的雙重特徵，在不同的政治條件下，小黨的某些政黨行動並不因為政治條件的改變而轉變，如團結與妥協。但小黨又常隨著不同的大黨對立程度，調整其於政治過程中的議價方式，是其靈活彈性的另一面。