為了探討與分析長期以來存在，關於行政院高階政務官、事務官員調動的「普遍說」與「特殊說」爭議，並且探究哪些制度性、組織性因素，對於行政院的高階政務、事務官員更替，會有所影響。本研究嘗試在制度的代理人理論架構，以及相關理論預設之下，以一九八八年第一季到兩千零一十年第四季，時序橫跨李登輝、陳水扁、馬英九等三位總統主政期間，包括行政院本部暨所屬三十二個部會的高階政務、事務官員，作為研究對象，進行實證的分析。 在本文的第一到第四章，我們分別說明了研究動機與背景、進行相關文獻回顧、探討研究理論，以及說明研究問題與模型。而在第五章則是分析、探討，台灣於一九九零年代初期，到一九九零年代中期，因為持續進行憲法增修條文的制訂，進而使得總統在憲法本文，以及憲法增修條文，所構成的憲政制度上，獲得了行政院高階行政官員的人事任免權。而且總統在取得了這個制度上的重要權力之後，行政院高階行政官員的任命、調動，就成為總統掌控行政體系的重要制度性工具，同時更是高階行政官員控制的重要手段。 此外，我們更進一步在第六章，分析了台灣從一九八零年代晚期，到兩千零一十年間，分別在不同階段，先後掌權的李登輝、陳水扁、馬英九等三位總統，對行政院高階行政官員，所採取以高階行政官員任命、調動，作為手段的控制模式，並且探討於第四章所提出的假設一、假設二、假設三，分別獲得實證資料支持的情況。至於第七章則是先透過總體資料的分析，探究假設四到假設十一，能否獲得實證資料的支持，同時更以部會為單位的季度別資料，建構縱橫資料的多元迴歸模型，用以分析哪些因素，對於行政院高階行政官員的更替，是有所影響的。 然而，在相關的實證分析之後，我們可以確切的認為，以往關於行政院高階行政官員控制上，所存在的「普遍說」與「特殊說」的爭論，是以普遍說可以獲得理論上，以及實證資料的支持。而就各種可能對於行政院的高階政務、事務官員更替，會有所影響的制度性、組織性因素而言，總統處在什麼樣的政治時機、面對哪些性質的部會，將會是關鍵。當總統必須更為重視行政體系的穩定，以及施政品質時，必然會選擇壓抑行政官員控制的強度。反之，當總統所面對的是，委託代理人難題疑慮的攀升，且有較大的空間容忍行政體系的不穩定時，那麼可以預期的是，大範圍、數量龐大的高階行政官員清洗，將會接踵而至。 最後，透過相關資料的分析，我們也發現了，在一次、二次政黨輪替，於西元兩千年到兩千零八年，相繼的發生，以及相應出現範圍廣泛、人數繁多，全面性高階行政官員清洗，也使台灣社會，在短期間之內，必須付出可觀的政治交易成本。這樣的情況，也使得台灣民眾的民主信念，是有所動搖，同時這也對於台灣的民主政治發展，是一個不容被忽視的隱憂。 / This reasearch offers an analysis of the long-standing discourse on transferal patterns of government officials in Taiwan, with the focus on the much-debated “general theory” vs. “special theory” approach. We will look at the systemic and organizational factors that influence the appointment, replacement, and transferal of both administrative and executive officers in the higher echelons of government. Specifically, this paper examines the time period from 1988 to 2010, employing a systematic agent framework in combination with related theoretical parameters to explore the concrete situation in the Executive Yuan and its 32 ministries, commissions, and other agencies under three consecutive administrations (i.e. presidents Lee Teng-hui, Chen Shui-bian, and Ma Ying-jeou). In the first four chapters, we will outline background and motive of this paper, give an overview of past research on this topic, scrutinize relevant theoretical approaches, and illustrate research problems and models. In the fifth chapter, we explore and analyze the period from the early to the mid-1990s, a time that saw repeated amendments and additions to the constitution that gave the president increasingly greater powers of appointment and removal of cabinet members. These powers have become one of the most important political tools the president wields, allowing the nation’s leader to exert highly effective and immediate control over the Executive Yuan, in particular over its highest-ranking officials. In the sixth chapter, we will cover the entire period from the late 1980s to the 2010. During this time, three presidents were successively at the helm (Lee from 1988-2000, Chen from 2000-2008, Ma since 2008), and we will scrutinize the different appointment and transferal modes applied during their terms, in particular as regards their use as a tool of political control. In addition, we will further discuss the first three hypotheses initially proposed in chapter four, and show if and how they are borne out by the data and facts assembled in this research. Chapter seven contains a comprehensive analysis of the entire set of data to facilitate our discussion of hypotheses four to eleven as first proposed in chapter four, and to determine whether or not these are supported by the empirical data. At the same time, we look at the quarterly figures from Executive Yuan ministries and commissions to create a multiple regression model of the cross-section data, which will help us to analyze which specific factors influence the substitution and transferal of high-ranking officials. After a thorough analysis of the empirical data, we will find that of the two theories usually applied to the problem of systemic and political control over the higher echelons of the executive, i.e. the general and the special theory mentioned above, the general theory is in fact better supported by the relevant set of data. As for which particular systemic and organizational factors may influence the replacement or substitution of high-ranking administrative and executive cabinet members, the crucial parameters affecting this question are the larger political climate that the president faces, as well as the type and political weight of the concerned ministries and commissions. At times when administrative stability and quality are the paramount considerations, the president will necessarily deemphasize his control over the executive and refrain from making too many personnel changes, while in times of political crisis, or when there is growing concern over the competence and suitability of his entrusted agents (i.e. leading members of the Executive Yuan’s subdivisions) and thus more tolerance for change, one will almost always see large-scale cabinet reshuffles as the president attempts to flush out unfit or unwanted elements. Finally, an analysis of the overall data also shows that the two transitions of power Taiwan has seen in 2000 and 2008 respectively were—as a matter of course—accompanied by extensive personnel changes as numerous high-ranking government officials were removed from office to make place for new faces. These far-reaching waves of “political purging” and complete reorganization of the cabinet within short periods of time have come at a considerable political cost for Taiwan’s society as a whole. This has somewhat shaken the population’s faith in democracy as a political system, and here lies a significant potential concern for the future development of Taiwan’s democracy.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

公共動物園被引入臺灣的歷史才僅一世紀之久，但在這短短的百年之間，它的樣貌已歷經多重改變。1910年代起臺北動物園本是總督府博物館下的一支，後移入圓山成為都市公園的一角，再後是遊樂園與動物表演的娛樂場，到1980年代下半加入學校校外教學輔助場域的功能，並利用物種的保存基地（「方舟」）口號建構自我的存在意義。而在經營主體上，臺灣的公共動物園多以市級公立機構的形式經營， 20世紀初是作為帝國（國家）或地區城市的文明設施，園中動物成為市民的共同寵物；而在1970年代起受全球環境政治影響，動物園組織集團化，知識交流頻繁，動物的飼養、登錄、繁殖、交換等各項管理更具有國際視野，園內動物在全球生態系中的自然資產價值也被強調。 在探究動物園急欲與過去的娛樂歷史劃清界限的原因的同時，本文擬在探討國家、社會對圈養野生動物的利用面向之外，也思考被圈養的野生動物在不同時期的處境，牠們（或牠們的血統來源者）如何從棲地被帶到城市？在動物園這個空間如何被安排融入人類社會，成為人類社會生活的一部分？因此本文的書寫方式並不是一部單純的動物園園史或動物園經營史，而是期望從動物文化史的角度談動物園的歷史。 無論是前述各種對動物的資源化運用，或基於環境主義對瀕臨絕種動物的保育以及環境教育的新目標，動物園內的動物作為生命個體的意義在何時開始被注意到、甚至受到重視，都是值得關切的動物園歷史問題。動物園中的動物在人們眼中並不等值，受重視者生前、死後在園中都經過特意的文化儀式處理，包括命名、婚配、標本化與在展示中意欲喚起人們對該動物在人類社會扮演的角色的記憶。本文除思考圓山動物園自開園以還，園內動物被施行肉體虐待的問題，並提及戰爭結束前，幾位名人遊客描寫圓山動物園內人氣動物在圈養中身心困頓的處境，也探討動物園經營者自1970年代開始承認空間規劃等管理與動物福祉的直接關聯。雖然戰後1950年代臺北動物園的職員已創組愛護動物協會，但是其對愛護的觀念，是侷限在購買更多的珍奇動物、訓練動物表演、作動物展覽等娛樂人們的活動，與考量動物本身需求的關愛仍有相當的距離。更多探索動物與人類社會相遇的歷史，必有助於吾人思考真正的人與自然關係和諧之道，這也是本文撰寫的主要動機。 / The concept of public zoo was first introduced into Taiwan about one hundred years ago in 1910s. Although the zoo history in Taiwan was short, its role and function was still vital and changed many times. The Taipei Zoo was originally established as an adjunct to the Taiwan Governor Museum; however, it was later made accessible to the public as a park in Yuan-shan and transformed to be a playground and a place for animal performances as well. In the late 1980s, zoos in Taiwan, taking the responsibility for educating visitors especially young students, became a spot for field trip and started to be aware of the need to engage in species conservation (like the ark) so as to construct its meaning and importance. Most of public zoos in Taiwan were governmental institutions. At the beginning of 20th century, a zoo was a facility which represented civilization of a progressive empire, country or city. Animals in zoos were like “pets” for all citizens. In the 1970s, global environmental and political situations influenced ways to manage zoos. The collectivization of zoos became popular. Many of them cooperated and shared zoological researches with others more frequently. Besides, there showed a more international vision in nursing, registering, breeding or exchanging animals in zoos. Their values and positions in the global ecosystem were eventually emphasized. In addition to exploring the reason why zoos strived to make a clean break from their past, this thesis intends to discuss how the country or the society utilized captive wild animals and to examine situations of captive wild animals in different periods as well. How were they (or their ancestors) brought from their habitats in the wild to cities? How were they arranged to integrate into human society and became a part of people’s social life? Therefore, this study is not a history of a particular zoo or about zoo management. Instead, this thesis attempts to demonstrate the zoo history from a viewpoint of a cultural history of animals. In the field of the zoo history, it is worth considering when animals in zoos were treated or respected as individual subjects since they were often used as resources to meet people’s needs. The development of environmentalism strengthened the idea of conserving and breeding endangered species and also evolved new thinking for environmental education. In fact, there still existed a hierarchy to classify animals in zoos. Those who were carefully chosen and raised would experience specific cultural rituals such as naming or pairing during their lifetime. After they died, they would be preserved as biological specimen and displayed to the public to intentionally recall people’s memory of their roles in human society. This thesis not only examines issues like animal abuse from the opening of Taipei Zoo in Yuan-shan but also refers to some celebrities’ descriptions of popular animal stars’ physical and mental illness due to being confined within enclosures before the end of World War II. Moreover, it reveals that from the 1970s managers of zoos began to pay attention to animal welfare when making spatial planning or managing the zoo. Even though in the 1950s staff in Taipei Zoo founded a society for animals’ care and protection, they still strictly focused on buying precious animals, training them to perform tricks for visitors or exhibiting them in order to entertain human beings. These behaviors could be scarcely comparable to those caring actions designed to meet animals’ real needs. To explore history of human-animal interaction more fully can surely help us to think about how to live more harmoniously with nature. This is indeed the main goal for this thesis.

戴東原嘗分古今學問之途有三：曰義理、曰考證、曰文章。 本書分上下兩篇。上篇述東原之生平、著作與治學，下篇分論東原之學術。 上篇第一章：東原之生平。以東原年譜為主，並述其家世。 第二章：東原之著作。東原治學之範圍甚廣，舉凡經、哲、小學，以及天文曆算、地 理方志、機械物理等，無所不窺，故其著作，包羅宏富。失所憑依。本章搜集東原著 作，自撰者四六種，纂校者二十種，並附東原遺墨一種，計六七種，視前人所集者為 獨多。乃詳考各書之著作動機、經過、成書年代、以及版本。章末並附「東原著作互 見表」、「東原著作繫年」二表，俾便檢覽。又本書中費篇幅最多者，厥為水經注一 段，其書有關東原人格甚巨，故歷來正反兩面之辯論，極為激烈。 第三章：東原之治學。東原一生論學，可分為三階段。自其早歲持義理第一，考證第 二，文章第三之觀點頗力。唯此所謂義理，乃指程朱之義理而言。 下篇第一章：東原之經學。 第二章：東原之哲學。東原論學之依歸，厥在義理──經過訓詁考證得之六經孔孟之 義理，既已如前述，則義理固為東原學術之最具價值者可知，故近世治戴學者，大多 用心於斯，皆能深知東原學術之大本者也。東原哲學著作，以「原善」與「孟子字義 疏證」為最重要。其整個思想系統，即建立於「生生者化之原，生生而條理者化之流 」之認識上。 第三章：東原之小學。其論文字、聲韻、訓詁三者未始相離，且尤以聲韻為之樞紐， 建立清代小學之系統，而弟子相傳，更造成一代顯學。其論六書，一以許敘為主，謂 其次第名目當為指事、象形、形聲、會意、轉注、假借。又謂指事、象形、形聲、會 意四者，字之體也；轉注、假借二者，字之用也，所謂「聖人復起不易斯言」也，其 論至今猶有從之者。蓋東原以互訓釋轉注，雖嫌於泛濫無歸，而以引申解假借，則正 為許叔重「令長」之原意也。在古音學上，東原初分古韻為七類二十部，繼改為九類 二十五部。其說有下列三特點，第一：二十五部全用喉音字標目。第二：入聲九部之 獨立成部及其與平聲諸部之分配。第三：祭部獨立及脂微諸□去入之分配。 第四章：東原之天文曆算表。天算學在東原治學系統中，亦為基礎學科之一。故欲通 經明道，自不得不措意於此。 第五章：東原之地理方志學。東原之校水經注，乃生平大事業之一。 第六章：東原之文學。義理、考證、文章三者，在東原之心目中，文章始終未能超出 於義理、考證之上，此乃東原一貫之論學態度。 第七章：其他。本章所述，包括東原之校讎學與物理學。東原在校讎學上之成績，大 抵即表現於乾隆三十八癸已入四庫館以後所校成之官書上。 此論東原學術始末，最有見地，而「歸於自得」四字，尤為不易之論。大抵言之，惠 、戴之別，即在一求其古，一求其是，而「古」與「是」之間，高下遂分，戴學之優 於惠學，二百年來，固早有定評矣。然則數乾嘉學者，端以東原為首，可謂確論也。 /

「漢唐樂府」將非物質文化遺產的南管音樂，結合梨園戲的科步，融淬成以「梨園樂舞」為表演訴求的嶄新團隊「漢唐樂府˙梨園舞坊」。本文即以「漢唐樂府˙梨園舞坊」所展演的作品：《梨園幽夢》、《教坊記》、《韓熙載夜宴圖》、《洛神賦》、《殷商王后》和《盤之古》為主要討論對象。以運用「文化資產」開創「文化創意產業」的研究觀點，結合「跨文化」與「環境劇場」等相關理論開展論述。旨在討論其如何透過文化創意思維，維護提升文化資產的符號價值，創新增添更多的符號元素於展演，使經典文化資產普及於現代視聽。結論透過漢唐樂府和其他新興南管表演團體的比較，突顯其透過多元取材和演出，轉化文化資產為文化創意產業的機制所在，並反思創作形式和內涵的拓展可能。

張惠玲. / "二〇〇八年十一月". / "2008 nian 11 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-105). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhang Huiling. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 選題意義 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 前人硏究成果 --- p.2 / Chapter 第三節 --- 本文硏究範圍及方法 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二章 --- 現存元明清李白戲作品敘錄 --- p.4 / Chapter 第一節 --- 王伯成《李太白眨夜郎》 --- p.8 / Chapter 第二節 --- 屠隆《綵毫記》 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 尤侗《清平調》 --- p.10 / Chapter 第四節 --- 張韜《李翰林醉草清平調》 --- p.11 / Chapter 第五節 --- 楊潮觀《賀蘭山謫仙贈帶》 --- p.12 / Chapter 第六節 --- 蔣士銓《采石磯》 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三章 --- 元明清李白戲中相同關目之源流及發展梳理 --- p.15 / Chapter 第一節 --- 生應長庚 --- p.16 / Chapter 第二節 --- 謫仙人 --- p.18 / Chapter 第三節 --- 醉草〈清平調〉 --- p.24 / Chapter 第四節 --- 力士脫靴 --- p.26 / Chapter 第五節 --- 貴妃捧硯 --- p.28 / Chapter 第六節 --- 起草「嚇蠻書」 --- p.34 / Chapter 第七節 --- 賞識郭子儀 --- p.36 / Chapter 第八節 --- 逝世 --- p.38 / Chapter 第九節 --- 小結 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章 --- 元明清李白戲中李白形象硏究 --- p.40 / Chapter 第一節 --- 李白戲中李白形象之共性分析 --- p.40 / Chapter 甲、 --- 歷劫紅塵的仙人形象 --- p.40 / Chapter 乙、 --- 傲岸疏狂的才子形象 --- p.42 / Chapter 丙、 --- 深識遠慮的忠臣形象 --- p.46 / Chapter 丁、 --- 飄然出世的隱士形象 --- p.49 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李白戲中李白形象之殊性分析 --- p.52 / Chapter 甲、 --- 元代李白戲 --- p.52 / Chapter 乙、 --- 明代李白戲 --- p.54 / Chapter 丙、 --- 清代李白戲 --- p.55 / Chapter 丁、 --- 小結 --- p.62 / Chapter 第五章 --- 元明清李白戲之鋪演與作家、時代之關係 --- p.64 / Chapter 第一節 --- 高壓政治下的王伯成 --- p.64 / Chapter 第二節 --- 自況雪冤的屠隆 --- p.66 / Chapter 第三節 --- 蹭蹬場屋的尤侗 --- p.71 / Chapter 第四節 --- 無限牢騷的張韜 --- p.79 / Chapter 第五節 --- 以古賢自期的楊潮觀 --- p.80 / Chapter 第六節 --- 以曲爲教化的蔣士銓 --- p.83 / Chapter 第七節 --- 小結 --- p.88 / Chapter 第六章 --- 餘論：現存唯一能演出之崑劇李白戲´ؤ´ؤ〈太白醉寫〉 --- p.91 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.96 / 參考書目 --- p.97

The Sound of the Prairie Land (Caoyuan Zhige) for viola and piano by the Chinese composer Qingwu Guan (b. 1938) has become one of the most popular works in the growing Chinese repertoire for viola. It also exists in another version for viola and viola ensemble, arranged by the Chinese violist Wing Ho, who also expanded the viola part with the composer's approval. The pentatonic work was highly influenced by the landscape and music of Inner Mongolia, a province of China next to the Mongolian border, and incorporates the music of an ode by the Inner Mongolian composer Alatengaole (1942–2011) called Sincere Wishes for a Long Life to Chairman Mao. Guan remains a strong supporter of Mao, the first chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. The work makes use of some performance techniques of the Inner Mongolian two-stringed fiddle called morin khuur, which has a similar tone to the viola: three kinds of slides, grace notes, imitations of a horse's neigh, and the representation of horses galloping across the prairie. The background of the work, understanding of the musical structure, and information about morin khuur techniques presented in this dissertation should aid performers in interpreting the work more authentically.

Taking into account of the colonial nature of modern Hong Kong, this author is to examine how the TWGHs as a medical space gradually developed from one that used only Chinese medicine into one in which Chinese medicine and western medicine coexisted. However, it finally became a western style hospital using only western medicine in the inpatient services in the 1940s, along with the growing hegemony of western medicine that was underpinned by colonial power. The multidimensional relationships among different agents in the process of transformation of medical services in the TWGHs constitutes another important theme of this thesis. These relationships touched upon a series of significant interactions between colonial government and Chinese community, colonial authorities and the Tung Wah Board of Directors, Chinese and western medical practitioners, Chinese community and the Tung Wah authorities, and so on. / The implantation, dissemination and expansion of modern western medicine, as an important part of western learning that infiltrated into the Orient, exerted profound impacts on Chinese traditional medical patterns and Chinese medical ideas and practices. As the center for exchange between Chinese and Western Culture, Hong Kong became a significant space for the spread and practice of western medicine. A wide range of western medical services and activities were delivered and developed by the colonial government, western missionaries, benevolent societies, and private practitioners in order to promote the development and popularization of western medicine among the Chinese community, including the establishment of hospitals, dispensaries and clinics, the opening of medical schools and training of western doctors, and the promotion of public health education. / This thesis also points out that the early intense prejudice and resistance against western medicine is not necessarily and cannot be entirely attributed to the underlying difference in the concept and practice of healing and sickness in the two different medical systems. Instead, I argue that a number of technical and practical factors in the delivery of western medical services provided by different agencies greatly affected and determined the choices and uses of the Chinese population. At the same time, the gradual recognition and reception of western medicine among the Chinese was not only the passive result of the compulsory western medical system developed by the colonial government, but also an active realization of the real efficiency and value of western medicine among the indigenous population and their consent and acceptance of its ideology and cultural value, to a great extent. / This thesis examines the confrontation and interaction between Chinese medicine and Western medicine, and the diverse and complicated Chinese attitudes towards western medicine by studying the history of the introduction of western medicine into Hong Kong and the case of transformation of Chinese and western medical services in the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals (TWGHs) during the period between 1894 and 1941. The history of the TWGHs dates back to the opening of the Tung Wah Hospital in 1870. Originally intended for the accommodation and treatment of those Chinese who had strong fears and prejudices against western medicine, the Tung Wah Hospital was founded to provide treatment only by Chinese doctors using Chinese medicine. The bubonic plague of 1894 in Hong Kong marked an important turning point in the history of medical services of the Tung Wah Hospital. Since then, western medicine was formally introduced into the Tung Wah Hospital in 1897. / 楊祥銀. / Adviser: Hon-ming Yip. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0715. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-306). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Yang Xiangyin.

本文目的乃是欲從大理院之民事判決例中，嘗試去探究大理院的民事法源，去了解大理院所建立的民事法規範的淵源到底是從何而來？其審判究竟根據什麼樣的法源？大理院對這些法源的態度為何？法源衝突時，規範的效力問題又該如何解決？根據本文考察，大理院之民事法源，在成文法方面，除了約法之外，主要依照《大清現行律》民事有效部分作為其審判依據，在運用層面上導入了歐陸法學概念用來解釋《大清現行律》，促使中西法律文化的融合。此外，前清其它有效法律與民國時期民事特別立法也都被大理院以之為法源。關於條約，大理院則認為其具有法源地位，得直接適用而不需再經由國內立法程序。至於大清民律草案，在民國初年並非有效的成文法律，大理院將其定性為「條理」而加以適用，但是在適用上的判語則相當岐異，為其弊端。同時，大理院時期已經能運用外國立法例與一般法律原則來加強判決理由與調整當事人利益的分配。當然，大理院處於新舊交融的時代，一些傳統義理道德的觀念仍在大理院判例中找得著其痕跡。而對於判例，大理院則是承認其法源性，具有法規範效力，並且對其相當重視，形成獨特的地位，兼具羅馬法系與普通法系的特徵。 / This study is try to find the source of civil law during early republican china(1912-1928), and to apprehend how these kinds of source of civil law be shaped by the judges on the civil adjudications of Dali Yuan(Supreme Court). Besides, the focus is also on what these sources of law are and how Dali Yuan resolve the issue while these sources conflict. First, the statutory sources of civil law include the provisional constitution, treaties, Ching Empire Current Penal Code, and some civil regulations. Ching Empire Current Penal Code is the most important legal basis on the trial. Dali Yuan uses European legal concepts to interpret Ching Empire Current Penal Code and this give Penal Code a new life. Besides, Dali Yuan considers the treaty could be directly applied and not need to be by the way of internal legislative process. In this period, Civil Code Draft is still not valid, so that Dali Yuan takes Draft as principle of law to be applied. Moreover, foreign statutes sometimes can be found in the judgment to strengthen the reason. Of course, on the era of variance, sometimes traditional idea still exists in the judge mind. The precedent play an important role before the Civil Code is put in force. The precedents of Dali Yuan can be considered as source of law. The legal system during this period can be called the amalgamation of Roman law and common law.

監察制度（control system）是民主體制中重要的監督機制，主要的功能是監督行政和保障人權，隨著第三波民主化的發展，從一九八０年代開始，監察使制度（ombudsman system）快速擴散至全世界，形成一股「監察風潮」（Ombudsmania）。在民主國家中，我國與芬蘭都是實施監察制度較悠久的國家，僅次於瑞典。無獨有偶，兩國都在一九九０年至二０００年進行一連串的憲政改革，修憲後我國政府體制從修正式的內閣制（Parliamentarism）轉變為半總統制（Semi-Presidentialism），而芬蘭則從典型的半總統制傾向議會內閣制。同時在憲政改革的過程中，兩國的監察制度也都有許多的變革。 本文是從權力分立原則（Doctrine of Separation of Powers）、有限政府（Limited Government）和第四權（The Fourth Branch of Power）概念等監察理論作為法理基礎，並以法制研究途徑（Legal-Institutional Approach）和新制度主義（New Institutionalism）作為分析架構，從靜態的法制層面和動態的運作層面，探討我國的監察制度和芬蘭的國會監察使制度，以及兩國在二０００年憲政改革之後的運作情況，以瞭解兩國制度之特色及優劣，並且針對中、芬兩國基本國情、監察制度的基本差異、制度與制度變遷、實務運作與案件、實施成效等幾個面向來作分析比較，剖析其間之異同及其原因。 再者，本文也根據國際性比較與芬蘭國會監察使制度之優點和成功經驗，歸納出監察制度實施成功之條件，包括：（一）監察使「權威」（authority）的建立。（二）具備獨立性、中立性和專業性的特性。（三）健全的國家廉政體系。（四）國會的支持與配合。（五）政治人物對監察使和監察制度的尊重。（六）監察使與外界建立良好的互動關係。並進一步評估我國現行監察制度之問題，主要有下列幾項：（一）形式獨立但實質獨立性不足。（二）監察院的權威未建立。（三）部分監委人選不適任。（四）監察院的功能有待提升。（五）缺乏行銷以及與外界互動不足。 最後，筆者針對以上缺失，分別從監察院的定位、組織規模、監委選任、特殊監察使的設立、監察院的職權、監察院的預算、人權保障、與外界互動、對監委的監督等幾個面向，提出具體改革之建議。 / The control system is an important mechanism in democracy to supervise administration and to protect human rights. Since 1980, with the development of the third wave democratization, the ombudsman system rapidly disseminate to all parts of world, forming the phenomenon of “Ombudsmania”. Among the democratic countries, the control system has been carried out for long in both ROC and Finland, only shorter than Sweden Coincidently, both countries underwent a series of constitutional reform during 1990 to 2000. Thereafter, ROC transformed from the revised Parliamentarism to the Semi-Presidentialism, while Finland turned from the classical Semi-Presidentialism to the parliamentarism. The control systems of both countries have also changed a lot during the constitutional reform. Based on the control theories including concepts of Doctrine of Separation of Powers, Limited Government, and The Fourth Branch of Power as the legal basis, this article utilized the Legal-Institutional Approach and the analysis constructs of New Institutionalism to explore the ROC’s control system and parliamentary ombudsman system of Finland, as well as their operation after the post-constitutional reform in 2000, from the static legislative level and the dynamic operational level. This provided understanding of the characteristics and evaluations of the systems in both countries. Moreover, we focused on the aspects of the essential differences in cultures and in the control systems, the evolution of the systems, the functioning, the cases, and their outcomes to analyze the reasons for the differences between the two systems. Furthermore, based on the international comparison and the success experience in parliamentary ombudsman of Finland, the conditions required for successful practice of the control system was involved: (1) establishment of the authority of the ombudsman, (2) the independent, neutral, and professional characteristics, (3) The national integrity system, (4) the support and cooperation of the parliament, (5) The respect of the politicians to the ombudsman and to the control system, and (6) The well-established interaction between the ombudsman and the outside. Further evaluation found the major problems in the present control system in ROC, including (1) lack of the substantial independence, (2) not established authority, (3) the incapability of some Control Yuan members, (4) the necessity to improve the functions of the Control Yuan, (5) the deficiency of marketing and of interaction with the outside. Finally, for the weakness mentioned above, I proposed the concrete recommendation for reformation, from the aspects of the position of the Control Yuan, the dimension of the organization, the election of the committee members, the establishment of specific Ombudsman, the powers and the budgets for the Control Yuan, the protection of human rights, the interactions with the outside, and the administrations of the committee members.